خلیل زینلی نژاد

External and internal quality of citrus such as color, shape and taste increase economic benefit. The vigour of each rootstock causes qualitative and quantitative change and the effective factor on commercial maturity, which is important for gardeners and producers. Considering the characteristics of the fruit in grafted trees, the present research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of trifoliate orange, Citrange and Citrumelo rootstocks on some morphological, phytochemical and molecular traits of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange fruit.

This research was carried out in 2018 at Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran. It was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) of uniform and 10-year-old ‘Thomson Navel’ orange grafted on ‘trifoliate orange’, ‘Citrange’ and ‘Citrumelo’ rootstocks with four replications. The samples were collected at the end of October and were transferred to the research laboratory of Horticulture Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources for further research. Measurements were made on the morphological traits, quality characteristics of the fruit, the phenolic compounds of the peel and the pulp of the fruit and relative expression of fruit pulp sucrose phosphate synthase1 gene. Data variance analysis was done using SAS software (version 9.0). Mean comparisons were done with Duncan's multiple range test

The results of analysis of variance showed that the rootstock effect on traits of length-to-diameter ratio, weight and density of ‘Thomson Navel’orange was significant at the five percent probability level (p<0.05) and the fruit length and diameter traits were significant at the one percent probability level (p<0.01). The results of mean comparison showed that the characteristics of length, diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, weight and density of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange at commercial maturity on the trifoliate orange rootstock were more than the two other rootstocks. Due to the early harvest, the density of the fruit was recorded lower than one, so that the highest amount (0.5 g per cm3) was observed in the rootstock of trifoliate orange however it was not significantly different from Citrange rootstock. Based on the results of analysis of variance, it showed that the effect of rootstock on total soluble solids was significant at the level of five percent. Also, the rootstock had a significant effect on titratable acidity, taste index, vitamin C, acidity, EC and total sugar at the level of one percent. However, the amount of vitamin C was higher in the Citrumelo rootstock. The highest amount of acidity and EC belonged to trifoliate orange rootstock and the lowest amount belonged to Citrange rootstock. The highest amount of total sugar was observed in the dwarfing trifoliate orange rootstock, while its lowest amount was recorded in the vigorous Citrumelo rootstock. The highest amount of total soluble solids was observed at the rootstock of the trifoliate orange. The amount of titratable acid in the Citrange rootstock was higher than the other two rootstocks. The taste index was higher in the trifoliate orange rootstock than the other rootstocks. According to the results of analysis of variance, the rootstock effect on the index of total phenol of fruit peel and pulp and total flavonoid of fruit peel was significant at the five percent probability level (p<0.05) and only on the antioxidant activity of the fruit peel at the statistical level of one percent (p<0.01). Also, there was no significant difference in total flavonoid traits and antioxidant capacity of fruit pulp. The highest amount of total phenolic, total flavonoid and percentage of antioxidant activity was found in the trifoliate orange rootstock. Also, between the fruit organs, phenolic compounds were recorded more in the fruit peel compare to the fruit pulp. The peel of orange is more exposed to ultraviolet rays and changes in environmental conditions, Therefore more secondary metabolites accumulate in that part of the plant. The highest relative expression of fruit pulp sucrose phosphate synthase1 gene was obtained in the Citrange rootstock.

The vigor of different citrus rootstocks caused the dwarf trees to have a higher accumulation rate of phytochemical indices than the vigorous trees. The trifoliate orange rootstock is suitable for fresh consumption due to the early commercial maturity of the fruit. Fruit peel rich in phenolic compounds is used for medicinal purposes. The technical knowledge from this research will be useful for citrus producers in East Mazandaran.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first grain in the world in terms of its importance and amount of production. The aim of this research is to find the genetic diversity among the spring wheat genotypes for use in crop breeding programs.

For this purpose, the genetic diversity of 32 spring wheat genotypes cultivated in the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the crop year of 1401-1400 was investigated by measuring 12 kernel and flour quality traits.

The results of analysis of principal components illustrated that the first five components explained a total of 89.05 percent of the variation among traits. The cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into four groups. Based on the obtained results, the cultivars in the first group, all of which were Iranian, had the highest values of grain gluten, flour gluten and flour protein. The second group, which included the genotypes of Iraq, had the highest values in terms of grain moisture and index, and the lowest values in terms of flour protein, falling number, and hectoliter.

The studied spring wheat cultivars showed high genetic diversity in terms of traits. Therefore, suitable parents can be selected based on the desired trait, for crossing between cultivars in future breeding programs.

It is essential to identify the sources of seedling and adult plant resistance genes for gene pyramiding, genetic arrangement and creation of wheat cultivars with non-specific resistance or durable resistance. The complete homology of the D genome of Aegilops tauschii with the D genome of wheat, the clear botanical state, wide ecological compatibility, the presence of very high diversity in these traits and the ease of crossing with wheat have made Aegilops tauschii a very important source for gene transfer and wheat breeding. Until now, several genes of resistance to brown rust (leaf rust) were transferred from different species of Aegilops to high-yielding bread wheat cultivars whose resistance to brown rust was broken.

In this research, 25 genotypes of Aegilops tauschii collected from its natural habitats from the Middle East, Central Asia (obtained from the Grain and Legume Seeds Collection of Ilam University) were used. This research was carried out in the Iraqi Agricultural Research Station in Gorgan, Iran in the cropping season of 2019-2019 in the form of a complete block design in three replications and under two disease stress and control conditions. In order to development and appearance of brown rust disease, the sensitive Bolani variety was cultivated around and between the crop rows. In addition, spore of the native races from Gorgan was sprayed over the studied genotypes under the stress condition. Inoculation with a ratio of one to five spores and Talc powder was applied at the two stages at sunset by dusting device.

