جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اختلال سلوک » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Disruptive and conduct behaviors are the most common conditions used to help adolescent patients refer to mental health clinics for counseling. The prevalence of this disorder is increasing and it is necessary to concentrate on this topic. The comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) with other emotional and behavioral problems is common. One of the comorbidity disorders for which contradictory results are reported is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several studies have demonstrated the comorbidity of these two disorders in patients with a younger age of onset, more severe symptoms, and more stable disease. Hence, this study determines the prognostic value of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory adolescent-restructured form (MMPI-A-RF) for CDs and investigates the effect of comorbidities, such as ADHD.

The sample of the present comparative casual study consisted of 295 adolescents who were selected by purposeful sampling, based on the current and the Kiddie schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia-present and lifetime for school-age children (6-18 years old) and the final version of the MMPI-A-RF questionnaire. The Mean±SD of all the MMPI-A-RF scores were compared among three groups of patients with CD (n=40), patients with a comorbid diagnosis of conduct disorder and ADHD (n=68 people), and patients with other psychiatric disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of differences among the three groups. If the deviations were significant, the Games–Howell post hoc test was used to inspect differences between the groups.

The comparison of CD and CD+ADHD patients with other disorders revealed meaningful differences in almost all the indicators related to externalizing problems. The CD+ADHD group had markedly greater scores on the scales of antisocial behaviors (P<0.001), aggressive-revised personality (P<0.001), and conduct problems (P<0.001) compared to the CD group and other psychiatric disorders group.

The results are consistent with the background and revealed more severe symptoms and more functional degradation in the CD+ADHD group compared to the CD and other psychiatric disorders group. This subgroup can have different risk symptoms, clinical courses, and drug responses. MMPI-A-RF can supply valuable information about the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders.

The current study aims to report the effectiveness of multisystemic therapy-based intervention (MST-BI), an intensive family focused and community-based therapy, in treating conduct disorder (CD) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in male adolescent with CD. 

The case was a 17-year-old boy who met the DSM-IV criteria for CD and NSSI behaviors. A 4-week baseline and repeated measure design (a 5-month intervention and 3-month follow-up) were used. The rule-breaking and aggression constructs of Achenbach systems empirically based assessment (ASEBA) as well as the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS) were used for assessment at baseline, during treatment and at the follow-up phase. 

MST-BI reduced rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors. Also, it reduced NSSI behaviors. These outcomes were maintained for 3 months.

MST-BI has the potential to treat CD symptoms and NSSI behaviors in male adolescents with CD.

Conduct disorder is a risk factor for future antisocial behaviors, and evidence suggests the role of temperamental factors in the development and persistence of this disorder.

This study aimed to test the pettern of structural relationships of affective temperaments with symptoms of conduct disorder with investigating the mediating role of moral disengagement in adolescents.

The study utilized a descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population comprised first and second-period high school students in Urmia during the 2020-2021 academic years. Two hundred and twenty individuals were selected through multistage random sampling and responded to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire, affective and emotional composite temperaments scale, and moral disengagement scale. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling via SmartPLS 3. 

The results of structural equation modeling showed that internalized (β=-0.10; t=-2.48) and stable (β=-0.17; t=-2.17) temperaments have a negative direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder, while the externalized (β=0.30; t=2.62) and unstable temperament (β=0.52; t=2.52) have a positive direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder. Furthermore, internalized (β=0.04; t=2.13) and unstable temperament (β=0.03; t=2.20) have an indirect effect on symptoms of conduct disorder via the mediating role of moral disengagement. P<0.05 was considered as a significant level.

These findings indicate that internalized and stable temperaments can act as a protective factor, while externalized and unstable temperaments can act as a vulnerability factor for conduct symptoms. Moral disengagement also mediates the negative effects of temperaments on conduct symptoms, highlighting the importance of addressing temperamental factors in early identification of conduct disorder and the
need to develop skills to address moral disengagement in order to prevent this disorder.

Emotional temperaments are consistently associated with psychopathology and recognized as a risk factor for many psychological disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear.

