جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سبک های دلبستگی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Comparing the characteristics of normal and disordered people is one of the topics of interest to researchers. In this regard, the aim of the research was to compare mentalization, fear of compassion and attachment styles in people with non-clinical borderline and normal personality syndromes.

Methods and Materials:

 A comparative study and statistical population were all students of Salman Farsi University of Kazeroon in the academic year 1401-1402 of both sexes. With available sampling, 136 people in the group of borderline and normal personality syndromes were selected as a sample by matching age, gender and education. Data were collected with borderline personality questionnaire, mentalization, fear of compassion and adult attachment scale and analyzed with multivariate variance by SPSS 24.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in self-related mentalization (F=25.745, p<0.05), but there was no difference in mentalization related to others and motivation for mentalization. Also, two groups in terms of fear of self-compassion (F=10.391, p<0.05), fear of others (F=24.365, p<0.05) and fear of receiving compassion (p<0.05, F=15.027) had a significant difference. Other findings showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in avoidant attachment style (F=17.367, p<0.05) and ambivalent (F=47.657, p<0.05).
Conclusions Therefore, it can be said that people with borderline personality symptoms are different from normal people in mentalization, attachment styles, and fear of compassion.

Childhood maltreatment affects people’s mental and physical health and causes physical, mental and interpersonal problems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and body image disorder with mediating role of attachment styles and depression.

The design of the current research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 452 female students in the 9th, 10th, and 11th grades who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from among the students of secondary schools in Rasht city. In this study, in order to measure the studied variables, Body Image Concern Questionnaire (Littleton et al, 2005), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al, 2003), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990) and Children's Depression Questionnaire (Kovacs, 1992) were used. SPSS24 and AMOS24 software were used to classify, process and analyze statistical data.

The results showed that the modified measured model has a relatively good fit with the hypothetical model. Attachment styles and depression are able to significantly mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and negative body image(p<0.05). Insecure attachment styles and depression are directly related to negative body image(p<0.05). No significant direct relationship between childhood maltreatment and body image was observed.

Based on the results obtained, it can be said that negative body image can be the result of the interaction of attachment styles and depression with childhood maltreatments. Paying attention to these results can be effective in formulating preventive and therapeutic interventions for body image disorders.

Mental, behavioral and emotional disorders of children are formed under the influence of various factors. Among the factors affecting this process, we can mention the psychological characteristics of mothers. Based on this, the aim of this research was to predict children's mental disorders based on the personality traits and attachment styles of mothers. The research was of applied type and descriptive-correlation research method. The statistical population included mothers of preschool children and their children in the fall of 2021. From among the statistical population, 50 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The research tools included the attachment style questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1987), the big 5 personality factor questionnaire (Costa and McCrae, 1995) and the children's abilities and problems questionnaire (Goodman, 1997). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression using SPSS version 23 software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between mothers' neuroticism and all children's mental disorders. Also, the results indicated that mothers' secure attachment has a significant relationship with all children's mental disorders except behavior problems. In addition, mothers' avoidant attachment has a significant relationship with all children's mental disorders, except the problem with peers. Ambivalent attachment in mothers showed a significant relationship only with behavior problems, hyperactivity problems and the total score of mental disorders. Finally, regression analysis in this research showed that mothers' neuroticism and agreeableness can predict children's mental disorders.

Given the increasing older adult population in the near future in Iran, understanding the status of this age group in various domains, including physical health and mental well-being, has become increasingly important, necessitating attention to this demographic. Therefore, understanding the factors contributing to increased levels of successful aging and reduced death anxiety seems to be crucial. Considering that attachment styles play a significant role in shaping mental and physical health throughout life, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and successful aging and death anxiety with the mediating role of resilience. This was a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised all older adults residing in Kermanshah, Iran during the years 2024-2025, among whom 332 individuals were selected using convenience sampling. The participants completed Zanjari’s successful aging, Templer’s death anxiety, Collins & Read’s attachment styles, and Connor & Davidson’s resilience questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results indicated that the hypothesized model had a good fit with the studied sample. As such, secure attachment was related to successful aging and death anxiety through resilience. Furthermore, avoidant attachment was related to successful aging and death anxiety through resilience, and resilience mediated the relationship between ambivalent attachment style with successful aging and death anxiety. These findings emphasize the importance of fostering secure attachment and resilience in interventions aimed at enhancing successful aging and ultimately improving the well-being of older adults.

The experience of childhood trauma is all the unpleasant and unpleasant experiences that a person has experienced during childhood either directly in relation to his caregivers and attachment figures, or as a result of the neglect and negligence of his attachment figures in relation to a stranger, he has experienced misbehavior. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of emotion-oriented intervention on attachment styles, hyperexcitability and fearful dreams in people with complex trauma symptoms.

Methods and Materials: 

This semi-experimental research, including pre-test-post-test, control group, was conducted on all adults with symptoms of complex trauma referring to psychological clinics in Isfahan province in spring 2002. The sampling method in the first stage was based on the available sampling method and they were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people) and using the questionnaire of consequences of childhood traumas in adulthood by Bernstein et al, Collins and Reed attachment style questionnaire, Mitmansgruber hyperexcitability questionnaire, Mitmansgruber et al. The data were analyzed using Levine's test, Shapiro-Wilko test, analysis of covariance test.

