According to a general rule, the Prosecutor's Office is deemed irresponsible for the defendants who after the prosecution, are exonerated due to order for suspension of prosecution or acquittal. Such a rule is included in order to maintain common good in criminal proceedings. In fact, the public interest, that is, the necessity to pursue vigorously all the defendants in order to find the truth, does not tolerate the excessive caution of prosecutor institution. However, when in the prosecution process and in accordance with the order of detention or orders leading to arrest the innocent defendant is deprived of liberty, non-responsibility is not fair. This is why the legislators of different countries anticipated compensation for damages caused by unjustified arrests and consider the government responsible of the days of arrest of an accused innocent. In Iran, before the adoption of the Code of Criminal Procedure 2013 (1392), there was no provision in this regard, and the only general rule was the current legal mistake rule. In the new law, the legislator with forecast of articles 256 - 259 adopted a realistic standpoint toward justice by predicting compensation for unjustified arrests

Alternatives to prosecution are the third way and middle method between the prosecution and unconditional archiving the case. Objects of punishment, in this method, Will be achieved without prosecution and punishment. Alternatives to prosecution are based on the cognitive school, criminology and practical considerations and In Islamic teachings, there are many cases applying this method in the process of prosecution and punishment of offenders. In English law, Alternatives to prosecution have more appearance, because the prosecution is based on public interest. Because of studies, in the adoption of the Penal Code of 1392, the Iranian legislator considered the effects of these alternatives. However, these alternatives, as they should, have not been developed. Lack of development in these alternatives is the result of numerous obstacles. Reviewing the U.K. law, understanding these obstacles and providing necessary solutions for them, justifies the necessity and purpose of the present research and could create a promotion in the criminal prosecution system using these alternatives. These obstacles can be expressed in the theoretical challenges (lack of ideas and replacing alternatives) and practical challenges (lack of practical mechanisms for the implementation of alternatives). Examples of such challenges include: not paying attention to the objects of punishment, Tendency to punishment, Police Restriction, lack of attention to the personality of individuals at the beginning of the prosecution of crimes and...

Political behaviors are considered as one of the constituent elements of organizations that can create divisive and harmful working environments that have increasingly negative consequences on the organization and employees. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to the prevalence of political behavior in the organization and the factors affecting it to prevent and limit such behavior. In this study, the effect of various organizational structures mediated by power sources on political behavior has been investigated. The present study sought to provide a clear understanding of the desired organizational performance to effectively manage and achieve the goals of the educational organization by examining the relationships between variables and creating a small field for the development and promotion of the educational organization. Managers can also control these variables by recognizing political behaviors, existing organizational structure, and sources of managerial power, and use it to achieve organizational goals.

The present study was descriptive and survey in terms of the method and purpose. The statistical population of all employees of Fars General Directorate of Education included 432 individuals. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 203 persons. They were selected by the systematic random sampling method in such a way that the list of employees was prepared in alphabetical order and the first two people were drawn and examined using coins. After checking the level of normality and identifying the outliers, the final analysis was performed through 201 questionnaires. Data collection tools were Torkzadeh and Mohtaram’s (2014) Organizational Structure Model, Torkzadeh and Moeni Shahraki’s (2010) Power Resources Identification Approach, and Torkzadeh and Fereydouni’s (2015) Political Behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS16 software, t-test, paired t-test, intra-group variance analysis, Benfrony, and path analysis.

The results showed that the average deterrent structure (3.38) was higher than the empowering structure (3.32), but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.37). The highest average was related to the source of moral power (3.45) and the lowest average was related to the source of punitive power (2.87). The result of the follow-up test showed that the average source of rewards power was significantly lower than other sources of power (except punitive power) and the average source of punitive power to resources of power of legitimacy, information, ethics, culture, and environmental dominance, but the average power source ethics was significantly higher than other sources of power (except for environmental culture and dominance) and the average power source of information was significantly higher than the average source of peripheral environmental power (p < 0.001). The average score of political games, political tactics, and power games was higher than the acceptable level of adequacy and lower than the desirable level of adequacy (p=0.001). The type of empowering organizational structure was not predictive of political behaviors and the variable of power sources in this regard was not intermediary, but in the deterrent structure of power sources, the relationship between the type of deterrent organizational structure and political behaviors was the relative intermediation. Based on these results, the awareness of organizations’ managers about a variety of political behaviors and the dimensions related to each of them were necessary to deal and react quickly to their prevalence in the organization. Considering the effect of deterrent organizational structure on political behaviors through power sources, managers must understand the characteristics of this structure and reduce the barriers of organizational structure by designing interactive models, controlling the actions of individuals by functional power sources, and thereby reducing the prevalence of negative political behaviors.

The International Criminal Court has created a new structure for prosecuting perpetrators of major international crimes. How to start investigating and prosecuting crimes is an important issue in the Statute of the Court. According to the provisions of the Statute on the initiation of prosecution, the three aspects of "referral by member states", "referral by the Security Council" and "prosecutor's initiative" are established. In this regard, the court system has been designed in such a way that by eliminating the interrogation stage, the task of investigation has been assigned to the prosecutor along with the prosecution, who performs his duties under the supervision of the preliminary branch. In this regard, the prosecutor can collect information and evidence, review the documents, obtain the statements of witnesses and informants, investigate the accused and suspects and summon or arrest them. Member states are also required by law to cooperate with the prosecutor. It has jurisdiction over the supplementary court and exercises jurisdiction only in cases where no competent domestic court can or does not want to prosecute. In addition, the Security Council may, in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, request a moratorium on prosecutions and investigations.