This study aimed to conduct a path analysis of the effects of emotional temperaments on the symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents by investigating the mediating role of anger rumination.

This descriptive, correlational study was conducted by the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population consisted of all first- and second-grade high school students in Urmia, Iran, in 2020-2021 academic years. A total of 220 students were selected by the multistage random sampling method and completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (2003), Affective and Emotional Composite Temperaments Scale (2011), and Anger Rumination Scale (2001). Descriptive statistics were calculated to analyze the collected data in SPSS version 27, and a path analysis was performed using SmartPLS version 3 to test the study hypotheses.

The emotional temperaments of activation (β=0.21, p<0.01) and sensitivity (β=0.26, p<0.01) had direct positive effects on the symptoms of conduct disorder, whereas temperaments of control (β=-0.29, p<0.01), coping (β=-0.18, p<0.01), and inhibition (β=-0.11, p<0.01) had direct negative effects on these symptoms. The temperaments of activation (β=0.21, p<0.05), inhibition (β=0.11, p<0.01), and sensitivity (β=0.36, p<0.01) had direct positive effects on anger rumination, while the temperaments of control (β=-0.45, p<0.01) and coping (β=-0.28, p<0.05) had direct negative effects on this variable. The results pertaining to the indirect effects of temperaments also indicated that anger rumination mediated the relationship between emotional temperaments and symptoms of conduct disorder (p<0.05).

The results of the present study revealed that the temperaments of activation and sensitivity were risk factors for conduct disorder, whereas the temperaments of control, coping, and inhibition were protective factors for it. Besides, anger rumination mediated the effects of emotional temperaments on conduct disorder.

One of the most important disorders in children and adolescents is conduct disorder which has negative educational, behavioral, and social consequences. Among the variables that can be associated with behavioral disorders in adolescence are early maladaptive schemas. Another variable affecting behavior disorder is difficulty in regulating emotion. Impaired emotion regulation is key to individual functioning and adolescent social development. Because maladaptive schemas form the core self-concept of individuals, they can make individuals vulnerable to a range of shortcomings and problems if they have inconsistent content. Also, adolescents with behavioral problems are unaware of adaptive strategies and appropriate patterns of cognitive emotion regulation and cause social harm. So, the present study investigated the role of maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation in predicting adolescent behavior disorder.

The present study was conducted by a correlational descriptive method. The statistical population included all adolescents with adolescent behavioral disorders in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2018-19. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table, 300 adolescents referring to psychological clinics in Hamadan were selected based on the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria were being 11-18 years old adolescents with conduct disorder, based on obtaining a score of 3 or more on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescolar, 2001) and observing adolescent behavior during the clinical interview. The exclusion criterion was an unwillingness to complete the questionnaires. Subjects answered the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1998), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescolar, 2001). Data analysis was done using descriptive (frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) in SPSS version 22 and following the test assumptions. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed significant relationships between maladaptive schemas (p<0.01, r=0.513) and difficulty in regulating emotions (p<0.01, r=0.589) with adolescent conduct disorder. Prediction of adolescent conduct disorder based on maladaptive schemas (β=0.237, p<0.001) and difficulty in emotion regulation (β=0.134, p<0.001) was significant. Also, maladaptive schemas explained 0.292, and difficulty in emotion regulation explained 0.383 of the variance of adolescent conduct disorder.

According to the results, maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation can predict adolescent conduct disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder in Hamedan City.

Impulsivity is one of the symptoms of conduct disorder that has been widely addressed to modify and reduce it, in this study, the effectiveness of emotion regulation training (ERT) in reducing the impulsivity of adolescents with Conduct Disorder in correction and rehabilitation centers was investigated.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test-follow-up with the control group. This study was conducted in 2020 in the statistical population of male clients in Ahvaz correction and rehabilitation center in the age range of 15 to 18 years. 30 adolescents were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions 90-minute focused on ERT and the control group was on the waiting list to receive the intervention. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and the 11th edition of the Bart impulsivity scale, which was completed by two groups in three rounds of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the intervention (60.25±6.28) and control (80.21±4.99) in impulsivity score (F = 62.595, P = 0.001) over time (P <0.05) and 69% of the observed differences in impulsivity score is due to the intervention.