The findings indicate that for secure attachment (F=44. 628 and df=1), avoidant attachment (F=28. 168 and df=1), anxious attachment (F=42. 228 and df=1), For the variable of negative over-excitement (F=74. 508 and df=1) and positive over-excitement (F=27. 197 and df=1) as well as for the variable of scary dreams (F=46. 446 and df=1), then From the pre-test control, in the post-test phase, the effect of the group is significant (P<0. 01).

The results of the research showed that emotion-oriented intervention has an effect on attachment styles, hyperexcitability and scary dreams in people with complex trauma symptoms

Addiction is a detrimental phenomenon to the economy, health, and the foundation of families. family members who do not have intimate parent-child interactions or strong bonds tend to take drugs more frequently. The interdependence of spouses is one of the effects of living with addicts. This study was designed to determine the relationship between attachment style and interdependence of spouses of patients with maintenance drug use.
This is a descriptive-correlational study done on 98 spouses of patients with maintenance treatment referred to the addiction treatment clinic of Sari Zare Psychiatric Hospital, selected by simple random sampling in 1400. Research tools included the Collins and Reed Adult Attachment Scale and the Spin-Fisher Interdependence Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Chi-square, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and linear regression).
The mean and standard deviation of the total score of closeness, dependence, and anxiety attachment styles and interdependence were 11.88±2.21,12.11±2.60,11.71±4.50,60.65±12.0, respectively. Interdependence and insecure attachment had a significant negative connection, according to the partial correlation coefficient (P<0.05). there was a positive correlation between cross-dependence and bilateral-anxiety attachment (P<0.05). Results of multiple regressions showed to predict the interdependence of attachment styles, only the anxious-ambivalent style can significantly predict a 31% variance of the interdependence of spouses of addicts undergoing maintenance treatment and also showed a significant relationship between correlation with substance use time, birth rate and experience of stressful events in the last 6 months.
The results showed interdependence had a significant relationship with their attachment style and it is necessary to pay attention to their spouses along with addicted patients, and to spouses who have an anxious mutual attachment to prevent interdependence. It is recommended that for future research, about the cultural and historical roots of Iranian society, the present study should also be conducted in other cities to examine the effects of cultural differences among families.

The aim of this study was to investigate the causal pattern of the relationship between attachment styles and pain intensity mediated by early maladaptive schemas in patients with chronic pain.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The population of this study was patients with chronic pain referred to the pain clinic of Erfan Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2020 that 300 people with chronic pain were voluntarily selected as a sample by available sampling method. Data were collected from the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHI-MPI; Kerns et al., 1985), the Adult Attachment Styles Inventory (AAI, Besharat, 2005) and the Young Early maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF; Young, 1999).

Data usage and analysis were performed by structural equation modeling. The results showed that safe attachment style and anxiety through the mediating variable of ear-ringing and inhibition and other orientation have a significant indirect effect on pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. This means that early maladaptive schemas in the areas of angst and inhibition and other orientation play a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and pain intensity.

Therefore, with the effect of insecure attachment styles on the formation of maladaptive schemas, it leads to an increase in severity in people with chronic pain.

Death anxiety is one of the human tensions that exists in some professions, including nursing, on a daily basis. Emotion self-regulation includes the process of controlling and expressing emotions. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between insecure attachment styles and emotional self-regulation with death anxiety in nurses working in Corona wards in Tabriz.

This research was a descriptive-correlational study. The research tools were Templer's death anxiety questionnaire, Hazan and Shiver's attachment styles and Granefske's emotional self-regulation questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of all male and female nurses working in the corona departments of Sina, Imam Reza and Valiasr Hospitals in Tabriz city in 1401. The sample size of this study was 184 people using Cochran's formula, who were selected by the available method, and data analysis was done using Pearson correlation by SPSS 16 software. The significance level of the statistical test was 0.05.

The results showed that there is a direct relationship between ambivalent insecure attachment style and death anxiety of nurses (P<0.05), and there is a relationship between emotion self-regulation and death anxiety (P<0.05). There is a direct relationship between negative emotion regulation strategies and death anxiety and an inverse relationship between positive emotion regulation strategies and death anxiety (P<0.05). Based on the results, there is no significant relationship between avoidant insecure attachment style and death anxiety (P<0.05).

According to the results, there is a relationship between ambivalent insecure attachment style and emotion regulation with death anxiety in nurses working in the corona ward. Therefore, by teaching emotion regulation and identifying nurses with insecure attachment styles, it is possible to reduce the level of anxiety of nurses in the corona ward.

