حسنا ورمقانی

Those squares of Hamedan city that are studied in this research are, in fact, historical sites that, as a result of urban developments, are located inside urban squares today. Nevertheless, they still retain their function as a social base for citizens. Although the middle island of these squares is now surrounded by cars, people are even more likely to use them. The present study seeks to explain the relationship between the green centers of old neighborhoods (Chaman) and contemporary park-squares as two types of symbolic green places in Hamedan with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The main questions are as follows:-What are the similarities in the causes of the durability of symbolic green spaces of the city of Hamadan (Chaman and park-square) and the reasons for their high presence in the same traffic hazards?
-What factors in each of the physical, functional, and semantic aspects have a greater impact on the durability of the place in comparison with Chaman and park-square?

Two stages of research were designed to get answers to the questions. The first stage involved studying the historical background of the lawns of Hamadan's neighborhoods and park-squares and examining its physical and functional dimensions, which was done using a qualitative method. In the second stage, by selecting four important park-squares of the city and four samples of standing Chamans in the old context of Hamadan as analytical samples, a descriptive-survey method was used to investigate the indicators of form, activity, and meaning so that the relationship between these two types of symbolic and generally green places is explored. In the second stage of the research, three executive subsections were defined. The first part was done qualitatively with observation and photography tools, the second quantitatively with the gating technique, and the third quantitatively with the questionnaire tool and gap analysis technique.

Field observation and examination of the samples yielded data regarding the internal and surrounding uses of lawns and park-squares, accessibility, geometry, color and material of floor and wall materials, space facilities such as furniture and parking, and also valuable single grains. Also, the area of lawns and the number and area of functional species in them (educational, gathering and recreation, shopping, worship) were obtained through field observation and comparison with the information of the General Department of Roads and Urban Development of Hamadan province. The investigation of the volume of pedestrian traffic shows that the most pedestrian traffic among the study park-squares is in Imam Square. After that, Avicenna Mausoleum Square, Baba Taher and Imam Zadeh Square are in the next ranks of pedestrian movements. Also, among the lawns, the most pedestrian traffic flows in the Kababian Chaman and the least traffic flows in the Mosala Chaman. Haji and Kolapa Chaman are in the middle of the traffic volume. Since the purpose of the research is to find similarities in the reasons for the durability of symbolic green places and also the reasons for their high presence, as well as to find the most effective factors in the durability of study places. Therefore, for comparative evaluation, questionnaire tool and gap analysis technique were used. Examining the average values of responses for parks shows that safety and sound comfort (1.93) is the least effective factor, and the variety of surrounding uses (4.22) is the most effective factor in the presence of citizens. On the other hand, the average values of the answers about lawns, the size, and dimensions of the space (2.28) are the last degree of importance and the age and historical backgrounds (4.2) are the priority among the durability indicators of the place. These results show that space activity is a more important factor in the choice of squares by citizens; while the meaning of space has played a more important role in the presence of study lawns.

The research results show that the similarities in the reasons for the durability of symbolic green places in Hamadan city and their high presence despite traffic hazards are mainly dependent on semantic factors. These meanings in lawns depend on the age and historical background, and in park-squares, on the elements of indicators, symbols and signs, and uniqueness, and in both of them, their importance and validity. Among the other similarities in the reasons for the presence of lawns and park-squares, which can be obtained by examining the high values of correlation coefficients, are the shape factors, including the materials and colors of the surfaces, and the size and dimensions of the space. The output values in the comparison between Chaman and Park-square show that the indicators of the shape of the space, including natural factors, visual landscape, and enclosure and independence, have created a greater gap in terms of influencing durability; In such a way that the first two indicators in the park-square and the third indicator in the lawns have more favorable conditions.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Enclosure serves as a fundamental principle in shaping spatial identities, defining the unique character of a place. In Iranian architecture, mass is not just a physical element but also a concept that molds and encapsulates space, embodying the notion of enclosure. The term “rhizome” is a biological term, as a metaphor, contains concepts such as labyrinth, multiplicity, connection, difference and intermediate position. In this way, the elements that create confinement, as well as the elements of multiple space and rhizomic labyrinth, are identified in the literature review, and then, in order to obtain the different qualities of the classification of the enclosed space in a quasi-rhizomatic structure, the aspects of the relationship between these two categories have been deduced. The purpose of this article is to investigate the methods of achieving a variety of enclosed areas in the spatial organization of Kashan historical houses and to reinterpret the degrees of their enclosure. Key questions include how elements of rhizomatic epistemology can inform the reinterpretation of enclosure levels within Kashan’s historical houses and which physical and spatial approaches have contributed to classifying their enclosure structures.”?

“The research employed a descriptive, analytical, and logical reasoning approach. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, with Depthmap and Agraph software utilized for data analysis. First, the definitions of spatial enclosure in the field of architecture and rhizome theory in the field of philosophy were studied. In this way, the factors of creating enclosure and characteristics of thinking and rhizomic space were extracted. Then, multiple rhizomic spatial indices were categorized in four sections and similar and overlapping indices were placed in one category. These four categories were analyzed through space analysis software (Depthmap-Agraph) in architectural configuration. As the largest historical house of Kashan with many introverted areas, Ameriha House was chosen as a case study and in the way of reinterpreting the enclosure according to the labyrinth structure of this house, compatible components in rhizomatic epistemological foundations have been used , aligning with its unique architectural style.

