جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "منبع کنترل" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

The locus of control (LOC) refers to the extent to which an individual believes they can influence events in their life and their academic self-efficacy. It represents a person's confidence in their ability to succeed. LOC plays a significant role in university programs and various aspects of student behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between LOC and academic self-efficacy among nursing students at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in 2024.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2024 among 217 nursing students at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools included two questionnaires based on Rotter's locus of control and Owen and Froman's academic self-efficacy. Data analysis employed the correlation coefficient and Student's T-test, with a significance level set at P < 0.05.

The results showed that male students had a higher external locus of control than female students. A significant and negative relationship was found between LOC and academic self-efficacy using Pearson's test (p = 0.001). Additionally, the independent t-test revealed no significant difference in LOC between the two genders (p = 0.920) and no significant difference in academic self-efficacy between the two genders (p = 0.251).

The locus of control is a significant and negative predictor of academic self-efficacy. Therefore, it is recommended that university planners pay special attention to strategies that promote an internal locus of control among students to enhance their academic self-efficacy.

 Although several studies have been conducted on the relationship between personality traits and sports injuries, their relationship with the occurrence of sports injuries is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review study was to review the relationship between personality factors presented in Williams and Anderson’s stress sports injury model.

 The present study was a systematic review. Search for articles was conducted in the specialized databases “Embase,” “Medline,” “SPORTDiscus,” “Biomed Central,” “Web of Science,” and “PubMed” from inception until May 2021. The keywords “sports injury,” “sensation seeking,” “achievement motivation,” “locus of control,” “anxiety,” “personality traits,” and “hardiness” were used for the search.

 The literature search in different databases led to the extraction of 1283 articles. After duplicate removal, article screening, and full-text assessment, 28 articles were found that examined the association between personality traits and sports injuries. The study of the content of these articles showed a significant relationship between trait anxiety and the emergence of sports injuries. However, there are conflicting results regarding the relationship between locus of control and sensation seeking with the occurrence of sports injuries. Additionally, the number of studies on the relationship between hardiness and achievement motivation with sports injuries was limited.

 A review of previous studies suggests a significant relationship between competitive trait anxiety and sports injuries. Further studies are needed to draw better and stronger conclusions about the relationship between mental hardiness, locus of control, sensation seeking, and achievement motivation with sports injuries.

Improving students' academic performance is related to various factors. Identifying and modifying these factors can improve academic performance. The study investigated the relationship between resilience, locus of control, and general health with students' academic performance.

The study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study consisting of 415 students. Resilience, source of control, and public health were investigated by using standard questionnaires, and the correlation of these scores with the academic performance of the students was evaluated.

A comparison of the average scores of resilience, locus of control, and general health with the student's academic status showed that those who had a GPA higher than 16.92 had a higher score of resilience, locus of control, and general health, but it was not reported significant. In comparing the internal and external control dimensions of the source of control, it was shown that people with an external source have a significantly higher grade point average. Also, there is a relationship between the variables of resilience, source of control, and general health with academic performance, and between the variables of source of control and resilience with academic performance. Significant was reported.

It is recommended to organize practical education areas and workshops to enhance resilience, general health, and life skills based on the findings of the academic progress study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global epidemic, can cause widespread and irreparable disorders in the personal and social health. Although elderly people are more at risk, they receive less attention in this regard. This epidemic can affect the elderly in different ways, including the fear of contracting the virus and fear of death. This study aimed to determine the relationship between loneliness, locus of control, and intolerance of ambiguity with death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 era.

Using cluster random sampling, this cross-sectional and analytical study included 309 elderly people in Islamabad-e Gharb, Iran in 2022. Data was collected using questionnaires on demographic variables, loneliness, locus of control, intolerance of ambiguity, and death anxiety. The collected data were statistically analyzed using logistic regression.

The mean age of participants was 70.69±6.28 years. The prevalence of death anxiety was 71.20% and it was statistically related to gender. The results of regression analysis showed that loneliness, external source of control, high uncertainty intolerance and gender could significantly predict death in the elderly.

According to our findings, more than half of the elderly experienced death anxiety. Loneliness, source of control, and intolerance of ambiguity play an important role in death anxiety of the elderly. Death anxiety among this population can be improved by designing psychological interventions based on the feeling of loneliness, source of control from external to internal, and intolerance of ambiguity from top to bottom.