Self-injurious behaviors as a part of rebellion in adolescence can affect mental disorders in adulthood and cause significant clinical distress, interpersonal and academic dysfunction (1). Studies have shown that 87% of teenagers involved in self-injurious behaviors had a psychiatric disorder (2). Most teenagers have not disclosed their self-injurious behavior due to fear of negative reactions from others (3). According to the conducted researches, insecure attachment is mentioned as one of the underlying factors of self-injurious behaviors, so that 52% of patients with insecure attachment style were more exposed to self-injurious behaviors, which causes helplessness and inability to solve interpersonal conflicts (9). Research results indicate a positive relationship between ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles and self-injurious behaviors (10,11). People with an insecure attachment style who suffer from self-criticism are prone to more damage when participating in social networks because they constantly compare themselves with others, and this comparison increases their insecurity and has a negative effect on their mental health (12).Among the therapeutic methods that deal with disturbing childhood experiences and transformational roots in a wide and wide way, we can mention schema therapy (17). By targeting underlying problems and awareness of emotional needs, schema therapy tries to learn healthy solutions and adapt to them through emotional, cognitive and behavioral techniques. Schemotherapy can correct the negative representations of the person's past towards important people in current relationships through open-ended parenting and empathic confrontation (18). Also, when patients show self-injurious behaviors, dialectical behavior therapy skills can be used (19). Dialectical behavior therapy is an evidence-based treatment method that has a significant effect in reducing self-injurious behaviors, and this is done by facilitating the acceptance of emotional responses, which is a useful therapeutic goal in reducing self-injurious behaviors (20).Due to the 10% prevalence of self-harm behaviors in the world population, it has been neglected and marginalized. No treatment has been found to be clearly superior to other treatments in reducing self-injurious behaviors, and more research is needed in this field. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer this question, is the combination of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy effective on self-injurious and attachment behaviors?

This research was conducted using a single-case experimental design based on a multiple baseline design using a stair-step method in Tehran. Three participants were selected by purposeful sampling and based on the entry criteria. Then, in three baseline stages, five intervention stages and three follow-up periods, they filled in Collins and Reed's attachment style questionnaire, Young schema therapy and Sanson's list of self-injurious behaviors and received individual therapy during 28 sessions. Data analysis was done using the visual analysis method, and in order to determine the clinical significance, the percentage of recovery and the effect size were used.

The results showed that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy was effective in increasing secure attachment, reducing avoidant and ambivalent attachment, and reducing self-injurious behaviors. The total recovery rate of the subjects in secure attachment was between 25% and 49% and in the reduction of self-injurious behaviors, it was more than 50%.

The results of the present study showed that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy was effective in increasing secure attachment, reducing avoidant and ambivalent attachment. The results are consistent with the researches of Faskhudi et al. (2016), Alizadeh et al. (2014) and Tabbakuchian et al. (2016). In the explanation of the present research, it can be said that schema therapy leads to a feeling of safety in the person, that the person shows a safer attachment style in his relationships and feels that there is someone who understands his feelings, pays attention to him and is available. Yes, there is a safe support and he can easily tell his needs and express himself without anxiety (31). In addition to this, dialectical behavior in all stages tries to show the different poles of an action to people and clients, how an emotion, thought or behavior can lead to the improvement of a process or its destruction.Other findings of the research indicate a decrease in avoidant attachment of clients. dialectical behavior therapy; Naming examines emotion recognition and conscious attention to emotions without judgment and is the goal of treatment; Therefore, it seems that the effective treatment process in the first and second references was done in this way.Other findings of the research showed that the ambivalent attachment style had little improvement in the first clients and treatment failure in the second and third clients. From the research inconsistent with the present research regarding the effectiveness of schema therapy on reducing the ambivalent attachment style, we can refer to the research of Danai Sage (34) and Uraki (35) and in line with the current research regarding the ineffectiveness of schema therapy on reducing the ambivalent attachment style, we can refer to Amani's research pointed out (36). In schema therapy, by using open and borderline parenting techniques, an attempt has been made to change insecure attachment to secure attachment and adjust incompatible schemas, and it seems that the treatment effect in the first subject was done in this way. The results showed that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy was effective in reducing self-injurious behaviors. The results are consistent with the research of Paclio et al. (37) and Mok (38). Hilden et al. (39). Dialectical behavior therapy is based on biosocial theory, which considers the inability to regulate emotions as an effective factor in self-injurious behaviors, which, by eliminating self-injurious behaviors, training more adaptive coping skills, helps to reduce emotional dysregulation and self-injurious behaviors in people. In addition, schema therapy has been used to resolve childhood traumatic events through cognitive and experimental techniques. Because in skematherapy, with the aim of establishing underlying problems and awareness of emotional needs, it provides the patient with healthier and more adaptive solutions through borderline and empathetic coping techniques and leads to the reduction of self-injurious behaviors. In the current research, it is necessary to point out limitations such as: the spread of the corona disease, the lack of necessary therapeutic communication when performing experimental techniques due to the use of masks, due to compliance with the health protocol. It can be concluded that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy has been effective in increasing secure attachment, reducing avoidant and ambivalent attachment, and reducing self-injurious behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested that the current research be used in the preventive educational format for teenagers in order to improve interpersonal relationships and increase social security and promote mental health.