In order to analyze and interpret the enclosure based on the aforementioned theory and considering the spatial nature of the rhizomial logic and also the existence of categories such as connection, connection, difference and continuity, the indicators of the space syntax theory were used to analyze the study sample of the historical houses of Kashan. In this order, it is argued that the indicators of space difference, space traffic and isovist, connection and number of space and interlinking in the theory of space syntax in connection with the indicators mentioned in the rhizome theory can be used in the reinterpretation of the degrees of enclosure of the labyrinth structure of the historical houses of Kashan. To be more precise, the sub-categories of space dissimilarity/heterogeneity/difference with the help of space difference index, the sub-categories of spatial diversity/unsimilar continuity with the help of spatial traffic index and isovist, the sub-category of abundance of areas/connections with the help of two syntactic indicators of connection and the number of spaces and the sub-category of the set of coherent links and Multicore can be analyzed and measured with the help of integration index. The simulation of the movement in the spatial arrangement of Ameri House shows that the character of fluidity, continuous changes and new orientations has been expressed by creating frequent thresholds and establishing intermediate and in-between areas. The crucial principle of rhizomatic space lies in its establishment amidst and between elements. The physical manifestation of these characteristics becomes evident through the simulation of movement and vision within the layout of the Ameri House. Also, dissimilarity in the level, shape, number of connections, type of spaces and flexibility of configuration leads to the logic of difference in rhizome theory. The physical/spatial approaches mentioned in the rhizomatic and integrated relationship with each other enrich the levels of enclosure in the spatial structure of the Ameri House in Kashan.

The results of the research show that multiple physical/spatial approaches in accordance with the body of the rhizome space include de-territorialization and re-territorialization, fluidity, flexibility, difference and heterogeneity, multiplicity of spaces and paths and being in the middle and in-between have been effective in creating enclosure as well as diversity and multiple degrees of enclosure. The rhizome approach of multitude and multiplicity of spaces and paths in the three domains of border, threshold and territory has led to the difference and diversity of the extent and manner of spatial enclosure. In such a way that the inside/outside boundaries (entrances), the spaces between the yards (thresholds) and the area, the shape and various openings of the 9 yards (realms) have provided very different states of visual and physical access limits. Spatialization and arenaization of the house in Kashan has formed a set of coherent and multi-core links through reterritorialization and decentralization of arenas. In the sense that many courtyards with different numbers of connections to the peripheral areas of the territories have led to decentralization and formation of multiple cores, and the expansion of these areas in many directions has led to fold logic, divergent and horizontal thinking.

Worship buildings in the historical cities of Iran are considered fundamental elements of urban structure and Islamic culture. The physical structure of these buildings and the formal and functional patterns of each of their components are the result of the intervention of various factors such as religious thoughts and beliefs, religious teachings and deep spiritual concepts. The entrance space has always had a special place in the thoughtful design of Iranian architects. Because in addition to its main function as an articulation space, visually and perceptually, it has also been the Interface space between a building and the urban space and a criterion for recognizing cultural and social identity. In religious places, this space is more important; since this communication node between the city and architecture is a symbolic place through which the values of Islamic culture, the beliefs of the community, religious teachings, and the characteristics of the Islamic city are represented. Accordingly, the entrance design becomes important. This facade can partially express the truths hidden in the religious teachings and principles, either in the form of calligraphy and motifs of the inscriptions, or by the height, proportions, and circumstances of the façade design.Decorations are not only from the viewpoint of religious art, but also in accordance with the concepts of verses and hadiths. And the themes of phrases and poems engraved on the inscriptions contain religious teachings, moral rules and principles, mystical concepts, historical descriptions, and even jurisprudence assignments. The present article with the aim of revealing the aspects of the relationship between the basics of Islamic culture and the physical / functional perspective of the entrance of religious buildings, seeks to answer a main question: How have the principles of Islamic culture and teachings affected the appearance and functions of the entrance of historical religious buildings? By giving priority to the realigious principles and teachings in shaping the physical and functional structure of religious places, the present article first searches for these principles and teachings by examining religious texts and also the reflection of these aspects in the Islamic architecture and city. Then it traces the aspects of this influence in the meaning and body of the historical building by examining local histories, biographies and travelogues in a historical context.The research method is content analysis and the data collection method is through existing literature in library; by comparing the teachings and concepts of Islam extracted from religious texts with the historical texts describing the buildings of worship, the semantic and content causes and methods of shaping the input structure of the mentioned uses are analyzed.In order to determine the research indicators while studying specialized texts, the theory of the Islamic city has been taken into account. In the theory of Islamic urban planning, it is stated that the verses of the Qur'an form the general rules of the Islamic city, and the hadiths of the Prophet (pbuh) determine the basic principles of the cultural and social values of the Muslim city, which have appeared in material form. The theory of the Islamic city is a broad topic that has been formed by philosophers and researchers in explaining the characteristics of the Islamic city, its values and principles, and has been cited in some contemporary researches. An Islamic city is a city that is formed on the basis of Islamic culture and Islamic rules. The dominant factor in the model of the Islamic city is the religion of Islam, and all aspects and indicators of the social and physical life of the city are organized and identified by it.. An Islamic city is a city built on the foundations, principles and courses of the Qur'an and hadiths. The principles that should be considered in the design of the urban landscape of worship places are related to the features of the Islamic city on the one hand and to architectural design on the other hand. Thirteen indicators of research have been identified on three general components, including divine truths, religious teachings, and the principles of urban planning and Islamic architecture.The research starts by recognizing the dimensions of Islamic culture in 2 categories of sources, including religious texts and specialized texts on Islamic architecture and urban planning. After deducing the indicators of the research, it deals with its various manifestations in the semantic and physical aspects of the historical buildings, and the contemporary viewpoint on the religious building construction. Since the main issue is in regards to the principles and teachings of Islamic culture- after thorough description of historical religious places- ancient texts, travelogues, and local histories are studied and the descriptions regarding the functional, physical, and spatial characteristics of religious uses have been analyzed in terms of their relationship with Islamic culture.Present research is practical in terms of purpose; since it is trying to address one of the concerns of architecture and urban landscape by using the literature review, that is, the issue of repayment to the meaning and spirit that governs the body and the architectural space, and in this way, acquiring the Islamic Iranian identity in the urban landscape. Also, content analysis method has been used in the research; using library resources and relying on the theory of the Islamic city and its principles and components, numerous categories were extracted and then categorized into 13 indicators from 3 main components. And finally, the analysis of these foundations has been done in historical descriptions and architectural examples.The results of the research clarify how the Islamic culture is reflected in the facade and landscape of the entrance of the ancient religious buildings through rereading the historical descriptions of these buildings in comparison with three influential components in religious architecture, including attention to divine attributes, general Islamic teachings, and the principles of urban planning and Islamic landscape. The entrance landscape of the historical religious buildings has many physical and functional features taken from the foundations of Islamic culture, which are placed under the semantic indicators defining truths, principles and teachings; so that multiple functional capacities have been provided in facade and the entrance landscape of the buildings with the aim of maintaining social values, religious education, guidance and providing security and human dignity. On the other hand, the aspects of the appearance meaning and the visual landscape of the buildings convey unity, holiness, purity and divine truths, which have been emphasized many times in the historical descriptions of the body of the buildings.The results show that the entrance view of the historical buildings of worship has many physical and functional characteristics derived from the principles of Islamic culture in three sub-sections of meaning (unity, holiness, purity, respect for nature), function (guidance, providing security and peace of mind, preservation of social values, importance of endowment, respect for human beings) and body (strength and stability, painting and line, beauty and happiness) can be analyzed. Focusing on historical texts and comparison with religious concepts showed that European tourists mainly emphasized the objective/sensual aspects of the buildings, including geometrical decorations and plant motifs, lack of face painting, pleasuring and nature-oriented beauty, simplicity, grandeur, and the height of the building and the invisibility of the inner arena. While the historians of local history and Iranian tourists, with the foreknowledge of religious teachings, have focused on semantic aspects in addition to physical appearances, in other words, the description of physical/functional characteristics in order to show religious meanings and sacred concepts. In these descriptions, features such as the purity and sanctity of water, the sanctity of old trees, the ability to develop, the symbolic role of a function for the area and grandeur of the building, peace and psychological security, religious functions and the space for concentration and reflection have had a more obvious appearance. Both groups of texts show that each component of the landscape was formed with the aim of showing the dimensions of Islamic culture, and sometimes one component of the building served multiple purposes in this regard.