Practical Implications: 

Since death anxiety is a multi-dimensional structure affecting many aspects of the elderly's life and it is one of the most common mental health issues of the elderly, it is essential to investigate the related factors. This can help to take effective steps and improve the mental health of the elderly.

Chronic pain is used to describe non-cancerous and refractory pain (1). Chronic pain is a pain that has continued every day for at least three months for the past six months (5). This pain affects the quality of life, so it is necessary to identify and pay attention to the role of chronic pain in mental and physical health. Psychological factors are indirectly related to the process of pain perception. As pain becomes more chronic, the role of psychological factors in the spread and persistence of pain becomes more prominent than the role of biological factors. In this regard, researchers have emphasized the importance of the locus of control (7). Belief in the extent to which a person controls their circumstances, behavior, and thoughts can be considered a factor in determining the severity of pain (8). Numerous psychosocial factors can affect the severity of pain. Studies have shown that emotion regulation and its components directly affect the intensity, frequency and duration of pain perception (11). Emotion regulation is a set of processes that control and evaluate a person's emotional reactions and even change these reactions if necessary, so that the person functions properly (12). The results of studies show that there is a relationship between the locus of control and regulation of emotion. Patients with an internal control source, experience less pain intensity than patients with an external control source. Patients with impaired emotion regulation also experience greater pain intensity (5). On the other hand, most studies have examined the relationship between these components in a correlational manner, but the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between loci of control, pain intensity and the interactive relationship of variables have not been investigated. According to the above points, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity in chronic pain patients

The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was all patients with chronic pain of Esfarayen in 2019. The sample consisted of 200 patients with chronic pain aged 25 to 45 years who were selected by available sampling method from Imam Khomeini Hospital, specialized clinic of medical sciences and health centers of Shahid Shokouhi, Shahid Montazeri and Imam Reza (AS). Brief pain inventory, health locus of control scale and emotion regulation questionnaire were used as research tools. Correlation test, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the findings. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software.

Based on the findings, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation- suppression) in the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity was confirmed. In this way, individuals with a source of internal control were more likely to use an adaptive reassessment strategy and less of a maladaptive repression strategy, and consequently experienced less pain intensity. Furthermore; In this study, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation-suppression) in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity was also confirmed. According to this finding, people with an external source of control were more likely to use a maladaptive suppression strategy that leads to more severe pain.

The results of this study supported the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity. This finding indicates the importance of emotion regulation in explaining the severity of pain in patients with chronic pain. The findings of this study showed that emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) has a mediating role in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Incompatible emotion management strategies, such as repression or catastrophe, lead to reduced physical and social activity, psychological disorders, and feelings of helplessness and lack of control. So that the feeling of lack of control, in turn, intensifies the experience of pain. Thus, people come to believe that they have no sense of control and form a vicious circle (5). One of the most fundamental reasons people turn to dysfunctional emotional regulation strategies such as avoiding, repressing, criticizing, blaming themselves or others, and paving the way for the formation of chronic psychological disorders, including chronic pain, is the belief in lack of internal control (30). Some of the beliefs of most patients with chronic pain are that "my illness is the fault of my spouse, child or boss", "my pain is terrible", "I am going crazy" (31). As a result, patients engage in a maladaptive emotional behaviors and strategies, such as criticizing, blaming themselves or others, or even suppressing their emotions, in order to gain a sense of control over their illness and pain (30). Patients with chronic pain lose more control over the disease and their condition, which leads to more pain. Emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) mediates the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity in people with chronic pain. Patients who use adaptive emotion management strategies in the face of problems, ie; problem-oriented strategy, define stressors, and therefore, such people experience fewer negative outcomes and feel more in control of their condition and experience less pain intensity. These patients are more successful in solving problems and dealing effectively with stress caused by life events, and this effective coping and satisfaction in solving the problems makes them feel in control of the stress which caused by important life events. The source of internal control is related to accepting pain and being prepared for change. In general, self-regulation is one of the factors that can be effective in causing or controlling pain in patients. People with chronic pain will be able to prevent information bias in the processing of information that leads to the experience of negative emotions by adjusting their emotions through the relationship between pains and adapt more effectively to their illness (33). Therefore, if the training program of these patients is accompanied by emotion regulation strategies, it can help reduce the severity of pain in these patients.