Marital infidelity usually occurs after one or more sexual-emotional needs are not met in marital relationships, and it brings irreparable consequences for couples and marital relationships, consequences that affect not only the psychological world of the couple but also their physical security. The serious consequences that marital infidelity brings for couples from various psychological, physical, and social dimensions have made the examination of marital infidelity and the underlying factors and causes of it doubly important. In a general and valid classification, researchers and experts have divided the factors related to marital infidelity into three areas: individual differences (characteristics and attitudes), the nature of the relationship (level of commitment and satisfaction with the relationship), environmental conditions (opportunity of infidelity or attractiveness of the person). The serious consequences that marital infidelity brings for couples from various psychological, physical, and social dimensions have made the examination of marital infidelity and its underlying factors and causes doubly important; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the structural relationships of the tendency to marital infidelity based on the orientation of dialogue and listening and conformity with the mediation of attachment styles and sexual satisfaction.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the research population included all men and women who referred to counseling centers in Mashhad, and 220 people were selected from among them using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The population of the current research was all women and men who referred to counseling centers in Mashhad and since the present study was conducted on the tendency to extramarital relationships, there was no restriction on women and men referring to counseling centers in Mashhad to be selected in the sample group. The research sample in the present study was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method, in this way, first two regions were randomly selected from among the regions of Mashhad city, and then 10 centers were randomly selected from among the counseling and psychological service centers of the said regions. Finally, 220 people (22 people from each center) were randomly selected from among men and women who came to these centers with the aim of receiving psychological and counseling services regarding marital issues. Considering the necessity of observing the ethical principles and the informed consent of the authorities to participate in the research, we discussed the subject of the research with the selected subjects and if any of the subjects expressed their unwillingness to participate in the research, we replaced them with another subject. The tools used to collect data include questionnaires including Mark Watley's Extramarital Relations Questionnaire (2006), Koerner and Fitzpatrick's Revised Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (2002), Hazen and Shaver's Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1987) and Hudson's Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire - Harrison and Kruskap (1981) used the structural equation modeling method to analyze the data.

The results of the present study indicated that the orientation of communication directly and through the three variables of secure attachment style, avoidant attachment style and ambivalent attachment style was able to predict the tendency to marital infidelity. The results of the research also indicated the effect of the communication pattern of conformity orientation directly and indirectly through attachment styles on the tendency to commit marital infidelity. The amount of direct and indirect effects of the variables is listed in Table 5. The data in this table show that the direct and indirect effects of the communication pattern of conformity orientation on the tendency to cheat are reversed; In other words, the increase in conformity orientation scores is both directly and indirectly related to the decrease in betrayal tendency scores and vice versa. Also, the direct effect of secure attachment on the tendency to infidelity is reversed, but the direct effects of anxious and ambivalent attachment styles on the tendency to infidelity are positive, which means that with the increase in the scores in each of these two styles, the scores of the tendency to infidelity also increase.

In general, it can be stated that the important role of communication patterns in the emergence of problems related to marital satisfaction and especially the tendency to extramarital relationships makes it necessary to pay attention to this issue and provide the necessary training in this field in the future activities of couple therapists and experts in the marital field. Different communication patterns can affect the tendency to extramarital relationships through changes in emotional expression styles and attachment styles. Communication patterns and how to use them through changes in relationships lead to misunderstandings or open relationships. These clear understandings or relationships can affect couples' attachment patterns and confirm or correct their previous styles. When couples choose dysfunctional communication patterns, it causes the couple's unhealthy attachment styles to be strengthened, or even the couple's previously secure attachment style changes over time and turns into an insecure attachment style. This issue causes couples to deal with uncertainty about their relationships and cannot consider their relationship as a safe relationship and therefore try to search for safe relationships rather than moving from some relationships to other relationships. The results also indicated the effect of the communication pattern of conformity orientation directly and indirectly through attachment styles on the tendency to marital infidelity. The results of this research also show that sexual satisfaction cannot play a significant role as a mediator in the relationship between the communication pattern of conformity orientation and the tendency to commit marital infidelity.

The covid-19 outbreak has caused a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. However, studies suggest that these conditions may also lead to post-traumatic growth. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the role of defense mechanisms and attachment styles in predicting post-traumatic growth in people involved in coronavirus-induced mourning.

In this descriptive study, the statistical population included survivors (27 to 55 years old) (from February 2019 to September 2021) in the city of Tehran. Of this population, 130 people were selected as the research sample by the convenience sampling method. Questionnaires on defense styles, attachment styles, and post-traumatic growth were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression.

The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the developed defense mechanisms (Beta=0.489) and safe attachment style (Beta=0.256) predict post-traumatic growth in people involved in coronavirus-induced mourning in a meaningful way (p<0.001). However, the style of insecure attachments and the undeveloped and psychologically annoying defense mechanism lacked the adequate strength to predict post-traumatic growth (p<0.05).

Safe attachment style and developed defense mechanism can lead to growth after injury. Psychiatrists and psychologists who engage in mourning therapy are recommended to pay more attention to the defense mechanisms and attachment styles of those involved in mourning.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a common and chronic disorder with many negative consequences. The most important consequence is the loneliness and isolation of the person; it affects the person’s attachment and conflict resolution methods. The present study investigated the mediating role of conflict resolution styles in the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and couples’ attachment styles. This research had a correlational descriptive design considering the practical purpose and the data collection method. The statistical population consisted of all young couples in Kerman city in 2022, who had been married for a maximum of ten years. The target sample consisted of 240 people who were selected using purposive sampling. The Collins and Read Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, and Rahim’s Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling methods were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 21 and Lisrel software version 8/80.  The results of the analysis showed that obsessive-compulsive disorder indirectly and negatively (P≤0.05) affected attachment styles. Attachment styles could predict obsessive-compulsive disorder through conflict resolution styles.

