رضا خیرالدین

The gradual transformation and stagnation of the productive function of rural society is one of the main problems of developing societies. With population migration to big cities, villages are gradually abandoned. But in recent decades, this migration flow has not always been from the village to the city, and its reverse form has also become common. The villages of Alamut region of Qazvin province are one of the interesting regions to study in the central Alborz region of Iran. In recent years, this area has attracted population as a result of reverse migration from the city to the village. But this flow of population is usually seasonal and temporary. The population flow from the city to the village has caused the rapid emergence of the second housing phenomenon in the villages of this region. The purpose of this article is to examine the background of the origin and the effects and consequences of the construction of second homes in these villages. At first in this article, the background and theoretical literature related to second homes are studied. Then the factors of the formation of the second housing and its different forms are examined in order to clarify the theoretical background and to study and evaluate the conditions of the studied area in the context of the theoretical literature. In the following, the characteristics and conditions of the central Alborz villages are introduced as the study area, and their spatial developments are compared through aerial photographs of different time periods to determine the amount of horizontal development and land use changes in these villages. Most of these houses are built as their second home for rest and leisure. In the next step, the factors and consequences of the formation of second houses in the rural community of this region are examined. The consequences and economic, social and environmental effects of the emergence of second homes in the rural communities of Alamut region is the core of the discussion of this article.

To understand and analyze the effects and consequences of this phenomenon, the method of semi-structured interviews and field observations to eight villages attracting the population in Alamut region of Qazvin province are used. The findings of this section are mostly descriptive and analytical, which are shown with pictures of the environmental and social conditions of rural residents. The long-term and short-term effects of the process of building second homes in the villages of the region are classified in the table of the internal strengths and weaknesses of the region and the external opportunities and threats of the region.

The findings and some results of the study show that although the phenomenon of construction of second buildings has some positive effects on the prosperity of the rural society in the short term, we cannot ignore its extensive negative effects in the long term. If we consider the capacities due to the prosperity of the land and housing market, it should be possible to prevent the destruction of the natural environment of the villages and control economic speculation with the participation of the residents of the villages.

In such context, the population flow from the city to the village could be considered as an opportunity for the development of jobs and activities in the rural community. Considering the realistic approach of regional planning, the process of expansion of second homes in the villages of Alamut Region should be moderated and regulated. So, it could create also the new opportunities in the other sectors of activity as a reactor of endogenous development of the rural community of this region.

In Islamic anthropology and its educational foundations, inculcation is considered one of the important and influential methods in the process of human growth and excellence. Nevertheless, the physical and functional translation of this key concept has been neglected in the field of urban design. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to provide strategies for neighborhood management and operational suggestions for its physical and functional formation influenced by the concept of inculcation. For this purpose, by focusing on "library resources" and using the methods of "Meta-synthesis" "logical reasoning" and "interdisciplinary extension", the concept of inculcation was summarized based on Islamic teachings, inculcation in urban planning was redefined and the concepts of "familiarity" and "Trust" were identified as the main concepts shaping the inculcation. Finally, it was concluded that the concept of inculcation in the neighborhood has the highest function in seven specific urban spaces. Also, the strategies and operational suggestions needed in order to manage and direct the physical and functional inculcations in the desired Islamic neighborhood have been presented in the results of the research.

Citizens’ social relationships are a manifestation of society’s dynamism, and social sustainability depends on its health. The health of these relationships relies on realization of qualities that each community defines based on its cultural and belief foundations. Achieving this in an Islamic society, which is fundamentally based on social unity, holds even greater importance. However, due to various changes occurring in cities across different dimensions—physical, spatial, functional, and developmental—qualities in civic interactions receive less attention. Cities grapple with issues such as behavioral anomalies, rising crime rates, and increased social isolation. The problem is: How can we enhance the realization and reinforcement of social-behavioral qualities and values in urban spaces and among citizens?Research on the social dimension of cities reveals a concept called ‘mutual acquaintance’, which can be significant in addressing this problem. The present study aims to elucidate the position of this concept from the perspective of urban researchers and Islamic teachings. By analyzing the content of theoretical urban literature and referring to Islamic principles, it seeks to clarify the relationship between the realization of social qualities in civic relationships and this concept. The research findings indicate that the Quranic concept of ‘Ta’āruf’ (mutual acquaintance) plays a pivotal role in shaping civic interactions based on social qualities. This connection holds true both from an Islamic standpoint and according to urban scholars. The study underscores the importance of fostering mutual acquaintance and social qualities for healthier civic interactions. It highlights the direct correlation between the Quranic concept of “Ta’āruf” and the notion of mutual acquaintance, which resonates with both Islamic scholars and urban thinkers.