People's Exercise performance and sports can be influenced by various factors. Coaches and other influential people control athletes' behavior through motivational speeches, so that their motivational speeches are the most effective external factors that motivate athletes. Some of them use self-confidence-building techniques such as: expressing positive expressions, emphasizing the athlete's capabilities, encouraging the athlete to define and praise himself, verbal encouragement, using words with a positive meaning, attributing the athlete's success to internal factors, encouraging the athlete By reflecting their moods and performance, the use of the image of a race in which they won or will win, will increase the success of athletes. Humanity has followed different ways to achieve success and prosperity since long ago. Among psychologists, people like Freud have proposed the word "self-confidence" with a different perspective, and Maslow has discussed self-improvement more than anyone else. And can control thoughts in the form of more beautiful and understandable words for us. People like Piaget and Vygotsky expressed the effect of inner dialogue or self-talk in a different form of speech, and people like Bandura expressed self-efficacy and its components such as verbal encouragement, which according to various researches, if used correctly, improve performance. The presence of others, including competitors, spectators, and teammates, can have various effects on social facilitation. It means that it positively or negatively affects a person's performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of verbal persuasion (individual and group) on exercise performance of students with source-control correlates and Gender.

The study is semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical sample includes 120 male and female students from associate degree to master's degree of Islamic Azad University, Qochan branch in the academic year it is 2018-2019. The study is semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. In this regard, a sample of 120 male and female students was selected using available sampling method and randomly replaced in three groups. First, the running record of 4 × 9 meters was taken from the three groups. Then the first group received individual verbal persuasion, the second group received group verbal persuasion, and the third group (control) did not receive persuasion.  Finally, the new record of 4 × 9 meters was achieved. Analysis of covariance and externally postoperative test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that verbal persuasion (individual and group) has a positive effect on increasing the running record of 4 × 9 meters. But the source of control and g ender do not have a positive effect on increasing the running record of 4 × 9 meters.

What is certain, based on theories such as: Piaget, Vygotsky, Bandura, Ellis, Beck and Collins and various researchers, the effect of various types of verbal encouragement and punishment in the lives of different people can be different and have intensity and It is a weakness and athletes cannot be exempted from society. Verbal encouragement and mental exercise techniques such as imagery and self-talk have been proven to increase self-confidence. Self-talk (self-expression, spontaneous thoughts, speech therapy) plays an important role in the relationship between events and emotions. It is true that, based on various researches, professionalism in sports can cause changes in the effects of encouragement or punishment, but still, everyone is under the influence of it overtly or covertly, either consciously or unconsciously. Because the observed researches that have been conducted so far in the field of verbal persuasion have not distinguished between self-talk, individual verbal persuasion and group verbal persuasion, and they have not directly investigated the determinants of the source of control and gender as a result of them, so it can be concluded by referring to related researches. that the results of this research in the field: "source of control (internal and external) and gender (male and female) determine the effect of verbal persuasion (individual and group) on the sports performance of students (running record 9 x 4 meters)". Researches: in the context of the role of family function in the source of control and improving the dimensions of behavioral control, emotional reaction and role playing (Fayaz et al., 2016) in the context of the positive relationship between motivational beliefs and the source of control with the academic progress of students in the field of the relationship between the source of control and academic progress In the context of the positive effect of gender on cognitive strategies and self-regulation strategies in the context of the positive relationship between the GPA and the source of control, as well as between gender, mother's education and satisfaction with the environment of growth and education with the GPA of students in the context of the positive relationship between the source of internal control and self-regulation of students. Therefore, it seems that according to the obtained results by using individual and group verbal persuasions appropriate to different cultures and situations, the best and most effective ones can be selected and used at the right time.

Among the hospital jobs, nursing is an example of jobs where a person spends many hours with patients. Nurses who do not have good general health will not be able to take effective care of patients. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediator role of job involvement in explaining the effect of professional ethics values and source of control on nurses' job performance.