Psychological factors might play a role in the onset and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Alexithymia and Emotional Maturity with the mediation of Attachment Styles among cardiovascular patients in Zanjan, Iran. The present study has a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of this study encompassed a range of 670 patients with cardiovascular diseases who were referred to the Cardiology Clinic of Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan from March and August 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 244 people using Cochran formula. Data collection tools included Hazen and Shaver’s standard adult attachment style questionnaire, Toronto’s ataxia, and Singh and Bhargava questionnaires. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses were done using SPSS 24 software. There was a positive correlation between alexithymia with emotional instability (r=0.14, P<0.01), personality decay (r=0.36, P<0.01), and emotional maturity (r=0.38, P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that emotional instability (P=0.009), personality decay (P=0.016), and emotional immaturity (P=0.009) significantly predicted secure style. Additionally, difficulty in describing emotions significantly predicted avoidant style (P=0.034). Emotional maturity (P=0.006) and difficulty recognizing emotions (P=0.009) also significantly predicted ambivalent style. Personality traits and emotional alexithymia can be used as indicators for predicting attachment styles and social behaviors, and specifically, lack of emotional stability, personality disintegration, and emotional alexithymia can predict secure and ambivalent styles to some extent. Also, difficulty in describing emotions and emotional immaturity have the ability to predict the avoidant style. These results can help to better understand individual behaviors and design solutions to improve behavior.

People with a secure attachment style and fewer schemas can use interpersonal and social skills to find their place in social interactions with their peers and adults. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles with interpersonal skills and social skills in students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran.

The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of this study consisted of students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran (Science and Research, Central Tehran, South Tehran, North Tehran, East Tehran, West Tehran) in 1399, of which 300 students were sampled in Available were selected. To collect data from the demographic questionnaire, the "Early -Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire", the "Attachment Styles Questionnaire" and the "Interpersonal Communication Skills Questionnaire" Questionnaire) and the "Evaluation of Social Skills Questionnaire" were used. The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was analyzed in SPSS . 26 and Smart PLS 3.

Interpersonal skills in 2 components of self-management and implementation and other orientation (Initial Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire) are correlated with secure attachment style (P<0.05), but the correlation of avoidant attachment style and ambivalent attachment style and 3 components of cutting, impaired limitations and tinnitus (initial maladaptive schemas questionnaire) and interpersonal skills are rejected (P<0.05). The strongest correlation between interpersonal skills and secure attachment style is with a correlation coefficient of 0.620. Of the 3 attachment styles and 5 components of schemas, only the correlation of 2 secure and avoidant attachment styles with social skills was confirmed (P<0.05). But the correlation of all 5 components of schemas and the correlation of ambivalent attachment style and social skills were rejected (P<0.05).

The component of self-management and implementation and the component of other-directedness and secure and avoidant attachment styles are correlated with social and interpersonal skills. Considering the role of primary maladaptive schemas and attachment styles in interpersonal skills and social skills, it is suggested to use “Schema Therapy” and “Attachment Therapy” in order to improve the interpersonal and social skills of students.

Health and mental health of the medical staff is one of the social needs, because taking care of patients requires medical personnel who are in a favorable state in terms of mental and physical health. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of attachment styles and alexithymia on psychological distress with the mediation of mentalization in nurses.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The research community included all the nurses working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran in 2023, and 210 of them were selected by available sampling method. In order to collect data, adult attachment inventory, reflective functioning questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Kessler's psychological distress questionnaire were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.

The findings indicate the fit of the assumed model. The direct effect of secure attachment (β = -0.28, T=-4.04) and mentalization (confidence component) (β = -0.26, T=-2.93) on psychological distress was significant and negative. Also, the direct path of ambivalent insecure attachment (T = 0.38, β = 3.63), avoidant insecure attachment (β = 0.32, T = 6.24), alexithymia (T = 0.44, 10.80) β) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (T = 4.04, β = 0.45) were significant and positive on psychological distress. The analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia with psychological distress. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 78% of the variance of psychological distress.

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that one of the important structures that is obtained through interpersonal relationships in childhood, especially attachment relationships, is the capacity for mentalization. Caregivers who develop secure attachment usually have a good capacity for mentalizing. On the other hand, improving the mentalizing capacity, reducing interpersonal stress, and increasing confidence as a result of secure attachment relationships make people use more mature mechanisms in stressful situations; Therefore, the existence of mentalizing capacity increases people's resilience and protects them from psychological distress, including depression.

Marital satisfaction is very important in the second decade of life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on personality traits (FFI-NEO) and attachment styles based on the mediating role of self-compassion among couples in the second decade of life.