The results showed that there was a significant difference among different genotypes of Aegilops tauschii in terms of susceptibility and resistance to brown rust disease and the measured resistance components. Statistical analyzes showed a significant correlation between the characteristics of infection intensity, infection type, the area under the curve of disease progression, and various characteristics of performance components. The results of cluster analysis by Ward's method based on Euclidean distance and average algorithm for the resistance traits and the performance component traits were placed the genotypes into four different groups including resistant, semi-resistant, semi-sensitive, and sensitive. Also, based on the results of combined analysis, a significant difference was observed for the yield components including kernel weight, number of kernel per plant, length of spike, number of kernel per spike and number of tillers under two conditions.General

Aegilops tauschii, having different genes for resistance to various diseases, is considered as a valuable parent and a rich gene source for transferring resistant genes to high-yielding cultivars. The results of this research showed that from the resistant and semi-resistant groups, suitable parents can be selected for crossbreeding with bread wheat in order to transfer the resistance gene to leaf rust.

wheat brown rust is caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. This research was conducted in three years from 2019 to 2021 to investigate the resistance of 192 spring bread wheat cultivars to brown rust. Based on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) criteria, in the first year, the genotypes were grouped into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible; in the second year, they grouped into resistant, moderately resistant, and moderately susceptible, and in the third year into five groups of resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and highly susceptible. A complete randomized block design with two replicates was used in each year. Mean AUDPC trait for the studied cultivars in the three years was 154.04, 107.08, and 296.66% per day, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of variance in the three years showed that the genotypes are significantly different in their evaluated traits at 0.01 significant level. The highest significant positive correlation coefficient was observed between percentage severity and AUDPC (r=0.960-0.981), percentage severity and infection type (r=0.833-0.855), and infection type and AUDPC (r=0.864-0.829). Investigating the genetic diversity of resistance to brown rust disease using AUDPC and estimating the level of resistance in this population of spring bread wheat genotypes showed significant diversity among the genotypes that can be emploied in bread wheat breeding programs.

Comparison of the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of annual and perennial wild and cultivated Kakuti in Razavi, North and South Khorasan provinces.

In this study, annual (Ziziohora tenuior) and perennial (Ziziphora clinopodioides) Kakuti were studied in six regions in Razavi, North and South Khorasan province in 2021. Plant samples were collected from each region and planted in pots. The experimental design used in this experiment was a nested design with four replications. In addition, by going back to the places where plants were collected in the target areas, all the morphological and phytochemical traits were measured for the wild plants.

The results demonstrated that the highest percentage of essential oil in annual and perennial kakuti bonged to Qain (0.75%) and Quchan (2.29%), respectively. Also, the percentage of pulegone in the annual kakuti in Bardaskan was higher than that of the other studied cities (77.58%). The highest alpha-pinene (0.42%) and sabinene (1.31%) percentage of annual kakuti belonged to Bojnord, while the alpha-pinene and sabinene of the perennial kakuti in Quchan (0.89%) and Bojnurd (1.23%) was higher than that of the other cities.

The amount of phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity in the annual and perennial kakutis under natural conditions and in Sarayan were higher than the other treatments. The annual and perennial kakutis belonging to Bojnurd had higher wet and dry yields than the other ecotypes, while the kakuti belonging to Sarayan had superior phytochemical characteristics.

The southern parts of Khorasan-e-Razavi are an important habitat for wild figs that are important in terms of food and breeding improvement. Also, commercial cultivation of figs is common in this province. In the present study, leaf and fruit morphological evaluation was done in domestic and wild figs of South Khorasan-e-Razavi. The plants were selected from fig groves and gardens in Gonabad, Bejestan and Bardskan cities. Also, three samples of globally known figs from Estehban, Fars province,  were selected as index and the data of the present study were compared with them. In examining the morphological characteristics, the international descriptor of IPGRI was used as well as the national guidelines for tests of differentiation, uniformity and stability in figs (Institute of Research, Registration and Certification of Seeds and Seedlings of Iran). Measurements of leaf and fruit traits were made in the middle of the ripening period. The results showed that there is a great diversity in the leaf and fruit traits of the studied figs, and some of these traits are considered important from the edible aspect as well as fig breeding programs. The comparison of average data showed that in the traits of internode length, internode number, terminal bud length, terminal bud width, number of leaves in one-year branch, central lobe length, leaf width, petiole length and petiole thickness, the lowest value was found in the wild figs and the highest value was recorded in cultivated ones. In determining the principal components, three factors (including seven traits in total) explained more than 93% of the variation observed in these figs. In cluster analysis, the studied accesions were placed in two separate groups. The local figs of clusters No. 4, 5, 6, 22, 23, 50 and 53 and the wild figs of clusters No. 10, 12, 51 and 55 have superior traits and are introduced as potential for commercial planting for further investigation.

Increasing grain yield and improving the quality of bread are among the most important goals of wheat breeding programs in Iran. Understanding the genetic control of traits and finding molecular or morphological markers associated with them are also prerequisites for any genetic engineering program. In this study, 100 progenies of a 10 × 10 diallel cross were used to analyse the genetics of grain yield and bakery values using STS markers associated with HMWG subunits. This research was carried out during 2018 and 2019 cropping season at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources experimental fields. In the first year, 10 wheat cultivars, including Gonbad, Morvarid, Kalate, Ehsan, Sirvan, Baharan, Chamran2, Shush, Mehrgan and Brat collected from different geographical regions of Iran were planted and crossed in the field. In the second year, the parents and crosses were planted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The grain yield, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike, seed weight, days to emergence and plant height were recorded. The results of this study indicated significant genetic differences between the parents. Narrow-sense heritability analysis revealed that the crossing of cultivars is the best breeding method to enhance seed yield, number of spikes per plant and days to emergence. Also, to improve the number of seeds per spike, seed weight and plant height, classical breeding methods may offer higher efficiency. Marvarid and Gonbad were ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively with respect to general combining abilities for grain yield, attributed to their positive and significant general combining ability effects. The highest specific combining ability was observed for Ehsan×Gonbad, Marvarid×Chamran 2 and Shush×Sirvan crosses. The results of molecular markers analysis showed that the STS markers were able to identify the difference in the baking value of cultivars. The quality score of the cultivars ranged 6 and 10 and to this end, Kalate and Brat were the top cultivars. Therefore, due to superiority in terms of both quantity and quality for yield, these cultivars can be used as parents with desirable genes for future breeding programs. Overall, the STS markers employed in this study proved to be valuable markers for enhancing the genetic background of bread wheat, particularly when employing marker-assisted selection for bakery value.