The establishment of war museums is a common thing in most countries involved in war. These countries are trying to preserve and transfer these heritages to the next generations by displaying the tools and spaces left over from the war. The main goals of these museums are to commemorate the dead and victims of war, to praise peace and to learn from the evil effects of war. The design of war museums is different according to the attitude towards war, identity and culture of each society. Therefore, one of the goals of this research is to take a new look at the concept and model of the war museum and its artifacts in Iran, considering the way of looking at the IranIraq war (Holy Defense). Various previous researches show that the influence of religious teachings in the society was not only effective in the formation of the identity of the people present in the war, but also in the actions and attitudes of the visitors. In this regard, an effort has been made to define the new concept of "Regional Axial Museum in Regional Scale" in the light of the potential capacities of the cultural heritage of the society on one hand and the presence of a new type of visitors to war zones (Caravans of Rahian Noor) on the other hand. In the new definition of the AMRS (Axial Museum in Regional Scale) some concepts of original literature should be used metaphorically to represent the concepts of works and heritage of holy defense, such as excellence, the spirit of sacrifice, and reaching closeness to God, which is quite a difficult and controversial endeavor. To crystallize the idea of ​​the AMRS, a part of the road from Ahvaz region to Arvand in the border of Persian Golf has been selected. Then, by arranging and sequencing the relevant path according to physical spatial features, as well as paying attention to war events related to different parts and nodes located on the path, the spatial values ​​of the path should be represented and displayed for the visitors and groups of pilgrims in RahianNoor Caravans. The stages of representing the relics and events of the IranIraq war era in the studied route are explained with a brief escape to the metaphors of Attar's Seven Climates of Love in different sequences to strengthen the spatial perception of Ahvaz to Arvand Axial Museum on a regional scale.The sequencing of the path related to the study of the AhvazArvand axis brings the development of the sacred defense museums from the idea phase to the realized phase, which is more original than the conventional and formatted forms of war museums in Iran and the world. The development and completion of this regional pattern in more operational scales such as planning and urban design and architectural scale can be the stages of expansion of this pattern.

Today, second home ownership has become an everyday lifestyle in most parts of the world, after more than two decades of research records in Iran and the dispersal of thematic literature or second home studies. This research aims to review and analyze scientific research articles in the second home field in Iran in the structural and content framework to evaluate the internal scientific status compared to international literature, reveal research gaps, and identify priorities for future study. For this purpose, 87 internal articles were identified by systematic review and categorized by content analysis and MAXQDA software. To compare internal studies with global knowledge, 154 international articles were analyzed using the word co-occurrence technique in VOSviewer software. The results show that internal studies lack an interdisciplinary approach. Thematic classification of the studies shows that researchers pay more attention to the description of the reproduced space at the level of objectivity, the dominance of the result-oriented attitude, and less attention to the causal-explanatory level. Evaluating the studies' methodologies reveals positivist dominance in the internal literature. Similar to internal knowledge, international studies emphasize the consequence-oriented approach and, unlike internal studies, focus more on the qualitative approach and subjective perception of stakeholders. Future research requires expanding the geographical scope and paying attention to the scale of the city and suburbs, producing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach, focusing more on qualitative and mixed methods, explaining causal forces by considering all stakeholders, and in-depth and multi-level studies. The research outputs can be helpful for researchers and policymakers because they present the current state of knowledge and propose research perspectives.