Methods and Materials:

 The present method was descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population included all the couples of Isfahan city who were living in the second decade of their life together. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula and 384 couples (768 people) were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The data were collected through Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), Costa and McCrae's Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire (1997), Hazen and Shiver's Adult Attachment Questionnaire (1987), and Shafqat Neff's Questionnaire (2003) and analyzed with PLS software.

The results showed that the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on personality traits (FFI-NEO) and attachment styles can be predicted based on the mediating role of self-compassion. Another finding of the research showed that the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on personality traits (FFI-NEO) can be predicted based on the mediating role of self-compassion. Finally, the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles can be predicted based on the mediating role of self-compassion.

It seems that self-compassion can affect marital satisfaction, and on the other hand, favorable personality traits and secure attachment style can increase marital satisfaction.

The needs of love and attachment are one of the main characteristics and basic needs of humans from childhood to old age (4). In fact, one of the most important relationships that people create throughout their lives and expect to satisfy their psychological needs and the need to be loved is love. Love can be seen as one of the manifestations of attachment, and attachment styles provide a stable pattern for processing intra-personal and interpersonal relationships in a transformative life, and it is a meaningful predictor for the quality of a person's future relationships and is involved in the growth and preservation of intimacy (31). Considering the basic role of attachment and its importance in various social dimensions, mental and physical health, people who suffer from attachment injuries will experience more problems in creating a feeling of intimacy and love and the process of seeking order for excitement. Also, attachment styles are one of the most important conceptual frameworks and the basis of a capacity to regulate emotions and have an inextricable link with each other (14). In addition, research indicates that emotion regulation strategies can play a role in increasing people's lovability and intimate relationships (27). In this research, in addition to the role of attachment injuries, other variables such as lovability have been identified. Considering the role of lovability on the durability and effectiveness of relationships and that lovability is one of the dimensions of self-esteem and one of the most basic beliefs of a person about himself, conducting this research in order to know the factors influencing lovability is of special importance. and identifying these factors is necessary to prevent adverse consequences. Also, considering the mediating variable of emotion regulation in this research as an effective factor in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability and taking into account the fact that until now emotion regulation has not been investigated as a mediating role in the relationship between these two variables. The aim of this research is to determine the mediating role of Emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability. Being lovability plays a significant role in the durability and effectiveness of relationships. And identifying the factors affecting lovability is important to prevent adverse consequences. Hence, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability.

The current research was descriptive and correlational. In this research, the correlational design was used to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment injuries and love acceptance. The statistical population of the research was made up of undergraduate and master's degree students in management and law of Valiasr Complex of South Tehran Azad University who were studying in 2021-2022. The sample size is based on Klein's opinion (27) that 2.5 to 5 people are suitable for each item, and considering the total of 35 items in the research questionnaires and taking into account the fact that a minimum sample size of 200 people is defensible, in First, were using a staged sampling method and considering the possibility of some questionnaires being distorted, 260 people were selected. In order to control the order effect and fatigue, the questionnaires were presented in different orders. and responded to the lovability scale (O'Brien and Epstein, 1988), adult attachment questionnaire (Besharat, 2012) and emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003). The conditions for entering the research were: not having a history of mental illness, not using medication due to psychiatric illness, and having consent to participate in the research. Correlation test and path analysis were used to analyze the research data.

Path analysis test was used to test the research hypothesis that "emotional regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability". The results of the path analysis test showed that 18% of the variance of emotion regulation can be explained through attachment damage (avoidant and ambivalent). Also, attachment injuries and emotion regulation have the ability to explain 30% of the variance of lovability. The results of this research showed that attachment injuries (ambivalent and avoidant) has a significant negative relationship with emotion regulation and lovability (P<0.001). Also, emotion regulation has a significant positive relationship with lovability (P< 0.001). The results of the path analysis test also showed that emotion regulation has a significant indirect effect (mediating role) on the relationship between attachment injuries (avoidant and ambivalent) and lovability (P<0.001), which supports the research hypothesis.

The results of this research showed that there is a significant negative relationship between attachment injuries and emotional regulation and lovability. In explaining this finding, it can be said that in accordance with cognitive - experiential self-theory(2), a person's evaluation of the level of lovability is formed in early childhood experiences and in the context of the family, and attachment injuries are the result of improper relationship with parents and the feeling of being rejected and unloved. People who feel rejected have low levels of lovability and defects in the quality of care they give to others (2). Also, those who suffer from attachment injuries, under the influence of the unhealthy quality of the caregiver-child relationship since childhood, use uncompromising emotion regulation strategies to regulate their emotions in intra-personal and interpersonal relationships (13).The results of this research showed that emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the primary parent-child relationship is the most important element that strongly affects the development of basic emotion regulation skills (21). Based on this, people with attachment injuries use suppression in developing emotion regulation skills to overcome negative situations. Also, these people experience their self-esteem at a low level and are less lovability (25). On the other hand, when a person uses re-evaluation, he can be at a high level in terms of his competence and dignity, express his feelings constructively to his life partner, and lovability at a higher level (26).According to the results, when people are first taught and then people can use the discipline of adaptive emotion seeking with proper management, This makes the person feel valued and experience a higher level of lovability in their relationships, reducing the negative impact of attachment injuries(4).Therefore, it can be concluded that by increasing the emotion regulation capacity and using the emotion regulation skills correctly, the impact of attachment injuries in creating a low level of lovability can be reduced to some extent. Also, considering the role of lovability on the durability and effectiveness of relationships, it is suggested to provide mental health services in the form of training sessions with an emphasis on the role of appropriate emotion regulation strategies to reduce and prevent attachment injuries in relationships with the focus of increasing lovability and Managing emotions helped.