 Water deficit stress is a serious threat to food security worldwide. Association mapping is a suitable method to identify the location of quantitative traits based on linkage disequilibrium, which is highly effective in describing complex genetic traits. This study aimed to evaluate the population structure and the SNP markers association morphological traits of spring wheat genotypes under water deficit stress conditions.

In this research, genome-wide association mapping was done for 111 spring wheat genotypes. Phenotyping evaluation was done in the form of a simple lattice design with two replications in the agricultural year 2020-2021 under non stress and water deficit stress conditions in the experimental field of Gachsaran Rain-fed Agricultural Research Station in Iran. Genotyping of the samples was done using SNP markers (15 K SNP array) in Trait-Genetic company in Germany. Each genotype was evaluated using 15 thousand SNP markers. The obtained SNP data were filtered in terms of MAF indices (minor allele frequency) and missing data (Missing data >10%). From each of the 21 pairs of bread wheat homologous chromosomes, seven SNP markers with no missing data and with suitable distribution were selected (147 markers in total) to determine the structure of the studied population (Q matrix) using STRUCTURE 2.3 software and the number of groups (K) was identified. The studied traits were flag leaf area, number of nodes, first internode length, number of tiller per plant, number of fertile tillers per plant, number of infertile tiller per plant, and spike weight. Genome-wide association mapping using TASSEL 5.0 software and the general linear model (GLM) method with Q matrix and decomposition into principal components with more than 80% justification (PCA) with 52 components was used.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was an acceptable genetic variation in terms of all studied traits and also the reaction of genotypes was different in facing water deficit stress.
In the water deficit stress condition, chromosome 2A had the maximum significant correlation with 39 and chromosome 5A had the minimum association marker with the trait with four. In the of water stress conditions, three bread wheat genomes (A, B, and D) accounted for 53, 36, and 11% of the frequency of marker-trait association, respectively. A and D genomes of bread wheat under water deficit stress conditions ratio to non-stress conditions assigned a more prominent role for the examined traits. In total in the non-stress and water deficit stress condition 180 and 111 marker trait association (MTA) were identified respectively. In the water deficit stress conditions, the number of correlations with markers for flag leaf area, first internode length, tiller of number per plant, and spike weight were 17, 24, 10 and 19, respectively. In the water deficit stress condition, the frequency of significant marker association more significant than in non-stress condition for traits of first internode and fertile tiller of number per plant. Three bread wheat genomes showed an unequal contribution for the studied traits in terms of the number of identified marker-trait associations (MTA). Also, genome A had a significant contribution to grain yield under water stress conditions with 74% of significant correlations between the marker and the spike weight trait.

 Finally, the MTAs identified in the present study can be used in the development of wheat breeding programs under water deficit conditions especially gene pyramiding or marker-assisted selection.

Efficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the presence of polyphenolics, polysaccharides and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the RNA. The present study is to compare different methods of extracting high-quality total RNA in Thomson navel orange. Citrus is one of the most strategic fruits of Iran, finding an efficient and low-cost method is important for executive and molecular works.

Plant materials used to extract total RNA were collected from two different parts of Thomson navel orange peel (consisting of both flavedo and albedo) and pulp from Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran in 2020. Fruits were frozen in liquid nitrogen after sampling and were stored at -80°C until used. These samples were transferred to the laboratory department of horticultural science and engineering, Gorgan where the samples were applied to analyze the molecular expriment. For this study three methods including of: Trizol, Non-column Denazist and RNX-PlusTM were evaluated for total RNA extraction. In order to show the quality and quantity of RNA, were assessed on 1% agarose gel and using a nano drop spectrophotometer with 230, 260 and 280 wavelength. Results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with three replicates, Duncan test with a significance level of 0.05 using SAS 9.0 software.

The result showed a distinct 28S and 18S rRNA bands visible on an agarose gel. The RNA integrity was assessed by the sharpness of ribosomal RNA bands. Also by using this protocols, the absorbance ratio at 260/280 was ranged between 1.80 – 1.93 which indicated there were no protein in the extracted RNA. A ratio A260/ A280 ratio from 2.0 to 2.14 indicated a lack of polysaccharides and phenol contamination. Trizol method, which was significantly different than compared to other methods. This protocol was successfully applied to isolate total RNA from the organ of two section fruit. Generally, the samples with a ratio in the range of ~ 1.9 to 2 revealed high purity of the extracted RNA using Trizol and the average concentration of RNA ranged from 379.90 (ng/µl) of orange peel and 352.15 (ng/µl) of orange pulp, respectively.  And concentration was observed in Non-column Denazist method which treated with the lowest concentration (263.10 ng/µl) of orange pulp.

The Trizol method was the best choice for extraction of high-quality total RNA. In this respect method represented the highest RNA yield and purity from various samples (peel and pulp) of citrus. However, generally peel samples (flavedo and albedo) produced high concentration total RNA.

Crop yield products reduction due to abiotic stress is estimated at 51 to 82%. Most plants are exposed to environmental stresses, and water deficit is one of the most important non-abiotic stresses in limiting and producing crops around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Plants have developed various strategies to cope with water deficit stress, including morpho-physiological and biochemical.Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world, which in 2020 had the highest area under cultivation at the rate of 221.33 million hectares (with a total production of 766.03 million tons) worldwide. In the same year in Iran, the area under wheat cultivation was 6.70 million hectares and its production was 16.75 million tons.