The research was descriptive and structural equation modeling. All the nurses working in the public hospitals of Tehran in 2021 formed the statistical population of the research, 300 people were selected from among them with the multi-stage cluster random sampling method and research tools included job performance questionnaire, locus of control questionnaire, professional ethics questionnaire, and the job involvement questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and path analysis with SPSS and AMOS statistical software were used for data analysis.

Based on the results of this research, the proposed model of causal relationships between the mentioned variables had an acceptable fit. In general, in the proposed research model, the results showed that the source of control and the value of professional ethics are directly and indirectly related to job performance in nurses through job involvement (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between internal and external sources of control with job engagement (P<0.05). This relationship between the value of professional ethics and job involvement in nurses was also significant (P<0.05).

The prevalence of coronavirus, the unknown and cognitive ambiguities of this virus and the resulting mortality rate, cause high anxiety in individual. The aim of this study was to provide a model of coronary anxiety based on locus of control, emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support and disease anxiety with emphasis on the mediating role of cognitive-behavioral avoidance in students.

The present study is of descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The research population were Isfahan university students in the spring of 1400. From the population, according to Cochran's formula, 250 people were selected by available sampling and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (1966), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2004), Health Anxiety Questionnaire (2002), Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (1988), Avoidance Inventory (1994) and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (2019) were delivered to them virtually. Statistical analysis was performed by covariance-based structural equation modeling using Amos software.

The results showed that there is a direct relationship between the locus of control and disease anxiety with corona anxiety in students and these two variables explain 64% of the variance of corona anxiety in students (p<.05). also the results showed that cognitive-behavioral avoidance does not play a mediating role in these relationships.

Based on the results, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the locus of control and reduce disease anxiety in order to reduce corona anxiety in students.

Loneliness is one of the negative and unpleasant emotions that appear in couples for various reasons. Among the effective factors in the formation of loneliness are coping strategies and locus of control, which can have positive and negative effects. In addition, the mediation of social support plays a role in modulating loneliness. The research model was formed according to these relationships that were mentioned. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to predict the loneliness based on coping strategies and locus of control in couples with the mediation of social support.

This research was done by correlation method. The statistical population was composed of those couples who referred to the counseling center in district 4 of Tehran in 2020.  The sample size was determined by modeling method and it was 250 people. Data collection tools include: Russell's sense of loneliness (1978), Andler and Parker's coping strategies (1990), Rutter's locus of control (1996), Scott and Bruce's decision-making styles (1995), and Ziment et al.'s social support (1988). The data analysis methods were: Using the indicators of descriptive statistics, structural equations, path analysis, t-test and Sobel test, which was done by SPSS24 and PLS software.

The results of the research indicated that there was a direct relationship between each of the variables of coping strategies and the locus of control with the loneliness

Also, there has been a relationship between the feeling of loneliness and each of the variables of coping strategies and locus of control with the mediation of social support. The prediction of the loneliness has been fitted in the research model.

Attention to the role of moral character and locus of control in predicting the acheivment goals is one of the topics that has received less attention in previous research; The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the moral character of patience and the achievement goals with the mediation of the locus of control.

The statistical population this study was all undergraduate students of Shiraz University. 450 students were selected as sample group by multi-stage random cluster sampling; they complete the subscales of Khormaei & Ghaemichr('39')s Patience Scale, Levensonchr('39')s Locus of Control Questionnaire, and Elliotchr('39')s Achievement Goals Scale. After entering the data into spss-24 statistical software and analyzing the data based on descriptive statistics indices, path analysis was used for data analysis.

The results showed that the moral character of patience had a significant positive effect on the performance approach (P-Value=0.03, ᵦ=0.11) and mastery approach (P-Value=0.0001, ᵦ=0.30). The internal locus of control also mediates the relationship between patience and all three goals of performance approach, mastery approach & mastery avoidance. The external locus of control is also able to mediate the relationship between patience and performance approach and mastery avoidance.

The results of the present study helped to increase the theoretical knowledge regarding the ethical antecedents of the Achievement goal. Practically, it is also possible to help better shape the achievement goals by teaching Patience moral character as teachable personality trait and documentary retraining (Locus of control).

Sexual health is one main aspect of health, which can affect couples in different stages of life. This study aimed at exploring predicting sexual health in couples based on locus of control, social support and meta-emotions.