Background &

Worldwide, about 1 million people die by suicide every year, which is the 15th leading cause of death. It is estimated; Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between attachment styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) and suicidal thoughts in college students. Resilience is defined as a person's confidence in his abilities to overcome stress, and having the ability to deal with stress, self-esteem, stability in emotions and emotional regulation are the characteristics of a person who has high resilience. Resilience is a subset of psychological capital, which is one of the characteristics of positive psychology, with symptoms and characteristics such as being persistent in pursuing goals, creating positive self-documents, believing in one's abilities to achieve success, and enduring. Problems are identified. Therefore, the resilience of a person's understanding of himself includes having a goal to achieve success and standing and resisting issues and problems. In fact, one of the most important human abilities that allows effective adaptation to obstacles and challenges is resilience, which as a process is the ability to successfully adapt to threatening conditions, and in other words, positive adaptation in response to adverse conditions. Having resilience allows people to achieve adaptive behavior in problem-solving situations and makes it easier for them to face problems. Since the relationship between attachment styles and resilience and suicidal thoughts has been investigated in past researches, and the results showed that secure attachment style has a positive relationship with resilience and a negative relationship with suicidal thoughts or factors related to suicide attempts. you have Dealing with the factors affecting suicidal thoughts and the stages of a person's preparation to committing suicide is of particular importance, so according to the research we have done, it seems that resilience in a conceptual model can play a mediating role in the relationship between style have attachments with suicidal thoughts, which considering that the desired model (with all available variables) has not been studied in any similar research, this study was compiled and presented to fill this research gap. In fact, although significant efforts have been made to understand which risk factors contribute to suicidal thoughts and behavior, less attention has been paid to the factors that prevent people from developing suicidal thoughts and behavior. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to investigate the predictors of suicide in an overview study and a general model.

The statistical population of this correlation study included all the students of Shiraz Azad University in 2022-2023, which was equal to 19635 people based on the statistics obtained from the education of Shiraz Azad University. In order to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used and according to the calculations, the sample size was determined to be 380 people. Collins and Reid (1990) attachment styles questionnaire, Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience questionnaire, and Beck (1961) suicidal thoughts were used. SPSS and Lisrel software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that secure attachment style has a direct and significant effect on resilience and an inverse and significant effect on suicidal thoughts, and at the same time, resilience has an inverse and significant effect on suicidal thoughts. Also, the results showed that the mediating role of resilience in the impact of attachment styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) on students' suicidal thoughts is significant.

In general, it can be concluded that due to the fact that attachment styles are one of the causes of many emotional-psychological-mood problems in people, it is suggested that pre-marriage classes, or class Training courses should be held for parents during pregnancy and so on, and couples should be taught the correct way to communicate with their children so that their children do not have problems in the future.

A healthy and dynamic society depends on a healthy family. The family is the first founder of personality, values, intellectual criteria and also one of the most important social institutions and preservation of human emotions. Family is the main pillar in the formation or continuation of mental disorders, this finding has been confirmed in various studies (1, 2). On the other hand, mental disorders can disrupt the functioning of families (3). When one family member suffers from a mental disorder, other family members get involved in some way and bear a lot of pressure (4). In recent years, fundamental changes in the shape and characteristics of the family have been noticeable in Iran. The decrease in the level of birth and fertility, in addition to the decisive effect it had on the rate of population growth and through that population adjustment, has also affected the composition and structure of the population (5). Satisfaction with life and desired number of children is considered the main factor in women's fertility. In his theory, Gary Becker believes that reproductive behavior is the result of family selection (6).Marriage is the most important and fundamental human relationship, because it provides the basic structure for creating a family relationship and educating the next generation (11), according to Sternberg and Hodgett (1997), marital satisfaction is a very important and complex aspect of the marital relationship. In other words, one of the vital aspects of a marital system is the satisfaction of the spouses with their relationship. Marital satisfaction is a process that occurs throughout the life of a couple and includes four areas of attraction (physical, sexual), understanding, attitude and investment. These variables lead to couples' satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the marital relationship (12).Considering the declining trend of population growth in Iran and its consequences and considering that Khushodi will strengthen the family. In this regard, developing a model that can increase family consolidation and cover population growth strategy to some extent was of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate marital satisfaction based on attachment styles through the mediation of couples' marital intimacy.