The research was performed in research farm of Rainfed Agricultural Research Station Gachsaran, Iran, over 2020-2021 cropping years. In this study, 100 lines obtained from the landrace bread wheat of different origins from several continents and several countries were studied. The experiment was performed in a simple lattice design 10×10 with two replications and separately in two environmental conditions of stress and non-stress. The operation planting is done in January after conventional tillage implementation of the area by hand. The source of moisture supply for both rain fed (water deficit stress) and irrigation (no stress) test conditions was rainfall and sprinkler irrigation before the phonological stage of flowering (pollination (Zadocs scale 61)). Irrigation interruption was applied at the beginning of flowering in a stress environment (water deficit stress conditions) which continued until harvest, but the environment without stress in two times when wheat plants to early reproductive stage, flowering stages, and the beginning of grain filling (Grain paste stage (Zadocs scale 61-83)) Irrigation was performed. In this study, 16 morphological traits and grain yield were measured under both stress and non-stress conditions, including flag leaf length and width (cm), flag leaf pod length (cm), and flag leaf area (cm2), number of nodes and leaves per stem, internodes number, peduncle length (cm), plant height (cm), tiller number, fertile and infertile tillers of number, length of awn (cm), spike length (cm) and spike yield (g).

The results of the analysis of variance showed high and significant variability in both non-stress and deficit water stress. TRI 3492 was the most tolerant of geographical origin in Nepal and TRI 4549 had the lowest STI relative to deficit water stress of geographical origin in China. The highest and lowest heritability in stress conditions were related to plant height (98.02%) and the number of intermediate nodes (25.00%), respectively. The greatest decrease in heritability (66%) due to stress conditions was the leaf sheath length of the flag leaf. Among the traits studied in this study, flag leaf area with 31.41%, flag leaf length with 25.25% and grain yield with 23.53% had the highest percentage of stress reduction. The results of cluster analysis of the studied genotypes in both environmental conditions are in six separate and different groups so that the greatest difference in genetic distance and grain yield in both environmental conditions was observed between the first and sixth clusters.

Using the genotypes of first cluster (TRI 403, TRI 4013, TRI 3981, TRI 10340, TRI 5262, TRI 4549, TRI 2513, TRI 2656, TRI 3477, TRI 3242, TRI 3526, TRI 3513, TRI 4116 and TRI 4113) with 6TH cluster (TRI 10296, TRI657, TRI755, TRI752, TRI757, TRI 11020, TRI691, TRI 6129 and TRI754) Can be used in crossbreeding programs as well as genetic studies (such as recombinant populations and association mapping) and to increase the rate of heterosis used in water-deficit stress conditions.

Salinity as one of the major abiotic stresses influences plant growth and development. Among the cereal, rice is the most sensitive to salinity stress, with 30 mmol NaCl already strongly reducing the growth and yield of rice plants. Over the past few decades, significant efforts have been made worldwide to understand mechanisms of salinity tolerance and to breed salt-tolerant varieties in rice. Plants respond to salt stress through perceiving and transducing the osmotic and ion signals to cell interiors, followed by modification of cellular characteristics.
So far, no specific sensor or receptor for Na+ has been identified in plants. However, the salt overly sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway and calcineurin B-like (CBL)/CBL-interacting kinase (CIPK) pathway has been well characterized in Arabidopsis. Salt-induced elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ activates the SOS2-SOS3 protein kinase complex, which phosphorylates and stimulates the activity of SOS1, a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter. In rice, the OsSOS1, OsSOS2/OsCIPK24 and OsSOS3/OsCBL4 genes have been isolated and the function and relationship between them investigated. Among them, OsCIPK24 and OsCBL4 act in concert to activate OsSOS1. In this research, we used RNA-seq approach to dissect signaling pathway in response to salinity stress using salt-tolerant and sensitive rice cultivars.

The seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica) genotypes with different salinity tolerance were obtained from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines. The plants were grown hydroponically in the greenhouse of Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU), Düsseldorf, Germany. The two-week old seedlings were exposed to 150 mM (15 dSm-1) NaCl salinity. The root and shoot samples were harvested at 6h and 54h post-treatment in three biological replications. 48 samples were sequenced by Illumina platform and the raw filtered reads were mapped on rice reference genome. Tuxedo instruction was applied to identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). MapMan software was used to identify the genes involved in signaling pathway

In RNA-Seq analysis, 48 samples were sequenced by Illumina platform and 15483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Out of the DEGs (from the comparison between the cultivars), 525 and 1472 genes were salt-specific in 6 and 54h time points in roots respectively. Out of the salt-specific DEGs in shoots, 635 and 606 genes were in 6 and 54h respectively. MapMan pathway analysis detected 91 genes in signaling pathway. Out of the genes, 27 genes showed high expression. Out of the genes, 21 genes showed more expression in tolerant cultivar CSR28 compared to sensitive cultivar IR28. The most difference between the cultivars was observed in roots after 54h of salt treatment suggesting the critical role of roots in salt tolerance induction. Receptor like kinase (RLK) proteins played the most important role among the identified signaling genes. Several important genes involved in major signaling processes such as OsSIK1, OsSAPK4, OsCIPK05, OsCIPK14, OsCBL4 and OsPP2C1 were identified in this research.

Salt-tolerant cultivars use better signaling pathways to sensing of stress and having the stronger osmotic and ionic reactions to cope with salinity stress. In the present research, huge number of differentially expressed genes generated using rice tolerant cultivar CSR28 and sensitive cultivar IR28 at 6 and 54h sampling times by RNA-Seq method. The comparison of the cultivars at specific salt stress showed that 91 genes (including 27 high expressed genes) were involved in signaling pathway. Kinase proteins played the most important role among the signaling pathway genes. The important genes identified in this research can be applied in the selecting and developing of salt-tolerant rice cultivars.

Identification of resistance gene sources in seedling and adult plant stages is important to developing durable wheat cultivars. In this study, 100 genotypes of Aegilops tauschii, collected from natural habitats were evaluated in the experimental field of the Iraqi-mahaleh, Gorgan. Seeds were planted on one meter length lines and inoculated with Golestan leaf rust pathotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The reaction of genotypes was also evaluated in greenhouse, by six Iranian pathotypes based on a completely randomized design with two replications in seed and plant improvement institute (SPII). To evaluate resistance in filed, we used infection type, AUDPC, final disease severity and coefficient of infection indices. The results showed that in greenhouse, the frequency of resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible genotypes were 7, 13, 13 and 67 percent, respectively. In field, the regarding frequencies were 14, 49, 7 and 30 percent. The correlation coefficient between final severity of infection, with the values of coefficient of infection and area under the disease progress curve, were 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Accordingly, 57 genotypes with the desired characteristics, namely final infection intensity of 3.5-40, infection coefficient of 1.4-30 and rAUDPC, 1-32% were identified with MS and MR responses for resistance. Forty-six genotypes were susceptible in seedling stage and resistant in adult plant stage. Some genotypes originated from Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China and Uzbekistan were resistant to all isolates which could be considered as appropriate sources of resistance to leaf rust disease for breeding of cultivated wheat species.