The positive position of space, or in other words, space-axial against a volumetric viewpoint, is one of the key aspects of Iranian architecture. In this regard, transparency is considered one of the principles and fundamentals and among the special and fundamental qualities in the spatial structure of Iranian architecture. Based on this, some contemporary Iranian architects have tried to make it visible and realizable and have continued it based on these principles and the inspirations from the eternal works of this land. Relying on the importance of addressing this indicator, the aim of this research is to measure the application of the transparency concept and how it manifests itself in the physical elements and spatial structures of contemporary Iranian architecture. Accordingly, in the current research, the way of realizing transparency in the contemporary architecture of Iran and the extent and quality of its emergence and development have been questioned and discussed. In order to examine this issue in detail, two cultural centers in the contemporary period that have paid attention to the formal and semantic aspects of Iran’s past architecture have been selected to be analyzed and measured in terms of transparency. The current research started with the hypothesis that the examination of the way transparency is represented in the two buildings of Dezful and Isfahan cultural centers reveals the differences and similarities that can be effective in enriching the contemporary architecture of Iran. Therefore, research questions about the quality of transparency in these two buildings are proposed and lead to measures to make the space transparent in contemporary Iranian architecture: Which physical elements and spatial structures have been used by each of the two cultural center buildings of Dezful and Isfahan and how to create transparency? What are the differences and similarities between the transparency appearance in these two buildings?

The current research has used two quantitative and qualitative strategies. So, the descriptive-analytical and analogical, and logical reasoning methods, as well as bibliographic and document studies, have been used to collect and analyze data. In order to investigate the transparency issue in contemporary Iranian architecture, the main factors that create transparency in architecture were extracted from the existing theories. Then, these components were categorized into four subsections containing the main indicators of spatial transparency. The reason for choosing Dezful Cinema Cultural Center and Isfahan International Cultural Center among existing contemporary cultural centers is the architect’s exceptional attention to the use of Iranian architectural elements and techniques. In order to perform a quantitative analysis using Agraph software, Justified Plan Graphs were first drawn from the floor plans. Since the amount of visible area at any point of the space is an important indicator in evaluating the transparency level, UCL Depthmap software was used to measure this component. In the final stage, each of the four indicators of the transparency concept was measured and concluded with a quantitative analysis of syntactic indicators.

Four syntactic factors of visual cone, spatial integration, connection, and depth were selected to evaluate the degree of transparency. Spatial connectivity and depth, as well as the number of spaces, were analyzed in Agraph software, and two factors of visual accessibility (Isovist) and spatial integration were analyzed and interpreted in Depthmap software. In Dezful Cultural Center, the location of the main volume of the building in the depth of the ground and the externally blocked walls have minimized the continuity and sequence of the internal and external areas of the building. While in Isfahan Cultural Center, the division of the plan into two inward and outward parts has maximized the visual transparency and continuity and sequence of inside and outside in half of the building. In the Dezful building, the depth indicator showed that despite the hierarchy and the distance of the spaces from the external area, the location of open and semi-open internal distributable spaces is in the points that created the continuity and sequence of the internal areas at great depths from the building’s entrance. In the Isfahan building, the low number of depth indicators for most spaces means more integration in the interior space. The comparison of the number of spaces in the two Dezful and Isfahan buildings, and its ratio to the maximum depth in the plan, shows that although there is a significant relationship between the number of spaces and the amount of integration, the presence of a large number of spaces in a slight depth can moderate the effect of high spatial multiplicity on integration reduction. The numerical and figural comparison of the local integration and the maximum and minimum values clearly shows the important role of the inter-space in spatial integration and transparency.