In this study, the modeling of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles with the mediation of marital intimacy was done using the path analysis model, and then using descriptive statistics - correlation of the structural equation model type and to develop a semi-experimental model of the post-test type with The control group was used. The collected samples include all married men and women referring to the family clinic laboratory and specialized clinic of Quds Hospital in Sanandaj who lived in Sanandaj between March 2017 and August 2018. To determine the sample size in this research, 500 subjects were selected using available sampling method and research tools were implemented on them. At first, written consent was obtained from all subjects and then they entered the study. Questionnaires were completed for each person in 4 sessions. The questionnaires were presented to the participants along with the necessary explanations. Questionnaires used include: Collins and Reed's adult attachment styles, marital satisfaction, Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQOL-F) & SQOL-M. The data was analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software, Lisrel 8.5 and SmartPLS 3.2.8 software. All analyzes were performed at the 5% level. Then the research hypotheses were tested based on the results obtained from examining the questions using descriptive statistics and using statistical tests (variance analysis, correlation and multivariate regression).

The obtained results indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. Also, intimacy has a positive and direct effect on marital satisfaction. Other results obtained indicate that secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles do not affect marital satisfaction. But secure attachment style has a positive effect on marital intimacy; Avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has a negative effect on marital intimacy.

The results obtained from our study indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. This finding is consistent with the results of the study conducted by Rezaei et al. (19) in which it was found that marital satisfaction was significant in the secure attachment style with intimacy and commitment and in the avoidant attachment style with intimacy, passion and commitment. . The findings obtained from a perspective are also similar to the research of Nosko et al. (20) who found that people who showed a more secure (and less avoidant) attachment style at the age of 17, while maintaining this attachment style, at the age of 26, from a True love is consistent in their relationships. It is also consistent with the study by Lavi et al. (21) who observed love as a mediating variable in the relationship between avoidant attachment style and life satisfaction. Hafizi and Jamei (22) also found in their research that love, positive affect and secure attachment style have a positive and significant relationship with marital satisfaction, which is consistent with the present study. In their study, Wong Pakaran et al. (23) concluded that avoidant attachment style along with romantic relationships predict life satisfaction, which is consistent with our study. In their research, Nouri and Jan Zaregi (24) also stated that attachment styles are related to attitudes towards love and marriage values. In fact, from these results, it can be concluded that people with secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment style have higher marital intimacy, in fact, the components of marital intimacy and attachment style can have a significant effect on better relationships and satisfaction with their spouse. . However, regarding the attachment style, there have been some studies that are not consistent with the results of our study. Among these studies, Rajabi et al.Most of these views believe that the effective factors in marital satisfaction are important because a person's satisfaction with married life is an important part of interpersonal and family health. According to Allen and Bokam (26), the avoidance stylepresents the relationship with the main couple as an inappropriate closeness. In this case, it can be said that due to constant anxiety of rejection, these people are constantly in the direction of closeness and excessive dependence on the other party, i.e. spouse, because in their close and intimate relationships, they unconsciously have childhood relationships with the face. It remembers attachment and thus awakens the anxiety caused by the rejection experienced in childhood. This emotional cooling is also effective on people's sexual relationships and causes a decrease in sexual satisfaction. As a result, the more insecure a person is, the less his or her desire to get close to another person, and in this way, insecure attachment can have a negative effect on sexual satisfaction, and finally, it was found that the mediating effect of marital intimacy in the relationship between secure, avoidant and Ambivalence is significant with marital satisfaction. This finding is consistent with the results of a study by Sharnia and X (27) that showed that people with a secure attachment style compared to insecure people have higher levels of intimacy, favorable expectations towards their partner, better marital quality and more optimism towards Marriage and report more love and commitment to each other, it is aligned. In a study conducted by Mansoori et al. (28) with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting marital intimacy based on attachment styles with the mediation of the love commitment component in married students. The results obtained in that research indicated the direct effect of secure attachment style on students' marital intimacy, which is consistent with our study. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that whenever the attachment style is formed in a secure manner, this security is transferred to future interpersonal relationships, especially relationships with spouse. Therefore, they see the relationship of their spouse as full of peace and security, they are not afraid of establishing a relationship, and they describe the established relationship as full of intimacy and love.

As one of the most important members of the health care team, nurses play a vital role in the care-treatment system. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of attachment styles on the symptoms of depression and emotional dysregulation with the mediation of mentalization in nurses.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The research community included all the nurses working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran, and 220 of them were selected by available sampling method. in order to collect data, beck depression inventory-II, adult attachment inventory, reflective functioning questionnaire, and difficulties in emotion regulation Scale were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software were used.

The results of the findings show the fit of the assumed model. Also, the coefficients of the direct paths of secure attachment style (β = -0.19, T = -2.301), avoidant (β = 0.46, T = 3.39) and ambivalent (T = 0.61, 3.09) = β) was significant to depression. Direct paths of attachment style - secure (T = -0.40, β = -0.28), avoidant (T = β = 0.65, 13) and ambivalent (β = 0.52, T = 3.79) ) was significant to emotional dysregulation. Also, the analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between attachment styles and symptoms of depression and emotional dysregulation.

According to the findings of the current research, mentalization has an important effect on the symptoms of depression and emotional dysregulation. Therefore, targeted interventions that are used in order to increase the capacity of mentalization, can probably have better clinical outcomes for nurses.