ERT is an effective intervention in reducing impulsivity in adolescents with conduct disorder. Therefore, it is suggested that this intervention be used in other correction and rehabilitation centers across the country and other educational and medical institutions.

the temperamental traits are considered as an important risk factor for conduct disorder and the mechanisms of this relations is not clear. The aim of this study was investigating the mediating role of anger rumination in relations of affective temperaments with symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents

The method of this study was descriptive- correlational. The statistical population included all first and second periods of high school students in Urmia city in the 2020-2021 academic years. Two hundred and twenty people were selected by multistage random sampling method and answered to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), affective and emotional composite temperaments scale (AFECT) and anger rumination scale (ARS). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling via SmartPLS 3.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that internalized and stalble temperaments has negative direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder, while the externalised and unstable temperament has positive direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder. Furthermore, externalized and stable temperaments via negative effect on anger rumination and internalized and unstable temperament via positive effect on rumination have indirect effect on symptoms of conduct disorder (p<0.05).

These results conveals that externalized and unstable temperaments can be act as a risk factor and internalized and stable temperaments can be act as a protective factor for symptoms of concuct disorder. Anger rumination also mediate the relations of affective temperaments with symptoms of conduct disorder.

Conduct disorder is one of the most common disorders in adolescence that is a risk factor for psychopathology in adulthood. The aim of this study was the causal modeling of conduct disorder signs based on childhood maltreatment and peer rejection with the mediating role of anger rumination.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population included all first and second periods of high school students in Urmia in the 2020-2021 academic year. Two hundred and twenty people were selected by multistage random sampling method and answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Peer Social Rejection Scale, and Anger Rumination Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that the coefficients of direct path of childhood abuse
 (β=0.458, p<0.001) and anger rumination (β=0.240, p=0.012) to the signs of conduct disorder were significant. In addition, childhood maltreatment and peer rejection had an indirect effect on the signs of conduct disorder with the mediating role of anger rumination.

The results of this study reveal that childhood maltreatment and rumination of anger can be considered as risk factors for conduct disorder. Social rejection by peers also leads to conduct disorder with increased rumination of anger. These results can be used in designing preventive and intervensional programs of conduct disorder.

Conduct problems are the cause of delinquency in adolescents that can be influenced by parenting and the level of development of their moral judgment. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of authoritarian parenting on conduct problems mediated by the development of moral judgment in male adolescents living in correction and rehabilitation center.  

The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all adolescent boys in correction and rehabilitation centers in Kerman, Yazd and Hormozgan provinces and one of their parents ranging in age from 16 to 12 years, which consistently includes 220 adolescents; But 180 questionnaires were completed and entered into the analysis. All of them participated in the study by census method. Data were collected using Demographic Information Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ) and Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ) was performed.

The direct effects of authoritarian parenting on the growth of moral judgment (β=-0.426; p=0.001), authoritarian parenting on conduct problems (β=0.322; p = 0.001), the growth of moral judgment is significant on conduct problems (β=-0.432; p=0.001). the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting mediated by the growth of moral judgment on conduct problems (β=0.270; p= 0.001) is significant and has a minor mediating role.

Authoritarian parenting is a negative factor on adolescents' moral development that can affect the rate of behavior problems. It is suggested that in order to improve the conduct problems of delinquent adolescents, parenting education should be provided to the parents of their adolescents and treatment programs should be provided to improve the development of moral judgment for delinquent adolescents in rehabilitation centers.

Behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence can be a background for delinquen - cy and antisocial behavior in adulthood. The present study aimed to determine the mediating role of disengagement in relationships between Childhood Maltreatment and Peer Rejection with Conduct Disorder Signs in Adolescents.