In this research, the results were obtained after analyzing the criteria related to the transparency of the spatial structure, including spatial openness, integration and overlap, continuity and sequence, and spatial coherence using the tools of depth, number of spaces, connection, visual cone, and integration. Transparency, in general, is observed in both buildings with the use of relatively similar measures. However, there are differences in how this transparency is created and its amount, which is caused by the difference in how these elements and spatial structures are used. In general, the measures adopted in the physical elements and spatial structures of Isfahan Cultural Center have mainly led to visual transparency. In Dezful Cultural Center, physical and mental transparency has emerged more than visual transparency.

The energy crisis and the necessity of managing its consumption has turned the revision of the ways of shaping the structure of the space and the body of today's buildings into the main principle of architectural planning. Historical baths, public benefit buildings and worthy of attention with high spatial and geometric diversity, are a set of the most obvious practical optimization solutions in Iranian architecture, which contain extractable and valuable lessons from the configuration, hierarchy and control of spatial communication in relation to energy. Therefore, this research aims to solve the problem of matching the performance of the thermal system and the spatial physical structure of the historical baths of Iran and explores the relationships between the spaces as well as the geometric and spatial measures for thermal and functional isolation. The main question of the research is that what are the differences in the physical proportions and spatial structure of historical baths in the cold and dry climates of Qazvin and the temperate and humid climates of Gilan in terms of adaptation to the thermal system? The research method is descriptive, analytical and logical reasoning. The method of data collection is library and field, and the data analysis tool is the specialized software of space syntax. The samples include 8 baths in the two climatic regions of Qazvin and Gilan with different physical dimensions and patterns despite the geographical proximity of the two mentioned regions. The results of the research determine the differences and similarities regarding the area ratio of Garmkhane to Sarbineh, the entrance structure, the communication nodes and the degree of connectivity, integration and spatial depth of the samples in relation to energy conservation and management of the thermal system. Also, the results show that the difference in the physical spatial structure of Gilan baths is more obvious and in general, the reduction of the effect of climatic force has led to an increase in the diversity of the spatial structure in this group. While the similarity of the physical structure of Qazvin baths is due to the necessity of adapting to the thermal system and responding to more difficult climatic conditions.

Historical places and areas as urban signs have many capabilities in planning and developing the urban environment. Among them, the knowledge of how the spatial configuration components affect the ability to visit and use them, which will have an effective role in formulating urban tourism strategies in the routes leading to historical places. In this article, with the help of descriptive analytical method by focusing on the physical dimensions affecting the possibility of visiting historical places by tourists, the effective components have been formulated. And then, with the logical reasoning method, the validity of the indicators in the visit-ability of the historical context is analyzed.The aim of the research is to evaluate the factors of spatial configuration affecting the visit-ability of the Atiq Grand Mosque of Qazvin by studying the body of the building and the area of surrounding context.The research question is which physical approaches play a role in increasing the visit-ability of historical contexts and landmark buildings in them.How are the components of visit-ability in the historical context of Qazvin city evaluated within the case study area?The analysis tool is the specialized software of space syntax and also relying on observations and field studies.The results show that the location of the landmark building within the historical context will have the greatest impact on the possibility and ability to visit; and on the other hand, the natural and artificial elements in the body of the building, space furniture and height proportions in the architectural scale have had a greater effect on the tension and visual/movement attraction and the presence and guidance of the observer towards certain destinations.

Morphological analysis or urban shape structure interprets the pattern of land use distribution and access system and directs the development process at the micro level, i.e., the network within urban neighborhoods. Access system analysis is based on matching form and function; In other words, the effect of network shape on improving the function of places, evaluates the desirability of morphological patterns. In this regard, the present study aimed to analyze the quality of the effect of morphological factors of the urban access system on promoting the symbolic function of local mosques. The research questions are ‘what are the positive or negative effects of the access network configuration method on the symbolic function of local mosques?’ ‘Which morphological factors in the local access network affect the symbolic function of the predominant buildings (mosques)?’ The research method includes a combination of qualitative strategy in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information about the indicators of urban morphological approach and access qualities, as well as quantitative / qualitative strategy and software based. The research is done based on a case study which has been observed and analyzed with Space Syntax tool and UCL Depth map specialized software to investigate the spatial arrangement of eight selected and distinct urban context samples in two regions of Qazvin city (region 2 and 3). According to the field observations and software analysis, the type of data is quantitative and qualitative, and the output of the analysis includes simulation maps, and numerical values. The morphological factors of the access network affecting the promotion of the symbolic function of local mosques, have been evaluated and inferred through comparative study, and logical reasoning methods. The results of the research show that among the 4 types of studied access networks, free geometry, dense network and blockage of numerous secondary passages lead to the minimum values of visibility indicators, and on the other hand, relatively regular geometry and straight and consecutive passages branching from the main axis lead to the highest level of readability and permeability. Also, the orientation and geometry of the background texture passages, and the number of communication passages between the square and the context are the determining factors in the parameters' values.