Genetic diversity is a base for the survival and improvement of crops. This experiment was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity among 400 bread wheat genotypes based on nine quantitative yield-related traits. The results of descriptive statistics showed that the highest and lowest amount of phenotypic variation belonged to kernel weight per spike (34.61%) and kernel length (7.61%), respectively. Correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong and positive correlation between kernel weight and spike weight (0.97) followed by the number of kernels per spike and number of kernels per spikelet (0.91). Principal component analysis reduced the nine traits into three principal components that explained 85 percent of the total variation. Factor analysis revealed three underlying factors that explained 86 percent of the variation. Cluster analysis based on all the studied traits divided the genotypes into four clusters. The first cluster included 145 genotypes and had the lowest means for most of the traits. The second cluster included 43 genotypes and had the highest mean for kernel length. The third cluster included 77 genotypes that had the highest means for spike weight, kernel weight per spike, kernel width, and thousand-kernel weight. The fourth cluster included 135 genotypes and had the highest means for spike length, number of spikelets, kernels per spikelet, and kernels per spike. The results of this study can contribute to the understanding of genetic diversity among bread wheat genotypes and can be used for bread wheat improvement programs.

Salinity as one of the major abiotic stresses influences plant growth and development. Rice with a salt tolerance threshold of 3 ds/m is regarded as a very sensitive crop, especially at seedling stage. Metabolite profiling is conducted by instruments such as GC-MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) and permits the study of plant responses to environmental stresses at the molecular level. The present study assessed the primary metabolite profiles related to high salinity stress in sensitive (IR28) and tolerant (CSR28) genotypes of rice seedlings in shoots and roots after 6h and 54 h salinity exposure.

The seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica) genotypes with different salinity tolerance were obtained from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines. The plants were grown hydroponically in the greenhouse of Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU), Düsseldorf, Germany. The two-week old seedlings were exposed to 150 mM (15 ds/m) NaCl salinity. The topmost parts of the plants were harvested (in five replications of 10 seedlings each) at 6h and 54h post-treatment. Metabolite extraction was performed by GC-MS method. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) and significance level was tested using ANOVA in SAS v9.2 software. R software was used for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using metabolite z-score data

GC-MS analysis identified 37 primary metabolites including 18 amino acids (AAs), five sugars and sugar alcohols and 14 organic acids (OAs) in roots and shoots of the CSR28 and IR28 genotypes at 6h and 54h post-salt exposure. In response to salinity, amino acids and sugars accumulated and organic acids depleted in both genotypes. Long-term stress revealed pronounced differences between the two genotypes. The major osmolyte proline indicated maximum response to salinity in CSR28 shoots, while the stress marker GABA accumulated more in IR28 shoots. Under high salinity the osmoprotectants raffinose and myo-inositol increased in CSR28 roots. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed amino acid accumulations in the long-term exposure of salt stress in roots are main contributors to differentiate the genotypes for salt tolerance.

Based on GC-MS analysis, 83.3% increase in amino acids and 61.8% decrease in organic acids were observed in response to salinity, indicating an increase in osmotic adjustment mechanisms and a decrease in photosynthetic reactions in the genotypes, respectively. The PCA demonstrated that amino acids play the most important role in separating the samples under salinity stress and control conditions in both organs. Further, the genotypes were differentiated due to metabolic changes in roots in response to salinity particularly in the long-term stress. Proline which is one of the most important osmolytes involved in abiotic stresses was significantly higher in the shoots of CSR28 under the long-term salinity compared to that of IR28. On the other hand, GABA which is a stress marker accumulated more in the shoots of the sensitive genotype. Some metabolites such as aspartate myo-inositol, citrate, glycerate, isocitrate and shikimate were specifically accumulated in roots. Finally, proline, GABA, etc. can be used as biomarkers for selecting salt tolerant lines. The present study highlights the contribution of metabolic adaptation to salinity tolerance.

Rice is highly sensitive to salinity stress among crops. The sensitivity at seedling stage and reproductive phase causes damage to the essential processes of plant and ultimately reduces the yield. In saline environments, ion toxicity is increased by sodium uptake. Tolerant cultivars cope the salinity stress by low maintain of Na+/K+ in the photosynthetic organs. The entry and exclusion of ions in the plant cells is controlled by ion channels and transporters. Identifying and evaluating the expression pattern of genes encoding these transporters at different time points and organs was our objective.

In present study, two rice genotypes of tolerant CSR28 and sensitive IR28 were used. The grown seedlings in hydroponic medium were exposed to 150 mM salinity treatment and the roots and shoots were collected after 6 and 54 h of the treatment. After RNA extraction, library construction and RNA-Seq analysis were performed and differential expressed gene identified. MapMan pathway analysis was used to identify the genes encoding ion transporters.

The comparison of the two genotypes under specific salinity stress, identified 47 highly expressed genes encoding ion transporters which some of them showed genotype or organ-specific expression pattern. OsTPC1 and OsSOS3 genes, which are involved in the entry of Ca+ into cells and Ca+ receptors, respectively, had higher expression in the roots of the tolerant genotype than the susceptible genotype at 54 h time point. Considerably, high expression of the important genes such as OsSOS1 and OsNHX1 in the tolerant genotype indicated a low Na+ accumulation compared to the sensitive genotype. Other gene involved in ion homeostasis, such as OsHKT1, displayed more expression in the roots of the tolerant genotype at 54 h.

Generally, our findings revealed that the molecular mechanisms occurred in the roots under long-term salinity stress caused differences in salinity tolerance through various ion homeostasis. The results also indicated the role of the Ca+-related signaling pathway in the higher tolerance of CSR28. Specific expression patterns of some of the genes can be used as biomarker in the selection programs of salt-tolerant rice genotypes.