This study is a correlational one. The statistical population of this study consisted of all couples living in Ardebil City in 2019. Using convenient sampling method, 120 people (60 couples) were chosen as the sample. To collecting data, locus of control scale of Rotter (1966), social support of Zimet (1988), meta-emotion of Mitmansgruber et al (2009), sexual health scale of Manavi Pour (2010) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression in SPSS-18 software.

The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between locus of control, social support, meta-emotion and sexual health of the couples (p<0.05). According to the results, locus of control, social support and meta-emotion can explain 57 per cent of sexual health variance (p<0.05).

Sexual health of couples can be predicted through variables such as locus of control, social support and meta-emotion. Thus, we suggest that psychologist and health professionals pay more attention to these variables to enhance the sexual health of couples. Given its importance, we think that researchers must carry out more research on sexual health issues.

Parenting styles play an important role in raising children. These methods can play an important role in preventing or developing addiction in children. The aim of this study was to predict adolescent addiction readiness based on parenting styles and the mediating role of the locus of control.

The method of this research is descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all adolescent boys in the second year of high school, along with their parents in Izeh in the academic year 2018-19. From the mentioned population, 300 people were selected by cluster random sampling. In this study, students completed the Rutter Control Source Questionnaire and the Addiction Readiness Questionnaire and their parents also completed the Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by path analysis method.

In this study, the results of path analysis indicated the fit of the hypothetical research model. Data analysis showed that the path coefficients of easy parenting style on addiction readiness (β=0.301, p<0.001), the path coefficients of authoritarian parenting style on addiction readiness (β=0.310, p<0.001) and the path coefficients of authoritative parenting style on addiction readiness (β=-0.398, p<0.001) are significant in the model under study. Moreover, the locus of control plays a mediating role in the relationships between adolescent addiction readiness and parenting styles.

According to the results, the variables of parenting styles and locus of control can be used to explain the readiness of adolescents for addiction. Therefore, it is suggested that the results of this study be used in designing educational and treatment programs for adolescents’ addiction.

Psychological well-being is one of the important components of mental health in the elderly, and it is important to study the factor affecting on it. Therefore, the current study was conducted in Iran with the aim to investigate the role of self-directed learning readiness and the internal locus of control in predicting the psychological well-being of the elderly.

This study had a descriptive-analytic and correlational design. The statistical population included all male and female over 60 years of age in Ahvaz city. Among this population, 126 elderly adults (24 females and 102 males) were selected using available sampling method. The data were collected using the self-directed learning readiness Questionnaire, the internal-external locus of control Questionnaire and Psychological Well-being Scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive methods (mean and standard deviation) and multivariate covariance analysis using statistical software SPSS v.23 was analyzed.

Descriptive findings indicated that there were 24 female and 102 male and the mean age of the sample was 74.45. Also, the results showed that self-directed learning readiness and the internal locus of control are positively correlated with psychological well-being (P <0.001). Multivariate regression showed that self-directed learning readiness and the internal locus of control are predictors of psychological well-being among the elderly, and self-directed learning readiness is more effective than internal locus of control on the psychological well-being of the elderly.

Based on research findings, locus of control and self-directed learning readiness have a relationship with each other, moreover, these variables predicts psychological well-being in the elderly.

Drug addiction as one of the major challenges in human societies has many hidden aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious attitude, locus of control and tendency to abuse in addicts and non-addicts in Isfahan.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and the study population was 200 men (100 addicts and 100 normal people) from July to September 2018 in Isfahan. Samples were selected from the population of drug-dependent and normal men using available sampling method. Allportchr('39')s Religious Orientation Questionnaire, Rutter Control Source, and Abuse Trend Questionnaire were used for data collection

Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between religious attitude, locus of control and tendency to abuse. The results also showed that people with internal control locus of control tend to be less likely to abuse drugs, as well as those with an internal religious attitude; less tendency to substance abuse, and finally, religious attitude and locus of control have a key role in drug abuse tendency .

It can be concluded that poor religious attitude and lack of internal control are important causes of addiction tendency.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sexual behavior management training with emphasis on Islamic teachings on the source of control of adolescent girls.