Landuse planning goals as the main core of urban planning are classified and studied from different aspects. The inclusion of additional value of surplus funds in the city can highlight capital funding. Following this, changes in urban land demand as the spatial changes of activities and functions occur.The commercialization of residential areas and the tendency of residential landuse changes are the disadvantages of these changes,which constitute a major part of residential neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis ,especially the northern neighborhoods of the city. The main structure of Nasr neighborhood in the 2th district of Tehran is based on Gisha street. The most important issue is multiplicity of commercial land uses in the Gisha street. According to the observations there is a bank in every 45metres of the street , while the performance radius of bank activities is defined in the region scale. It is argued that land price growth, financial and speculative justifications of these changes can cause pressure on the environment.Therefore, according to the above mentioned factors,the main objective of this study is identifing the factors affecting landuse changes in the Gisha street.
The research method in this study is documentary , local survey as well as the use of factor analysis in order to determine factors affecting landuse changes.By using this method, accessibility,landeconomics and activity distribution and neighborhood structure were considered as three factors affecting land use changes in the Gisha street .
Finally, in order to plan to control the speculative consequences of these changes , the analysis of external and internal factors with regard to indicators in questionnaire, SWOT table and finally defensive strategy to offer strategies and policies was adopted these strategies were presented in two categories: sustainable management of income sources of urban management and control of changes in land use changes.

Although second home ownership is a growing phenomenon and a common lifestyle in most parts of the world, especially in rural areas, there is still no specific conceptual classification to define this phenomenon in the theoretical literature. Due to the complexity and variety of second homes; many definitions, terms and conceptual features have been mentioned regarding this fuzzy concept, increasing the conceptual disturbances in this field even more. To fill this gap, this research aims to provide a flexible conceptual framework to define “second home” through a systematic review of various sources.

In this research, by conducting a systematic review process, 75 international articles were identified for study. Then, the conceptual framework of second homes was formulated in the form of categories, subcategories and conceptual codes using the content analysis method.

The results show that, in total, six categories, including physical characteristics, the pattern of expansion and tenure, spatial characteristics, sensory-emotional characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics and usage characteristics form the “second home” conceptual framework. In this framework, the conceptual categories are stable and repeatable in all contexts, while the conceptual codes are fluid and adaptable in geographical and temporal situations.

So far, no systematic review has been done to reduce the conceptual dispersion in the second home literature. The proposed framework highlights two characteristics of fluidity and stability, which help to disambiguate the “second home” concept and it is a suitable alternative for numerous definitions and different conceptual features of the second home. The results of this research can aid scholars in clarifying the second home concept and applying it in different contexts.

One of the ways to create regional development is to determine free and special economic zones. Planning in order to form regions with comparative advantages can lead to region self-production development. This study aims to determine the position and influence in Amirabad Port Special Economic Zone production and its influence as a third-generation port on regional development. This research is an applied research which uses the descriptive-analytical method. Development indicators have been determined using library sourcs, then, the six indicators were evaluated using interviews, observation, customs documents reviews and data, surveys, photographs, and researcher notes. The results show that most investments have moved towards imports-oriented (warehouses, reservoirs, and silos). Meanwhile, most employment in the manufacturing sectors like wood and construction materials industries, are export-oriented activities and include the lowest in terms of frequency. In order to leave the current situation and to boost production in special economic zones, strategies such as: attracting necessary investments in conversion and processing industries of horticultural and livestock products, creating supporting industrial clusters, developing conversion and complementary industries can be considered. Also strengthened maritime and trade diplomacy in order to expand Eurasian trade to extand as many industrial and agricultural units adjacent to the Special Zone as possible is considered. By prioritizing and strengthening the productive and export-oriented activities of the special economic zone of Amirabad port, endogenous and production-oriented development in the port area of the north of the country can lead to improvement.