The interaction of genotype × environment complicates performance prediction and is a challenge for crop and breeding programs. Performance stability is critical to achievingg high and uniform performance across a wide range of environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between genotype × environment and to study the compatibility and stability of advanced seven-line grain yield of bread wheat (BC2F6) resulting from cross-breeding of Tabasi local cultivar and modified Typhoon European variety using AMMI model and some stability statistics.

The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping years (2017-2018 ) and (2018-2019) in Gorgan, Tehran and Kermanshah and stability analysis was performed for 6 environments. In the field, each plot was planted with a density of four hundred seeds per square meter. Each line was planted in plots with eight four-meter lines with 25 cm line spacing. At the end of the growing season, eight rows of four-meter spikes from each plot were harvested and threshed by hand, and the weight of the obtained grains was measured by a digital scale and reported in square meters.

The results of analysis of variance of the main effects of collectible and multiplicative interaction (AMMI model) showed a significant difference in the level of one percent probability for the environment and the interaction of genotype × environment, which indicates different performance of genotypes in different environments. Therefore, sustainability can be examined. Genotype × environment interaction was divided into two main components by AMMI model. The first two components together accounted for 81.36% and the remaining components in the model accounted for 18.63% of the total variation of genotype × environment interaction. According to AMMI1 model, L4 and L6 lines and according to AMMI2 model, L4 and L7 lines were introduced as high performance and stability lines. Based on the results of Amy Stability Value Index (ASV), L4 and L5 lines and based on Genotype Selection Index (GSI), L4 and L6 lines were introduced as stable lines. The results of Rick equivalence method showed that lines L4, L7 and L3 had the lowest value of this index. According to AMMI1 model, L2 and L7 lines with E1 environment (Gorgan, 2017-2018), and E4 (Tehran, 2018-2019) and L1, L5 and L3 lines with E3 environment (Tehran, 2017-2018) and According to the AMMI2 model, L2 line with E1 environment (Gorgan, 2017-2018), E2 (Gorgan, 2018-2019) and E4 (Tehran, 2018-2019) and L3 and L5 lines with E3 environment (Tehran, 2017-2018) And L1 line had private compatibility with E6 (Kermanshah, 2018-2019) and E5 (Kermanshah, 2017-2018) environments.

Based on all methods of measuring stability in this study and considering the grain yield potential, L4 line had the highest general stability to the evaluated environments and was introduced as a stable line with high yield. Therefore, this line can be suggested for use in future breeding programs to introduce new cultivars. According to both AMMI1 and AMMI2 models, L2 line with E1 and E4 environments and L3 and L5 lines with E3 environment had the most private compatibility. If the cause of the interaction of genotype × environment is predictive factors such as soil type, cultivation operation, the interaction of genotype × environment can be reduced by selecting genotypes with their private and specific adaptation to the environment, and have maximum production.

Investigation of the interaction of genotype × environment and identification of stable and high yielding cultivars in different environmental conditions is of great importance in plant breeding. The objectives of this study are to investigate the interaction of genotype × environment using GGE bilpot graphic method in advanced cross-breeding lines of bread wheat, to identify and introduce lines with high and stable economic performance.

In this study, the advanced stable yield of seven-line grain obtained from the reciprocal cross of bread wheat (BC2F6) in the form of a randomized complete block design with repetition in Tehran, Kermanshah and Gorgan and crop years (2017-18) and (2018-19) Was investigated. Each line was planted in plots with an eight-meter line at a distance of 25 centimeter. At the end of the season, the spikes were harvested and threshed manually from each plot, and the seeds obtained were measured by a digital scale and reported per square meter.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the level of one percent probability for the effect of environment and the interaction of genotype × environment. No significant difference was observed for grain yield between the studied lines. According to the results of GGE Biplot, lines L4, L6 and L3 were the closest lines to the ideal line. Simultaneous evaluation of stability and grain yield of L4 and L6 lines identified stable high-yield lines. Examination of the polygonal diagram led to the identification of three large environments. The first large environment included E1 (Gorgan, 2017-18), E2 (Gorgan, 2018-19) and E4 (Tehran, 2018-19) environments, of which L2 was the top line of these environments and the second large environment included E6 environment (Kermanshah, 2018-19) It was that L4 and L6 lines were introduced as the top lines in these environments. The third large environment consisted of E3 (Tehran, 2017-18) and E5 (Kermanshah, 2017-18), where the L3 line showed private compatibility with the mentioned environments.

In general, based on the obtained results, L4 line is introduced as a stable line with high yield and is recommended to obtain the maximum cultivation yield of this line in the studied environments. L2 and L1 lines are introduced as the most unstable lines with the lowest performance and their cultivation is not recommended in any of the studied environments.

Obtaining genetic information on how to control traits and becoming aware of the genetic potential of breeding populations is the most important prerequisite for success in cultivar breeding projects. Graphic analysis of the data obtained from the diallel design by means of the (GGE biplot) biplot method allows the breeders to obtain a larger volume of comprehensive genetic information with higher resolution than the conventional methods. The aim of this study was to obtain genetic information and create various breeding materials with high potential in terms of grain yield and its components in bread wheat.

This study started with identifying and collecting 10 bread wheat cultivars with various and complementary characteristics in terms of grain yield and other related and important economic and agronomic traits. The crossing of parental cultivars and the evaluation of the progeny diallel crosses were carried out in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The progenies of the 10×10 full diallel were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications and examined for grain yield, 1000-seed weight, plant height, spike length, number of seeds per spike and spike weight.