The method of this study is a descriptive correlation. The statisti - cal population of this research was all the students of the first and second courses of Urmia city in the academic year of 2019-2020. 220 people were selected by multi-stage random sampling method and to the self-report version of the abilities and problems questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha 0.78), childhood trauma scale (Cronbach’s alpha 0.83), peer social rejection scale (Cron - bach’s alpha 0.95) and apathy scale Ethical (Cronbach’s alpha 0.91) answered. For data analy - sis, structural equation modeling was used in the form of SmartPLS 3 software.

220 people with an average of 16.15 years and a standard deviation of 1.54 partici - pated in this research. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the direct path coefficients of childhood maltreatment (p<0.001; β=0.38) and moral apathy (p<0.001; β=0.40) were significant. Also, the direct path coefficients of childhood maltreatment (p<0.001; β=0.42) and peer rejection (p<0.01; β=0.23) on moral apathy were significant. In addition, childhood maltreatment and peer rejection had an indirect effect on conduct disorder symptoms through the mediation of moral apathy.

These results show that in addition to the direct effect of childhood maltreat - ment on conduct disorder symptoms, moral apathy acts as a mediator, and the effects of child - hood maltreatment and peer social rejection on conduct symptoms. The results of this study can be used in the design of preventive programs and early intervention in behavioral disor - ders.

Parents of adolescents with conduct disorder have distinct personality traits, including disobedience, high–risk behaviors, and coping styles and methods. In addition to genetic characteristics, the behavioral characteristics of parents will have a great impact on adolescents. On the other hand, marital problems and dissatisfaction in relationships between parents also create tension and externalization in adolescents. Thus, interpersonal conflicts between parents can threaten adolescents' perception of emotional security and predispose them to adjustment problems. Marital problems and dissatisfaction in relationships between parents are also effective in creating stress and externalization in adolescents. Therefore, it can be expected that with increasing marital satisfaction, many psychological, emotional, and social problems of families and society will be reduced. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between marital satisfaction and spiritual vitality, based on personality traits with the mediating role of oppositional behaviors in parents of adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years with conduct disorder living in Tehran City, Iran.

This research was a descriptive–analytical cross–sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran with conduct disorder who were studying in the secondary schools in the academic year 2020–2021. The statistical sample was based on the conceptual model of structural equations, including 248 parents. The sampling method was purposeful and based on informing the school staff about some symptoms of conduct disorder; 512 students with some symptoms were identified and more likely to develop conduct disorder. Then, using Youth Self–Report Questionnaire (Achenbach, 1991), a precise assessment was performed and among them, individuals with conduct disorder were identified, and their parents were included in the study as a sample. For screening, 14 and 19 districts of Tehran were purposefully selected and the criterion for excluding participants from the study was non–cooperation. After collecting information, screening was performed first and out of 512 students, 131 were extracted with the highest score in conduct disorder and with scores of 18 and above. In the grading process, with the removal of the families of seven students (due to non–cooperation), 248 parents were included in the study as the final sample. Other measurement tools included Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (Afrooz, 1999), Afrooz Spiritual Vitality Scale (Afrooz, 2016), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963) and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Lazarus, 1980). Data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 24 and AMOS version 23. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation and at the level of inferential statistics, structural equation modeling was used.

In the extracted model, extraversion personality trait on the problem–oriented coping method had direct and positive effect (p=0.013, β=0.155). The personality trait of psychoticism on marital satisfaction (p=0.021, β=–0.147) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=–0.227) had direct and negative effects. Emotion–based coping method on marital satisfaction (p<0.001, β=–0.280) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=– 0.306) had direct and negative effects. The problem–based coping method on marital satisfaction (p=0.039, β=0.198) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=0.396) had direct and positive effect. Extraversion personality trait mediated by problem–based coping behavior on marital satisfaction (p=0.019, β=0.031) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=0.061) had indirect effect. Also, the effect of total extraversion on satisfaction, marriage and spiritual vitality, as well as other paths and relationships were not significant (p>0.05). The goodness indicators of the model fit indicated the model fit (RMSEA=0.068, GFI=0.993, AGFI=0.931).