Historical places, as important and attractive parts of the city, always have importance, identity and personality as tourist destinations. One of the results of the optimal organization of such spaces is the mental permanence of the spatial experience, shaping the location of social interactions and repeating the audience's visit. The aim of the current research is to analyze the physical and spatial components of urban complexes on improving readability and, as a result, increasing the number of visits and use of them. This research was conducted with a combination of analytical descriptive methods, logical reasoning and case study, and the data collection tools are field observations and library studies. In order to analyze the data regarding the spatial relations of the case study, the specialized software Depthmap has been used. The restoration efforts of Saad al-Saltaneh complex in recent years have turned the search for concepts of its spatial structure as a dynamic space in an original format due to the continuous presence of citizens into a subject worthy of reflection. The results of the research show that the physical and spatial components affecting readability and as a result increasing visits to historical places include the selectivity of space, visibility and visual and movement permeability. These factors have been effective in increasing the number of visits by creating wide and multi-directional fields of view in the focal parts, creating the shortest connecting routes between important internal destinations and paying attention to the proper organization of the entrances of historical context.

The study of developments in Iran's history shows that security has provided the necessary infrastructure for establishing stability and political authority, developing trade and commerce, and forming a regular network of roads. Therefore, due to the numerous battles of kings and rulers, it was necessary to try to secure and protect the roads, as well as pay attention to security in the location and architectural form of residences. The aim of the research is the comparative analysis of the spatial structures of midway settlements in the plains and mountains with a focus on protective-defense measures. The research question is, which physical elements and in what way have they had an effect on protection and defense in Iran's midway settlements in different patterns of space arrangement? What are the similarities and differences between plain and mountain residences in protection and defense? The research method includes a combination of a qualitative approach in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information, as well as a quantitative-qualitative and software approach based on the research method, which is observation and analysis with the Deep Map computer simulator to investigate the spatial arrangement of 20 midway houses belonging to the Safavid period, of two types, plain and Kohestani has been carried out, which has been evaluated and deduced through the comparative examination of examples and logical reasoning method, the factors affecting the structure of security in residential architecture. The results of the research showed that according to the environmental requirements, the plain houses have more physical diversity in terms of defense measures, which according to the security conditions of the region, provide a distinct or similar configuration in comparison with the mountain type in terms of accessibility, visibility, permeability and integrity of the space.

The current research aims to find the subjective perception of familiar and unfamiliar audiences (women) about the semantic quality of the architectural facades of commercial complexes and to investigate the difference in the quality of the subjective perception of the audience under the influence of memories and mentalities from the façade of commercial buildings in Qazvin city. The research question is what is the subjective perception of familiar and unfamiliar audiences about the semantic quality of architectural facades of commercial complexes in Qazvin city?”. What effect will the memories and mentalities of the audience familiar and unfamiliar with the commercial building of Qazvin city have on the difference in the quality of mental perception of the facade of the building? The research method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and grounded theory. The steps of the second method include sampling and conducting interviews until reaching theoretical saturation, categorizing the results through categorization, open coding, and axial coding until the stage of forming the core category of the research. Data collection has been done with the semi-structured interview tool in two preliminary and final stages from the users and observers of these views and the general public. The sample population was randomly selected into two groups: Qazvin citizens (acquainted addressee) and unacquainted addressee with the studied complexes. The unacquainted addressee was selected from residents of Rasht and Tehran. The reason for choosing these two cities was to find possible differences in the answers of these two groups according to the difference in the scale of the city and the expectations and backgrounds of the residents of these two cities. The commercial buildings in question include all 13 commercial complexes in Qazvin. The results show that the mental perception of acquainted and unacquainted people about the semantic quality of the architectural facades of commercial complexes in Qazvin has significant differences and similarities. The differences are mainly related to the emotional and then functional aspects, and the similarities in mental perceptions are related to the physical characteristics of the facades. Finally, among the sub-sections of semantic qualities, although emotional qualities are influential in modulating negative attitudes and undesirable mental perceptions of commercial views for acquainted people, physical and then functional qualities are more critical and general factors in the mental perception of acquainted and unacquainted people, that its result will be desirable emotional qualities. 

This research adopted three stages of coding, including open, axial, and selective coding. In the first step (open coding), the text of all interviews was studied separately and in full detail. Its concepts and categories were extracted and compared with each other and with the categories of other interviews. If necessary, subcategories, characteristics, and dimensions were defined. Then, in the selective coding stage, the categories and their dimensions were compared and integrated, and the final classification was obtained. In this step, the necessary information was obtained to extract the conceptual model of the data. The sample population was randomly selected into two categories: Qazvin citizens (familiar audiences) and unfamiliar audiences with the investigated complexes. Unfamiliar audiences were selected from residents of two cities, Rasht and Tehran. The reason for choosing these two cities was to find possible differences in the responses of these two groups based on the difference in city scale, expectations, and backgrounds of the residents of these two cities. The commercial buildings in question include 13 commercial complexes in Qazvin city. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop the model obtained from the data in the framework of the contextual theory in relation to the semantic quality of the facade and subjective perceptions (especially regarding commercial facades and also to expand the discussion by comparing the perceptions of different groups of users in terms of the influence of mental background and place of their residence) to be drawn, described and explained. 

Prioritization of commercial complexes’ facades includes Niayesh, Noor, Khalije-Fars, Alborz, Mehr and Mah, Iranian, Narvan, Touba, Dariush, Ferdowsi, Al Ghadir, Setareshahr, Pars. In unfamiliar people, metaphorical associations are more than in familiar people. Some commercial complexes, such as Noor, have the most metaphorical associations, such as a castle, submarine, space station, and cabin in front of the train. In these complexes, compared to other commercial complexes, purer volumes such as cylinders and cubes have been used. In contrast to other commercial complexes, they have a combination of volumes. Recognizing pure volumes in this complex allows the viewer to create a metaphorical association. One of the most critical factors for evaluating the semantic quality of commercial complexes for familiar people is to pay attention to the sociable spaces of the entrances, including setbacks, furniture, and green spaces. Furthermore, paying attention to the pedestrian view and the sociability of the entrance space were evaluated as the most critical factors. So that some complexes were not significant in terms of the body, but they were assessed very well in terms of entrance function. The most important factors that caused the lack of desirability of commercial facades are inappropriate colors and materials, irregular geometry, ambiguity, lack of identity, additional, and adjoint elements. By analyzing the pictures drawn by the respondents, the most important factors are color, geometry, variety of forms, attention to detail, extensive use of glass, attention to the entrance, and repeated horizontal and vertical lines.