Based on the results of analysis of variance, the mean squares of genotypes were significant for all traits (α≤ 1%), indicating the existence of sufficient diversity among the studied genotypes. Effects of general combining ability for the parents on plant height, spike length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield and effects of specific combining ability for crosses on plant height, spike length, number of seeds per spike and grain yield was significant. Also, the difference of reciprocal crosses was significant for plant height, spike length, number of seeds per spike and 1000-seed weight. The results of bioplot analysis showed that Ehsan had the highest general combining ability among the parents for grain yield, 1000-seed weight, plant height, spike length. Accordingly, the highest specific combining ability for grain yield was observed between Ehsan against both Gonbad and Shoush cultivars. Also, the spesific combining ability of Ehsan in crosses to Kalateh, Barat, Shoush, Sirvan and Gonbad cultivars had the highest value for 1000-seed weight, plant height, spike length and spike weight. The highest narrow sense heritability was observed for spike length however, for plant height, number of seeds per spike, grain yield, 100-seed weight and flag leaf area, the narrow sense heritability was low.

In general, cultivars Ehsan and Gonbad were able to transfer most of the characteristics to their offspring, therefore they can be used in breeding programs to improve grain yield and yield components in bread wheat. Due to the greater importance of the dominance component in control of grain yield and its components, can be used to determine suitable parents for crossbreeding and production of new varieties.

The main goal of genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to identify genes associated with a specific trait. In this mapping method, researchers compare the whole genomic DNA sequence of people in the community to find single nucleotide differences between them. Identifying and mapping effective genes in response to drought stress, in addition to understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms, can provide breeders with a better understanding of the genetic structure of population and the genetic control of stress and it’s breeding in the studied population. In this experiment, the mapping genes controlling important agronomic traits of bread wheat under two non-stress and drought stress conditions using genome wide association analysis method was performed. The objective of the experiment was to analyze QTLs related to the response to water deficit and to identify markers related to some important and effective traits in bread wheat.

The plant materials of this experiment were 121 spring bread wheat genotypes, including 111 lines obtained from local spring bread wheat varieties originating from 28 countries from five different continents and 10 spring bread wheat genotypes from Iran and Pakistan, which were evaluated under two non-stress and water deficit stress conditions in the field. Genotyping for the samples was done using SNP markers (15 K SNP array) at TraitGenetic Company in Germany, and each genotype was evaluated using a set of SNPs. To determine the population structure, 147 SNP markers with no missing data and with suitable distribution on 21 homologous chromosome pairs of bread wheat (seven markers per chromosome) were used. To determine the possible sub-populations and studying the population structure, Bayesian method and Structure software V 2.3.4 were used, and then the average fixation index (Fst) and membership matrix (Q) were calculated with the same software. Genome-wide association analysis with the general linear model (Q+PCA) method was used to identify the markers related to the studied traits under non-stress and drought stress conditions with average data in TASSEL 5.0 software.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there was an acceptable genetic diversity in terms of all the studied traits between the genotypes and reaction of the genotypes to water deficit stress was different. Based on genome-wide association mapping, in total, 511 and 469 significant marker-trait relationships were identified under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions, respectively. The most significant marker-trait association under water deficit stress was revealed for plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, and spike yield on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3B, and 2A, respectively. Also, five SNP markers at positions of 113.30, 25.02, 13.90, 43.10, and 71.97 cM on chromosomes 2A, 2A, 5A, 6A, and 6B, respectively, showed the highest significant associations with flag leaf length and area, plant height, peduncle length, and spike yield under water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Multi-trait loci were also identified on chromosome 2A for flag leaf length, width and area, plant height and spike yield under water stress conditions. Finally, 21, 12, 14, 44, 92 and 14 significant marker-trait associations (QTLs) were found for flag leaf length, width and area, plant height, peduncle length and spike yield under water deficit stress conditions, respectively, using genome-wide association study.

The results of this study provided valuable information on the genetic basis of the studied traits under water deficit stress conditions, which can be used in bread wheat breeding programs, including marker assisted selection (MAS).

Aegilops tauschii Coss is an annual and diploid plant (2n = 2n = 14, DD) that grows as a wild weed in the highlands or plains near the shores of the high seas, from Turkey to China. Since the northern regions of Iran are considered as one of the most important centers of origin and diversity of this species, it is very important to identify sources of resistance to brown rust (wheat leaves) in these regions. In the present study, the resistance of rangeland species, Aegilops tauchii Coss., to six isolates of brown rust was evaluated in seedling and adult plant stages. SSR and EST-SSR markers with proper coverage on D genomes of wheat were applied to identify marker-trait association (MTA). Analysis of population genetic structure showed that the 100 investigated genotypes separated in two distinct sub-populations. Association analysis among markers and phenotypic data was conducted out based on the Kinship coefficients using generalized linear and mixed linear models. Significant associations among markers and traits obtained for amplified fragments of Xgwm2, Xgwm44 and Xgwm30 primers correspondingly located on 3D, 7D & 2D chromosomes, respectively. Furthermore, EST-SSR primers SWES186 and SWES92 correspondingly located on 2D & 7D chromosomes, respectively. These associated markers have the highest R2 coefficients for resistance level to leaf rust disease. Informative markers with association to most isolates could be exploited for genomic selection and early screening of genotypes for resistance to leaf rust.

Identifying selection indices is the most important step of a breeding project that aims to improve grain yield. The definition of the selection index is usually done by evaluating the variables in multivariate statistical methods. In the present study, the relationship between grain yield and its components in bread wheat genotypes was determined by multivariate statistical methods. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the 2018-19 crop years. Ten commercial cultivars of bread wheat along with their offspring from direct and inverse crosses in a dialysis arrangement were evaluated for morphological and phenological traits, especially grain yield and its components. The results of genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients showed a positive and significant correlation (at 1% probability level) between grain yield and spike length, spike weight, number of fertile tillers, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per spike, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. Based on the results of stepwise regression analysis, biological yield, harvest index, number of grains per main spike and main spike weight were entered into the regression model, respectively, and explained a total of 98% of the variation in grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, biological yield had the highest direct effect on grain yield. After biological yield, the most direct effect on grain yield was related to the weight of main spike. Also, by considering eigenvalues greater than one in factor analysis, 8 hidden factors were identified that explained a total of 75.18% of the data changes. In general, it can be concluded that biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per spike and weight of spike compared to other traits can be used as appropriate indicators in breeding programs to select high-yield genotypes in field conditions. Genotypes Alo, Ehsan♂ × Gonbad♀ and Ehsan had the highest value for the studied traits, which can be used in future breeding researches.