The results of this study emphasize the importance of coping skills with stress to promote marital satisfaction and spiritual vitality, and the role of the mediator variable in this study is very prominent. However, coping behaviors, marital satisfaction, and spiritual vitality are directly influenced by personality traits.

In childhood, psychological factors contribute to the development of some problems such as behavioral disorders. This study aimed to determine the effect of teaching emotion-based processing strategies on perceived stress and aggression of male students with conduct disorder in Zahedan in 2019.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all children aged 7 to 8 years with behavioral disorders at Zahedan Correctional Center in 2018. The research sample included 30 people who were selected by simple random sampling method and were randomly divided into an experimental group (15 people) and a control groups (15 people). Questionnaires for collecting data from the sample group included Cohen's perceived stress scale (1983) scale, Comark and Marmelstein (1983), and Bass and Perry's aggression questionnaire (1992). Both groups underwent perceived stress test and aggression test. Then 8 sessions of emotion processing training (one session per week for two hours) were held for the experimental group. The control group did not receive any training. For statistical analysis of the data, covariance analysis was conducted using SPSS-23 software.

Mean and standard deviation of perceived stress variable in the experimental group was 33.13 + 5.91 in the pre-test and 19.73 + 6.36 in the post-test, and in the control group it was 20.29 + 9.33 in the pre-test and 29.13 + 8.32 in the post-test. The mean and standard deviation of the aggression variable of the experimental group was 99.86 + 11.06 in the pre-test and 66.20 + 12.67 in the post-test, and in the control group, it was 99.13 + 11.86 in the pre-test and 97.73 + 11.54 in the post-test. The results also showed that teaching emotion-based processing strategies reduced cognitive stress and aggression (p<0.01).

Since the training of emotion processing strategies has reduced perceived stress and aggression in boys, this intervention is recommended to reduce children behavior disorders.

Paying attention to the personality abilities of adolescents with conduct disorder can reduce the context of crime in them. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "Positive Psychological Intervention" on social well-being in male adolescents with conduct disorder in Ahvaz Correctional Center.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test-follow-up with the control group. This study was conducted in 2020 in the statistical population of boy adolescents with conduct disorder in Ahvaz Correction and Rehabilitation Center in the age range of 15 to 18 years. 30 boy adolescents with conduct disorder were selected by purposive sampling method and then randomly divided into intervention and control groups using lottery. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions in 90-minute focused on “Positive Psychological Intervention” and the control group was on the waiting list to receive the intervention. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and the “Social Well-Being Scale”, which was completed by two groups in three rounds of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The validity of this scale was based on previous studies and the reliability was calculated by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was analyzed in SPSS.20.   

There was a significant difference between the two groups in the social welfare score (F=53.915, P=0.001) over time (P<0.05) and the scores of the intervention group from pre-test to follow-up. It has had an upward trend. In total, “Positive Psychological Intervention” explains 65% of the differences observed in social well-being scores.

“Positive Psychological Intervention” is an effective treatment method in increasing the social well-being of boy adolescents with conduct disorder. It is recommended to use “Positive Psychological Intervention” in other Correction and Rehabilitation Center.

Behavioral disorders include persistent behaviors that are characterized by defects in social rules and regulations and harm to children. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of attachment style and early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between childhood abuse and adolescent behavior disorder.

The method of this research was descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all adolescents with adolescent behavioral disorders in Hamedan province in 2019, and 300 adolescents referred to Hamedan Psychological Clinics were selected based on the available sampling method. Subjects were assigned to Young's Schema Schedule Questionnaire (2005), the Child Injury and Abuse Scale of Peter, Eskim, and Lillefield (2006), the Revised Scale of Experimental Relationships of Ferrali and Wallournel (2016), and the Birschke Children's Patient Symptoms Questionnaire (2002) replied. The subjects' scores were analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics and structural equation models.