The results show that the three physical, functional and emotional characteristics have influenced the subjective perception of the audience about the semantic quality of the facade of commercial complexes in different ways. In this way, the mental perception of familiar audiences is influenced by all three groups of emotional, physical, and functional characteristics. Also, the perception of unfamiliar audiences in both the scales of large and medium cities about the semantic quality of the facade of commercial complexes has been affected by physical and functional characteristics. The final result is that among the subsections of semantic qualities. However, emotional qualities have been effective in balancing negative attitudes and unfavorable mental perceptions of commercial facades for familiar audiences. However, physical qualities and then functional qualities are more critical and general factors in the favorable mental perception of familiar and unfamiliar audiences, which will result in favorable emotional qualities.

Relying on the importance of addressing this feature and the continuation of negligence in the current technique of creating space in mosques, the purpose of this study is to design a questioning and critical approach to the quality of space fluidity in contemporary mosques in Tehran. Based on this, the present study investigates the issue in fifteen examples of common mosques on a local scale and in comparison, with each other in the form of three sub-sections of spatial expansion, sequence and continuity of space. This paper has used the technique of space syntax and drawing and interpreting graphs and UCL Depthmap and Agraph software to advance the analysis. The research strategy includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects. So that the spatial fluidity indices were inferred by examining the research literature by descriptive analytical method. after reviewing and selecting the relevant indicators in the theory of space syntax, the analysis process was followed by deductive and logical reasoning. Data collection was also based on library studies and field surveys. Thus, using the output of indicators such as depth, connection, number of spaces, integration, visibility and Isovist, the issue of fluidity was evaluated in three subsections in the study samples. The results of the study indicated that the way of plan configuration, open and semi-open spaces in contemporary mosques of Tehran affected the fluidity of space in the visual- dynamic hierarchy. Recognizing its positive and negative results will help to correct the function and space of contemporary designs.

Rethinking the concept of Iranian house in an Iranian house is the subject of the present study, which, based on the adaptation of historical descriptions and physical structure, evaluates the components that shape this concept and the physical approaches that affect it in cases of study. The research question is that the physical descriptions of the Iranian house represent which physical components in shaping the concept of housing? How does the adaptation of historical descriptions and the physical identity of the Iranian house prioritize the role of the components of the housing concept? The research approach includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects with a combination of descriptive analytical, historical, interpretive and logical reasoning methods that has been done in three main steps including theoretical studies of the housing concept, historical studies of the Iranian house and theoretical and syntactic indicators of research in selected house samples. Examples include 6 houses in 2 cities of Yazd and Isfahan from Safavid and Qajar periods. The results indicate that the five components of the concept of Iranian house corresponding to the syntactic indicators of the research in comparison with the houses of Yazd and Isfahan have different priorities; So that Isfahan houses with a small spatial depth and high axial view of the stages of entering the arenas, compared to Yazd houses have a lower level of internal / external confrontation and a higher rate of visual diversity and blending of natural / artificial arenas. Also, centralism or multiple functional centralities, formulation of cultural / ritual index spaces and blending of internal degrees in terms of the role of activity / semantic factors have differences in the formation of Yazd and Isfahan houses' bodies, which are discussed in the analysis of findings.

The openness of space, visibility and legibility of interior spaces are the most important conditions for the design of commercial buildings, and in this regard, the fluid design of form and space in contemporary architecture is more in line with such use. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the continuity and visual and physical continuity of space occurred in the idea of "promenade architecture" and gradually, with the advancement of technology, it took the path of excellence. Research Question: Research questions about the quality of fluid space in these four buildings are designed and lead to measures of the quality of interior space in the structure of contemporary commercial buildings: What physical elements and spatial structures did each of the four commercial buildings under study use, and how did they use them to create the fluidity of space? What are the differences and similarities between the promenade architecture in these four buildings?

Relying on the importance of addressing this feature in the interaction and shopping functions, the purpose of this study is to assess how this feature appears in the physical elements and structure of contemporary commercial spaces in Iran and in this way emphasizes the factors involved in the promenade architecture idea.

Based on this, the present study investigates the issue in four contemporary commercial centers of Tehran (Arg Tajrish, Charso, Sam Pasdaran and Ava) and compares and critiques the spatial quality in the realization of this principle. It has used the space syntax technique to advance the analysis and drawing and interpreting diagrams and UCL Depthmap and Agraph software. Four promenade architectural features were inferred through a descriptive analytical method by reviewing the research literature. the analysis process after reviewing and selecting the relevant indicators in the space syntax theory, was followed by comparative and logical reasoning. Thus, using the output of indicators such as integration, relative symmetry, depth and connection, Axial analysis and Isovist, the subject of Promenade architecture in four subgroups: "dynamics-continuity-integrity", "axis-end-sequence", "staging-Chain-integrity" and "fluidity-openness-totality" were evaluated in the study buildings.

The results showed that various measures are effective in creating formal / spatial fluidity and words representing the promenade architecture. How these words are expressed in the study buildings reveals differences and similarities that recognizing their positive and negative results will help to correct the function and space design of contemporary designs.