The study of genetic improvement and the recognition of traits that have played a role in it are important in assessing the effectiveness of breeding methods used in the past as well as defining new goals in breeding projects in the future. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of genetic improvement and awareness of the level of variation in barley cultivars that were released in Iran between 1951 and 2013.

This study was conducted in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during the years 2017 to 2018. The evaluated materials were compromised a sample of 21 barley cultivars released in the period 1951 to 2013 in Iran. In the field section, the cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate plant variables including per plot, plant height, number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, spike length, number of tillers, 1000-seed weight and days to maturity. ISSR markers were used to evaluate the diversity and grouping of cultivars. Initially, 23 ISSR random primers were used, from which seven primers with high polymorphism were selected for final evaluation and marker production.

Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between cultivars for grain yield, grain weight, number of spikes, number of grains per spike, number of tillers, spike length and stem length. Of the studied traits, effects of breeding were considerable and significant for grain yield and tiller number. Cluster analysis of the morphological data by dividing barley cultivars into three groups (released from 2011 onwards), middle (released between 2011 and 1961) and old (released between 1951 to 1961) confirmed the achievement of genetic improvement. The Nei and Shannon indexes for ISSR markers also indicated significant genetic diversity among the studied cultivars. Based on the PIC values, primers 15, 18, and 23 will be useful for identifying parents to produce segregating populations or for marker assisted selection.

Among the studied decades, the cultivars of the seventh decade (2011 to 2013) had the highest grain yield and among them two cultivars Zahak and Nik were the best. The results showed that the average progress of barley cultivars during seven decades of breeding was approximately equal to 3.7 kg per year.

The existence of drought stress at the beginning of the growing season is one of the most important threatening factors in wheat production of Iran. The coleoptile length is the most important morphological trait in determining sowing depth, emergence power and seedling establishment. The coleoptile length has been used as an effective indicator for selecting the drought tolerant genotypes in wheat breeding programs. Various indices have been developed to evaluate crop response to various stresses, including tolerance index (TOL), productivity mean (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI), stress sensitivity index (SSI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and relative stress index (RSI). The efficiency of each indices depends on the breeding objectives and the target environment.

In order to evaluate some of the landrace wheat genotypes under drought stress conditions at the seedling stage, an experiment with 35 pure lines under three moisture conditions (control, drought stress with PEG6000 10% and 15%) was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at Gorgan university of agricultural sciences and natural resources.. The coleoptile length was measured after eight days. The indices of MP, GMP, HM, STI, SSI, YI, TOL, RSI and YSI were calculated based on the coleoptile length values under control (Yp) and stress (Ys) conditions. Data analysis was performed using iPASTIC: an online toolkit to estimate plant abiotic stress indices.

In control and 10%-drought stress conditions, genotypes 11 and 2 had the highest of coleoptile length. While, in 15%-drought stress conditions, genotypes 3 and 6 had the highest of coleoptile length, respectively. Also in control and 15%-drought conditions genotypes 30 and 35 and in 10%-drought stress conditions genotypes 15 and 21 had the lowest of coleoptile length. Based on MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI indices, genotypes 2 and 11 were identified as tolerant genotypes, while genotypes 15, 21 and 30 were susceptible genotypes, under 10% drought stress conditions. Under 15%-drought stress conditions, MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI indices identified genotypes 21 and 34 as the most susceptible genotypes, whereas genotypes 30 and 35 were the most susceptible genotypes. Under three moisture conditions, the coleoptile length had the highest coefficient of correlation (positive and significant) with MP, GMP, HM and STI indices. Using three-dimensional plots, the genotypes were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D. The most appropriate indices being the ability to distinguish group A, from other groups. Group A selects genotypes that have high yield in both control and stress conditions. The result showed genotypes 3, 6, 11, 16, 19, 20 and 24 were classified as group A in both drought stress conditions. The Iranian commercial cultivars (genotypes 30, 34 and 35) placed in Group D, which indicates insufficient attention to drought stress at the seedling stage, while tolerance to terminal drought stress is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding programs of Iran. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first two PCAs explained 99.78% of the variation in 10%-drought stress and 99.80% in 15%-drought stress conditions. MP, GMP, HM and STI had the sharp angles with together that it indicates high correlation among mentioned indices. Multivariate biplos showed that drought tolerant genotypes were adjacent to vectors related to the best drought tolerance indices.

Correlation coefficients of drought tolerance indices showed that MP, GMP, HM and STI were the most suitable indices for selecting of drought tolerant genotypes. Based on stress tolerance indices and 3D plots, genotypes 3, 6, 11 and 24 (originated from Turkey, Afghanistan, Iran and Afghanistan, respectively) were identified as drought tolerant genotypes at the seedling stage, while genotypes 14, 15, 21, 30 and 35 were identified as the most susceptible genotypes. The landrace genotypes identified in this study could be used in breeding programs of bread wheat under drought stress at the seedling stage.

The aim of this study was to determine the haplotype groups and identify the specific alleles associated with desirable agronomic characteristics in bread wheat. For this purpose, 42 local bread wheat genotypes belong to Iran region and nine commercial cultivars along with Chinese Spring variety (reference genotype) were cultivated in the format of augmented design and evaluated based on their 13 phenotypic traits. The results of descriptive statistics showed that awn length and day to flowering had the highest and lowest phenotypic coefficient of variation, respectively. Eight microsatellite markers were used to investigate the haplotype variation of QTLs associated with phenotypic traits located on wheat chromosomes 4B and 7D. The result showed that the genotypes were classified into 13 and 6 haplotype groups according to the allelic comparison with the reference genotype on chromosome 4B and 7D, respectively. In order to investigate the relationship between traits and markers, analysis of variance was performed based on completely randomized design with unequal numbers of replications for each marker. In general, of the 13 traits studied, there was a statistically significant linkage for eight traits and for the three traits, an allele-specific was introduced simultaneously. If the breeders are interested in genotype selection that simultaneously have three desirable characteristics such as early anthesis, semi-dwarfing and a greater number of grains per spike, they can use an allele-specific (153 bp) of Xgwm149-4B marker.