The indirect effect of attachment style, dysfunctional schemas, and rejection and incision schemas in the meaningful relationship between childhood abuse and behavioral disorders were 0.36, 0.19, and 0.14, respectively, at P <0.01. The results showed that anxiety attachment style and early maladaptive schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between child abuse and adolescent behavior disorder (P <0.01).

Based on the obtained results, the pattern of adolescent behavior disorder has been developed based on the role of the child abuse component with the mediation of anxiety attachment style and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents with conduct disorder.

Improving the parent-child relationship through appropriate interventions has an effective role in reducing emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of "Parent Management Training" and "Group Schema Therapy" for Parents on academic motivation and oppositional defiant of their teenage children with conduct disorder.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all parents of adolescent girls and boys 13to 16 years old with conduct disorder in Ahvaz in the academic year 2020. Using the convenience sampling method, 60 of them were selected and one of their parents was randomly divided by random number table into two intervention groups and one the control group (20 people in each group). Demographic questionnaire, "Academic Motivation Scale" and "Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory" were used to collect data. The validity of the instruments was reported based on the content validity by qualitative method and the reliability by Kappa agreement coefficient method and internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The intervention groups (parents) underwent "Parental Management Training" (9 sessions of 60 minutes) and "Group Schema Therapy” (8 sessions of 90 minutes), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires were completed by their teenage children in the pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. 22.

Both “Parent Management Training" and "Group Schema Therapy" interventions in parents were effective in increasing academic motivation and reducing oppositional defiant in their teenage children with conduct disorder (P <0.01). Also, “Parent Management Training" has a greater effect on increasing the academic motivation of their teenage children with conduct disorder than "Group Schema Therapy" (P <0.01).

“Parent Management Training" and "Group Schema Therapy" to parents are effective interventions to increase academic motivation and reduce the oppositional defiant in adolescents with conduct disorder. To improve the academic performance of these adolescents, the implementation of the mentioned interventions on their parents is recommended.

The mother has an important role in the development and increase of child behavioral problems; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of psychological flexibility in parenting and maternal depression in predicting the symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents.

In this descriptive (correlation) study, which was conducted in the academic year 2019-2020, 440 mothers-children from Tehran, Hamedan and Boldaji were present. Psychological flexibility in parenting questionnaire (Greene, Field, Fargo, and Twohigm, 2015), depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire (Lovibond, and Lovibond, 1995) and child behavioral checklist (Achenbach, and Rescorla, 2001) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed with SPSS-20 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression.

Data analysis showed that the symptoms of conduct disorders in adolescents have a positive relationship with maternal depression (p=0.001) and negatively related to maternal psychological flexibility in parenting (p=0.001). Also, maternal depression and two components of psychological flexibility in parenting (acceptance and self as context) are able to predict the symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents (p <0.01).

Given that maternal depression and psychological flexibility in parenting can predict the symptoms of child behavior disorder, it is suggested that mothers play a positive role in reducing the symptoms of their adolescentchr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s conduct disorder by participating in individual or group counseling sessions to reduce depression and improve psychological flexibility in parenting.

Parents' relationship with children with conduct disorder can cause problems with their children. Therefore this study was done aimed to evaluation the effectiveness of Triple P-Positive Parenting Program on parent-child relationship and symptoms of disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder.

Design of this study was semi-experimental type as pretest-posttest with control group.Statistical population consisted of all mothers of high school boy student with conduct disorder in district 4 of Tehran in 2019.The sample studied were all 34 mothers of children with conduct disorder who were selected through convenience sampling method and were divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control groups.For collection data was used from Parent Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) and Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4). Data analyzing was conducted with ANCOVA and SPSS-22.  

The results showed that Triple P have significant effect on parent-child relationship (F= 9.70, p < .05) and symptoms of conduct disorder (F= 12.52, p < .05).

According to the findings this study, Triple P can be an effective educational method to improve the parent-child relationship and symptoms of disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder.