The aim of this research is to study the performance of women's urban spaces in providing physical and social security in comparison to other urban public spaces and to find differences in prioritizing noteworthy indexes in providing security in these two types of spaces. For this aim, two cases of study were selected in the city of Qazvin, including Narges Lady Park and Mellat Public Park. The descriptive-survey research method was selected and the data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire and observation. The statistical population consisted of the users of Narges Lady Park, who had the familiarity and experience of being in both urban spaces; besides, the sample size is 354 people based on Cochran's model, selected by simple random sampling. Data analysis was done using independent two-sample t-test in SPSS software. Furthermore, due to the comparative nature of the research, the gap analysis technique was chosen to prepare the questionnaire and analyze the data. The results of the research revealed that the existence of a gap between the physical and social factors of security in women's urban spaces and public urban spaces. This gap is mainly inferred in the visibility component as well as indexes such as access, lighting, legibility of entrances, and the possibility of holding events.

The present study examines the location and functional relationship between important elements of Islamic cities in two main sections. The first part includes historical background of spatial-functional patterns of these elements through ancient documents and the second part includes study of these patterns through detailed analysis of Islamic cities' spatial structure based on detailed maps drawn over a period of 20 years from 9 major Islamic capitals. First step is related to descriptions and adaptation to the initial boundaries of cities and the second step is to analyze the developed map of 9 important cities and relies on space syntax theory. The research method in the first step is descriptive-analytical and in the second step is rational and comparative reasoning. For analysis in the second part, Depthmap software is used which is a specialized software for space analysis in architectural and urban structures. The question is that what are the characteristics of the location and functional relationship between the important elements of the Islamic city and in fact the spatial-functional model of this structure? Results show that among the four elements studied, market has the highest connectivity and structural integration and the proximity degree of Grand Mosque and other important mosques affect their accessibility and spatial-functional importance. In addition, this spatial-functional model, which depends on many factors such as functional needs, geographical conditions, design traditions, public justification, political motives, as well as grandeur, is influenced by the directions of city development and configuration integration.

The historical context of cities has a diverse set of tourism capabilities that, if properly addressed and guided, can promote tourism and thus lead to urban development.In the present article, using a descriptive-analytical method focusing on the tourism sidewalk concept and defining the components affecting it, a theoretical model of research has been developed, and then its application in the historical context of the study has been experimentally tested.The purpose of the study is to examine and find an effective strategy for managing tourist attractions and promoting social interactions among citizens in the historical context and to generalize the results to the proposals of sustainable human management in the historical context of cities.The findings include the development of a strategic plan and design considerations on a detailed city plan map. It was shown that the factors of vitality and attractiveness of the environment have a greater potential to attract tourists due to the physical, environmental and natural opportunities within the study domain.

Zurkhaneh is one of the most popular organs of the city as an extra athletic and educational place, the spiritual heritage of Iranian culture and architecture and its educational teachings include a good trait in personal and social relations. Therefore, the appropriateness of function and physical spatial structure in Zurkhaneh architecture is the subject of the present study. The research method includes a combination of qualitative approach in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information on the theory of environment and social interaction, as well as quantitative / qualitative approach and software based on case study; which has been done by observation and analysis with Depthmap and Agraph computer simulators to study the spatial arrangement of historical buildings of Zurkhaneh in Iran. Examples include 8 important buildings from 3 historical periods of Safavid, Qajar and Pahlavi. Factors affecting the manner of implementation of social conventions in historical zurkhaneh have been evaluated and deduced through comparative study of samples by logical and deductive reasoning. The results show that the position and relationship of the elements in the physical special organization of Zurkhaneh has an effective role in facilitating the implementation of its social conventions.

With the hypothesis that Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Iranian architecture pursued common goals as two cultural manifestations, the present article tries to analyze the architectural words in Shahnameh and search for epic features in the architectural works and explore the commonalities of these two cultural manifestations. First, the characteristics of poems are analyzed. The architecture of Khorasan after Shahnameh is examined, and finally, the results of Ferdowsi's poems and the fifth-century buildings' characteristics will be correlated. The primary purpose is to determine the characteristics to understand epic architecture. The question is, which elements and artistic features are common in Ferdowsi poetry and Khorasan architecture in the period after this work? Do these similarities indicate the influence of Shahnameh on the intellectual current of Khorasan architecture in the fifth century? How are these indicators prioritized? First, the characteristics of Shahnameh were extracted using library resources, and then a questionnaire was used by the Delphi technique to weigh the effective indicators and exposed to 15 experts. Then, by selecting 8 important buildings of the fifth century and using the hierarchical method and AHP technique, using the opinions of 10 experts, the buildings were prioritized in terms of epic. The results show that among the characteristics of epic architecture, "induction of majesty", "solidity," and "symbol" have the highest semantic appearing in the buildings of the fifth century compared to the previous period. Malek Souzan mosque and the tomb of Arsalan Jazeb are in the highest rank among the samples.

Currently, high-rise buildings construction is expanding while certain climatic considerations are not foreseen in the design and implementation and design decisions are often made similar to midrise and low-rise buildings, and one of the most important reasons is the lack of relevant specialized research in the country. The purpose of this study is to explain the climatic frameworks in order to select the optimal models in the design of high-rise buildings with the approach of reducing energy consumption in order to develop climate design criteria. In this regard, the present study by means of descriptive analytical method with a quantitative approach compares seven main indicators affecting the reduction of energy consumption including building form, opening form and its area ratio, rotation angle, canopy depth, type, and thickness of thermal insulation and exterior wall glass in different conditions by using energy simulator software to find the optimal mode in terms of energy saving. The results of data analysis show that the ratio of opening areas, glass material and canopy depth are the most influential indicators and building form, for building rotation, form and dimensions of openings are the least effective on research objectives. Also, rectangular buildings with east-west elongation and horizontal windows with horizontal awnings to a depth of 100 cm on the south and east sides and vertical awnings to a depth of 150 cm on the north and west sides have a good performance in the study climate and have minimal energy consumption.