The research method was quasi-experimental. The study population included all adolescent girls in Tehran in 1396, from which 30 people were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of 15 experimental and control. The subjects in the experimental group received 8 sessions of sexual behavior management training with emphasis on Islamic teachings. Both groups were evaluated in the pre-test and post-test using the Rutter Control Source Questionnaire (1966). Univariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

Research findings showed that sexual behavior management training can increase the source of internal control.

Religion, as a means of connecting us to a higher power, can support and enhance a personchr('39')s mental health and sense of power

Children's cancer is a special bio-psychological status that challenges the perceived social support and locus of control of mothers with different educational levels and affects their psychological adjustment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect role of education, with the mediating role of locus of control and perceived social support, on psychological adjustment of mothers of children with cancer.

 This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with cancer who referred to the clinics of pediatricians of Mashhad. The sample size of 220 people was selected using targeted sampling method. Data were collected using psychological adjustment to illness scale, Rotter locus of control, multidimensional perceived social support, and demographic characteristics.

According to the results of this study, the increase in education directly and indirectly through increased perceived social support reduced maladjustment (P<.01). Also the increase in education directly related to increase in internal locus of control and decrease in external locus of control but has not indirect relationship on adjustment.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that increased education through perceived social support mediates the psychological adjustment of mothers. Increasing levels of education can also lead to an increase in internal control and a decrease in external control.

 This article aimed to study the relations of locus of control and behavioral approach/inhibition systems to general health in elderly nursing home residents in Dubai. 

In a cross-sectional study, 100 elderlies (60 male and 40 female) living in two nursing homes in Dubai were selected through categorized sampling. Participants completed the Locus of Control Scale (LCS), the Carver and White's BIS/BAS Scales and the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression using SPSS software V. 21.

 The Mean±SD of the ages of the men and women were 62.10±11.08 and 61.12±10.76, respectively. Also, the Mean±SD of internal locus of control, external locus of control, behavioral activation System (BAS), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and general health were 4.32±3.21, 5.51±3.98, 29.66±5.79, 8.45±5.83, and 15.08±12.64, respectively. The results showed that all BAS subscales, BIS, and internal and external locus of control were related significantly to general health (P<0.01). BAS and its subscales correlated with depression (P<0.05, P<0.01). BIS and internal and external locus of control were connected to all subscales of general health (P<0.01). 

 Elderlies with external control and behavioral inhibition systems are at increased risk for mental health problems, while those with BAS and internal locus of control have a better mental health.

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological source that causes cognitive problems. Learning disability is the main cause of poor educational performance. The mothers of children with SLD require strong coping patterns because of the problems they encounter. Hope, on the other hand, is a cognitive complex based on a sense of accomplishment, i.e., influenced by various characteristics. Life expectancy is a powerful mental resource and a form of rebirth, i.e., vital to mankind. In addition, happiness has three important parts, as follows: positive emotions or feelings of happiness, life satisfaction, and the lack of negative emotions, e.g., anxiety and depression. Interacting with others, having a purpose in life, being loved by others, and developing a personality are the pillars of happiness. The Locus of Control (LoC) is a personchr('39')s general and sustained belief in the manageability of life outcomes. LoC refers to individuals’ beliefs about how to control the environment. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between LoC and life expectancy and happiness in the mothers of children with SLD.

This was a descriptive–analytic and correlational research. The statistical population of the study included all mothers of elementary school students with SLD at exceptional children schools in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year of 2018–19. A sample of 180 mothers with their children was selected through convenience sampling technique. The required data were collected using the Rotterchr('39')s Locus of Control Scale (1966), Oxford Happiness Inventory (1995), and Snyder Hope Scale (1995). Pearson’s correlation and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were used for data analysis (α=0.05). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS.

According to the achieved results, there was a positive and significant relationship between the LoC and motherschr('39') life expectancy (p=0.005). MANCOVA data for predicting life expectancy indicated that an internal LoC had a positive and significant relationship with life expectancy in the studied mothers (p=0.024). The results also signified a positive and significant relationship between LoC and the investigated motherschr('39') happiness (p<0.001). According to the MANCOVA results for predicting happiness, LoC had a positive and significant relationship with the investigated motherschr('39') happiness (p=0.025).

LoC significantly affects predicting the life expectancy and happiness of the mothers of children with SLD.