 The increasing prevalence of mental disorders in children is an essential issue given its impact on children's development and function. According to the review of the literature of pathology in developmental psychology, the behavioral emotional disorders of childhood are divided into two main categories; eternalizing disorders and internalizing disorders. Conduct Disorder (CD) is among the most common eternalizing disorders for which various treatment models have been proposed. It is important to pay attention to the child with CD along with their environment in the treatment; thus, we performed this meta–analysis to clarify the precise effect size of psychological interventions for treating children's CD. Therefore, we aimed at reviewing data and ultimately performing a meta–analysis on the effect size of psychological therapies of this disorder.

This was a meta–analysis study. To collect the related research, keywords, like “conduct disorder and psychological treatment for conduct disorder, emotional behavioral disorders, the effectiveness of parenting, social skills training, verbal self–learning, play, and story therapy on conduct disorder”, were searched in domestic search databases, including www.sid.ir, www.magiran.com, www.noormags.ir, and www.ensani.ir. Accordingly, 99 related articles were studied from 2005 to 2020. The inclusion criteria included scientific research articles related to the mentioned keywords regarding psychological therapies, dissertations published in the form of articles in scientific–research journals, clinical trial studies, and studies that specifically depended on reducing CD symptoms. The exclusion criteria were articles presented at conferences, seminars, research related to non–psychological therapies, such as medication, review articles, and statistics lacking a control group. Moreover, according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist, the emphasis was on the title and abstract, the type of intervention, objectives, and hypotheses, inclusion criteria, sample size, randomization, statistical methods, and research results. After removing duplicates and reviewing the quality of the articles by 3 experts in psychology and statistics, 6 articles were finally selected. After calculating the standardized difference between the mean scores, those studies were meta–analyzed by a random model at the significance level of 0.050 in the Review Manager.

The meta–analysis data on the comparison of the mean difference respecting the scores of reduced CD symptoms between the intervention and control groups indicated that in all these studies, the reduction rate of CD symptoms in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group. By dividing the difference between the calculated mean values of the studies by the standard deviation of the differences, a standardized difference of the averages was obtained, which made facilitated comparing the mean scores of the research. The mean difference of the standardized score for all these studies equaled 1.6 (1.25, 1.95) which indicated the effect size of psychological interventions. The random model was used in the analysis and heterogeneity was studied using Chi–squared and I2</sup> index. According to the Chi–squared test data (Q=8.58, df=6, p</em>=0.200), due to the significance at the error level of 0.050, the test statistic was not significant; thus, the studies were not heterogeneous. The I2</sup> index was measured as <50% (I2</sup>=30%), suggesting the homogeneity of the studies. Therefore, the meta–analysis revealed the significant effect of the psychological interventions in reducing CD symptoms (Z=8.95, p</em><0. 001). Furthermore, the lack of the intersection of the horizontal line with the confidence interval of each study with the vertical line of the accumulation diagram indicated the statistical significance; ultimately, these data reflected the effect of psychological interventions on reducing CD symptoms.

The present study findings supported the effects of psychological therapies (including parenting styles training, social skills training, verbal self–learning training, play therapy, & story therapy) on reducing CD symptoms. Therefore, applying psychological therapies is useful for treating CD.

One of the most common behavioral disorders among adolescents is Conduct Disorder (CD), threatening their mental health. The stronger the family system and the more emotional and rational the relations between its members, the more the children will benefit from education. An approach to promote the family's mental health is creating Spiritual Vitality (SV) based on mental states. Adolescents' mental state also substantially impacts numerous factors that affect the development of CD; these characteristics are related to communication issues between husband and wife. Behavioral interactions between adolescents and Marital Satisfaction (MS) create a suitable, emotional environment. It is healthy to raise children; naturally, this satisfaction can affect the parents–children relationship. Accordingly, the present study investigated marital satisfaction and SV in the parents of girls aged 14 to 18 years with CD.