The victim of crime plays an important and essential role in criminal prosecution. In forgivable crimes, criminal prosecution will not be possible without his will and in such crimes, the victim can play an important and active role in criminal prosecution. In the present research, "Participation of the victim in the judicial process: basics, challenges and solutions" the following results were obtained with the descriptive and analytical method. Victim participation faces two types of challenges in criminal prosecution. Personal challenges related to the victim himself and in between, victimized fear, shame of the victim, family and friendship considerations, the victim's lack of awareness and the victim's inability are among the most important reasons for the victim's non-participation in prosecution. Structural challenges related to the structure of the criminal justice system, including the lack of proper communication between the victim and the authorities and mediation of officers and employees and judicial service offices, the authority of the prosecuting authority, secrecy and non-arbitrary nature of some of the proceedings and prolongation of the prosecution are among the most important structural challenges. Iran's criminal justice system in the field of structural challenges has tried to increase the victim's participation in criminal proceedings, but regarding the personal challenges related to the victim, this system doesn’t enjoy a desirable situation.  Eliminating the grounds of fear and shame in the victim, allowing the victim not to be pursued, helping to preserve the identity of the victim, the removal of intermediaries between the victim and the criminal justice authorities, and the improvement of the legal knowledge of officers and employees can contribute to most of the victims involved in the criminal proceedings.

Stalking is a form of harassment. Sometimes people with different motives, good or bad, constantly follow and Watch others. This behavior has been criminalized in some countries such as the USA with differential policies and measures. In criminal law of Iran, there is no crime with this title exactly, but its manifestations and examples, such as Article 619 of the Penal Code adopted in 1996, have been considered a crime, with no special punishment and security measures. It seems that through the development of cyberspace into today's life, it has become much easier to commit stalking crimes than past. therefore, general criminal policies do not make an effective deterrence. Victims in stalking crimes need legal protective and preventative measures like Protection order and Restraining order. Lack of preventive and security measures before proof of stalking crimes and conviction of offender are the most important legal shortcomings in criminal justice system of Iran. A comparative study with countries that have been successful in this regard seems useful.

This essay considers the principle of separation of prosecutor from investigating judge in criminal procedure.in Iranian penal code 2013/1392, assignment of investigating official apart from prosecutor indicates accepting the principal. This refers to the independence of investigating official in his duties and non-interference of him in prosecution. However the purpose of separation is not absolute. Administering and necessary teaching and request completion of investigation is not contrary to the principle. Moreover in some exceptional cases, the principle can be excluded necessarily and immediately. Positive step of penal procedure is that investigating by prosecutor is subjected to shortage of investigating official. In addition to, the other favorable changes are explicit expression in cases such as impossibility to returning the case referred to the investigating judge, the need for referring in exceptional circumstances that the investigating judge starts the investigation directly. However some cases of violation of this principle can be found in law of Iran. For example, it cant be said the principle is being observed when unchaste behavior is raised directly in the court.

Basic traffic flow models deal with the movement behavior of vehicles in traffic flow. These models are the basis of the work of simulation software. In general, there are four types of behavioral models in simulation software, which include car following model, lane change model, opportunity acceptance model, and lateral distance model. These models provide user-adjustable parameters that the ability of simulators to reproduce driving behaviors and traffic performance indicators of the study site, depends on the correct adjustment of these parameters. Simply put, these parameters must be calibrated before the simulator software can be used as a traffic analysis tool. Since driving behavior and environmental factors can also affect the car chase model, so the parameters will be different for different cities and in Iran, the car following model parameters have been done only for Tehran and Qom, in this study to use Optimal and correct of Aimsun simulator software, for Isfahan city, the parameters of the car following model of this software were calibrated. Calibrated. Since in order to calibrate the car tracking model, the reaction time and the reaction time in stopping must be calibrated, so these two parameters were calibrated using the field data of the intersections and their calibrated values were 0.5 and 0.65, respectively. It should be noted that the default reaction time is 0.75 seconds and the reaction time at the default stop is 1.35 seconds in the software. Therefore, by replacing the calibrated times instead of the default times of the car tracking model in Aimsun software, the car tracking model was calibrated for Isfahanian drivers.

In the light of comparative law developments in recent years, the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013 has introduced numerous institutions and mechanisms into the Iranian criminal justice system that, through the emergence of a concurrent justice, prosecution of the accused is suspended in exchange for some of the orders suggested by the prosecutor or reconciliation with the plaintiff. Proper implementation of these strategies, which are interpreted as alternatives to criminal prosecution, has shortened the intervention of the criminal system and accelerated the resolution of disputes arising out of the crime, giving the accused an opportunity not to stay immune from criminal labeling without getting involved with the criminal process and compensating the victim’s damages in a short time. Successors of prosecution, however, face challenges such as the ambiguous status of the defendant’s rights. In fact, the nature of such proceedings raises many questions, including whether the right to defense in these proceedings differs from that of ordinary criminal proceedings? And are the defendants’ rights observed in the same way as classical rights? This article seeks to provide appropriate solutions to these rights for these methods by studying and criticizing the legal rights of the accused in prosecution alternatives.