There were the glorious examples of the architecture of mosque once in Iran.They were the places for equality between all classes, so they must have qualities for invitation, guidance, and reminder and call the believers and attract other followers of religions as the missionary of Islam. This invitation is not only in the field of vision, but also in terms of audio and other means, such as multi-functionality, centrality, and location of deployment. This architecture was considered to be the main factor in identifying the complexes of Muslims due to its comprehensiveness, importance, severalty and high status in the past times, But today it has lost its inviting role because of structural changes. In contemporary times, as well as the changes in the structure of the city, due to the changing needs and functions of the mosques, as well as the distinction with dimensions and their location in the urban structure and economic constraints, the goals and characteristics of the mosques were also forgotten; So that today all the social groups have reacted from citizens and worshipers to architects and urban designers. Paying attention to the Invitation role of the mosques forms the central idea of the present paper. It is one of the pillars of urban design and planning in contemporary city centers and neighborhoods. All aspects of the invitation in the body, function and meaning are important in this research. The present paper addresses this question: How can we use the physical, functional and semantic components of the mosques to enhance the quality of the invitation on the urban and local scale, the entrance view, as well as the interior space of the building. This paper is looking for the optimal design process. In this regard, using the content analysis methodology, we are going to refresh the actions and theories in the field of related topics. We are presented a desirable process to promote the quality of the invitation of contemporary mosques by achieving a conceptual and applied framework. We elaborate the subject by selecting 8 examples of contemporary Tehran mosques. We analyses the elements affecting the general form of the building, the external walls, the design and the entrance and the interior space of the mosques by referring to library resources and field observations. The results of the analysis show that an ideal set of physical factors to semantic components affects mosque admission that has a significant effect on the enhancement of the presence of the individual and the community. These results categorizes and describes in terms of criteria of visibility and centrality in urban scale, admission and guidance in middle-level scale, meaningfulness and visual memory in the outer walls and the entrance perspective, convergence and spatial regulation in the interior space of the mosques.

The entrance of any house is a way for relationship between exterior and interior spaces and expressing the cultural characteristics of the residents and their beliefs in privacy and veil. The entrance of each building is the first place to encounter and familiarize with the house. This is also the identity of the building and plays an important role for representing the cultural characteristics of its inhabitants as a connector element of public realm to private space. This body is composed of components responsive to environmental, cultural, social and economic factors. The input space as a separator space is also a communicative one. One of its most important goals is to control the movement and to extend its path from outside to inside space. It also specifies the limits and methods of their social communication. It seems that Qajar houses of Gilan and Mazandaran, and consequently their entrances, due to the similarity of climate, are very similar. This comparative study reveals some differences in the shape and spatial organization, the degree of privacy, and the method of control of public and private domains. It is due to several factors such as differences in culture, geography, society and way of livelihoods. Although Qajar houses in Gilan and Mazandaran are very similar, they are not the same. This heterogeneity, which can be studied in both general form and spaces of the house, can be due to cultural, environmental, economic and social differences in the two studied areas. This paper focuses on cultural differences firstly by prioritizing culture in shaping the entrance, and then it shows the influences of the culture on the entrance of the houses.The hypothesis of this study is that the entrance features in Qajar houses in the cities of Gilan and Mazandaran are distinct due to different ways of life in these regions. To assess this claim, we will first consider into cultural differences. Then, we will select 12 cases of Qajar houses in old fabrics of Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, to examine the impact of lifestyle and culture on the structure of entrances. The samples were matched in two provinces equally. This means that houses belonging to the social classes are compared with each other in order to control the impact of the social class variable on the results of the research. The questions of this paper are as follows: 1) is the formation of the entrance of Qajar houses related to cultural characteristics in Gilan and Mazandaran? 2) Given the relationship between culture and architecture, do cultural differences affect the shape and organization of the inputs in the two regions? 3) Which features in the inputs are exploring cultural differences? In this research, cultural differences are first studied in Gilan and Mazandaran. In this regard, the four cultural layers are extracted from the Rappaport theories and analyzed in Gilan and Mazandaran communities of Qajar era. The first layer, which unites the architecture of houses, is lifestyle that has been associated with livelihoods in the studied area. It determines the extent and manner of social and kinship communication. The nature of the meetings and social relationships is the second layer of culture in the present study. The third layer is the customs that appear as a result of repeating behaviors and lifestyles. It is influenced from the fourth layer, means indigenous and religious beliefs. These four factors have led to the formation of relatively different social identities in Gilan and Mazandaran.In this paper, by the method of comparative research and case study, we will compare the entrances of houses. The results show that in Mazandaran houses, the controlled entrances with hierarchy in privacy are reflection of introverted culture. But, the lifestyle of people in Gilan reduces separation between public and private spaces. The results of the study of the abovementioned factors and the comparison of the construction typologies show the different input characteristics and analyze how the culture reflects on the form and the space of entrance. The results of presented analysis show that the lifestyle, customs, beliefs, and social interaction influence the culture structure. And cultural differences in the structures of societies make significant changes in the shape of entrances of the houses.In summary, the results of the research show that the social link between women and men in the form of agriculture work and livelihoods leads to a difference in lifestyle and housing and justifies the extraversion of Gilan houses. This also defines the shape of the entries and eliminates the privacy layers of them. But the fanaticism of most Mazandaran families on religion and veil has affected the shape of the house and has made the entrances more confined. The shape of the entrance is influenced of the house shape.