This was a descriptive–analytical and cross–sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran City, Iran, with CD studying in the secondary school in 2020. The purposive sampling method was applied to select the study subjects, i.e., considering the sample size of descriptive studies and based on previous variance (S2 = 36.61), equaled 124 mothers and 124 fathers (N=248) who were targeted by sampling among adolescent girls with a higher odds of CD. To be screened, during negotiations with the principals of some girls' high schools in districts 14 and 19 of Tehran, while informing them of some symptoms of CD, they were requested to introduce adolescents with this syndrome. Accordingly, 512 students were introduced. Then, screening was performed; out of 512 students, 131 had the highest score in CD (18 & above) based on the Youth Self–Report Questionnaire (YSRQ; Achenbach, 1991). The exclusion criterion of the study was the lack of cooperation. In the grading process, by excluding the families of seven students (due to the lack of cooperation), 124 mothers and 124 fathers were eventually included in the study. The measurement tool included YSRQ, Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS; Afrooz, 1999), and Afrooz Spiritual Vitality Scale (Afrooz, 2016) with appropriate validity and reliability. Furthermore, data analysis was performed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including Independent Samples t–test at the significance level of 0.01. We assessed the status of MS and SV, and the mean scores of mothers, fathers, and the whole sample were compared with the cut–off point of the questionnaires.

The collected results indicated that the status of the parents of adolescents with CD, concerning MS (p<0.001) and the components of desirable–thinking of spouses (p<0.001), MS (p<0.001), religious behavior (p<0.001), parenting (p<0.001), and parental interaction (p<0.001), were unpleasant and vulnerable. Additionally, the scores of the parents of adolescents with CD concerning SV (p<0.001) and the components of beliefs (p<0.001) and feelings and behavior (p<0.001) were unacceptable.

This study emphasizes the importance of MS and SV in preventing CD in adolescents; therefore, it is necessary to improve the situation of adolescents' parents, appropriate practical planning, and necessary measures must be taken.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is among the most common behavioral disorders that threaten an individual's mental health. Adolescents with CD fail to adapt their behavior to the expectations of parents, others, and social norms. Studies indicated that external problems in adolescents might be equally related to psychological pathology in parents, while their internal issues are more closely related to maternal psychological pathology than in fathers. Numerous factors impact the development of CD, i.e., related to parental personality traits, the couple's communication problems with each other, and the style of behavioral interactions between them and adolescents. Studies found that the parents of adolescents with CD encounter difficulty regulating emotions and behaviors. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate personality traits and coping behaviors in adolescent girls with CD parents.</span>

This was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all secondary school adolescent girls with CD aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran City, Iran in 2020 who were selected by purposive sampling method Statistical sample was chosen according to the sample size of descriptive studies and based on previous variance (S2</sup>=19.45), included 124 mothers and 124 fathers (N=248) who were targeted by sampling among adolescent girls with a higher odds of CD. To be screened, during negotiations with the principals of some girls' high schools in districts 14 and 19 of Tehran, while informing them of some CD symptoms, they were requested to introduce adolescents with this syndrome. Thus, 512 students were introduced. Then, screening was performed, and out of 512 students, 131 obtained the highest score in conduct disorder, i.e., the scores of ≥18 based on the Youth Self-Report Questionnaire (YSRQ; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). In the grading process, by excluding the families of 7 students (due to noncooperation), 124 mothers and 124 fathers were included in the study. The exclusion criterion was noncooperation for the parents and obtaining scores <18 in the YSRQ for the adolescents. The measurement tools included the YSRQ, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) </span>EPQ; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Lazaros, 1980). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including Independent Samples t-test at a significance level of 0.01 in SPSS. Additionally, to evaluate the status of parental coping behaviors, Paired Samples t-test was applied. The mean scores of the subjects' problem-based coping strategies were compared with the mean scores of their emotion-based coping strategies.

The present study results suggested that all examined parents, on average, had personality traits of introversion, psycho-annoyance, and lying (p<0.001) and no personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism (p<0.001). Furthermore, all parents surveyed, on average, had scored higher on emotion-based coping strategies than problem-based strategies (p<0.001); thus, they had emotion-based coping behaviors.

The present study findings emphasized the impact of family environment, personality, and parental behavior on the incidence of adolescent CD. This is because introversion, psycho-annoyance and lying and emotion-based coping strategies are evident in these parents.