In informality studies in a general and informal settlement, in particular, the informal is represented based on a dualistic approach concerning the formal issue, and such distinction is a social construction derived from the mainstream development discourse in which, the exchange (instead of consuming) and speculative (instead of realistic concept) are used as the criteria for spatial development. In this case, any space constructed out of this meaning is labeled as undeveloped and informal spaces that are the deepest deviations from the ideal development trajectory. Formality-informality border rooted in modernism and capitalism trends to encourage "non-west others" to pursue idealist development path by employing humanitarian colonialism, authoritarianism, and technocracy. The dominated urban planning and policymaking in Iran is also derived from such dualistic thought which has evoled from deconstruction of informal settlements to empowering their residents to overcome this social reality. Due to the increasing growth in the population living in informal settlements over recent years in Iran, it seems that it is time to question the success of dominated thought. Therefore, the present study aimed at going beyond such dual-dominated thought by introducing some alternatives to the development of current and relevant conceptual constructions, including undeveloped, third world, informal settlements, and so forth. This requires a radical reading of the urban informality and informal settlement by adopting "post-development critical discourse". According to urban studies derived from the "southern world", alternatives, such as subaltern and everyday urbanism, are introduced for the dominated urbanism in the world. The research structure has been organized based on the critical paradigm and philosophical framework that consider reality as a complex and dynamic procedure with several levels. In this case, the hidden level of reality must be analyzed to leave the surface and actual behind and discover the deep structures. Accordingly, this study was conducted to provide some teachings based on the findings obtained from the analytical-critical review of world theories. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to indicate the necessity of a critical approach to revising the mainstream urban development and planning regarding informal settlement in Iran. Findings showed that such teachings are based on the study of daily life and lived reality in informal settlements to scrutinize the generators and mechanisms of such lived space. In this case, some new theories and conceptual alternatives can be presented beyond the stereotypes and dualities in dominated planning. Subaltern experiences help produce the theoretical alternatives and provincialize the authoritative knowledge geography and theory production. The concept of informality is beyond the governmental rules and regulations without confirming dual perception and identifying dynamic, sophisticated, and robust relationships between formal and informal activities. Formal/informal distinction is presented as a fluidity, instability, and situation movement. Formal and informal relations are neither fixed nor abstract concepts. Subaltern urbanism describes informal settlements as a context of residence, livelihood, self-organization, and policies, while this is not an integrated theory like global urbanism. Therefore, teachings of such alternative theories generated in local communities in the southern world can pave the way for revision, conceptualization, and social construction of an alternative to informal settlement reality in Iran.

In general, not only urban systems are limited to physical structure and spatial deployment of urban settlements, but also they include flows, communications and interactions between cities in such systems. In this spatial flow, each individual node will have different situation and character based on its degree, type, composition, and its potential of relation with other nodes. In other words, the situation of each city in the hierarchy of urban network and its role in the network is influenced by its own spatial and functional organization/arrangement in flow space. Therefore, urban areas will be known as “the network” over time. The essence/nature of the network depends on complexity of relations between cities, dynamic nature of the network and cohesion and dependency of areas. According to studies based on the Tehran Metropolitan Regional Plan and other documents, in spite of existence of decentralization policies in Tehran in recent decades, this city still remains dominant to the surrounding urban areas. Besides, centralized forces toward Tehran with a large number of people and human resources that aims to use better services and facilities concentrated in Tehran will be associated with centralized and unbalanced spatial organization. On the other hand, considering numerous economic, social, environmental and structural– spatial problems, unbalanced development in regional territory, and being the capital city of the country, it is necessary to define a system which provides spatial-functional coherence and integrated and balanced spatial development in the region. The study aims to evaluate the spatial interactions among the cities located inside the Tehran metropolitan region by using the data of trip flows and making some measurements to evaluate spatial structure of that region. In this study, Relational Methods and particularly, methods based on Social Network Analysis and Graph theory are used to analyze the people movements. Origin-Destination trip data was collected by documentary method and were applied to make some measurements for network analysis. The trip flows is calculated based on the number of passengers (traveling by cars, buses or minibuses) and their origin and destination through cities located in Tehran metropolitan region. The goal of this study is to examine and analyze spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan region in the form of a regional network that consists of cities and the connections among them and to determine the range of functional impact of each city in relation to others. Regarding to the result of regional network analysis using the information of trip flows occurred among the cities during the study period (1996 to 2011), We still see the high concentration of activities in the city of Tehran and obvious dominance of this city over the region. However, there are obvious signs that the intensity of concentration and domination of Tehran is gradually decreasing and the surrounding cities in the region are gaining more functional power. Therefore, the spatial structure of the region is gradually changing from a completely mono-centric structure to the formation of a multi-centric structure. This indicates the tendency for empowering the secondary centers and having more balanced patterns in distribution of activities across the region.

Urban land use change is one of the key issues in urban planning that has been addressed by researchers in many different aspects, especially from the perspective of space. But the point that has been overlooked in various studies is that the analysis of different aspects of land use change is not limited to classical and spatial factors, and because of the various interest of land use change, many stakeholders aim to derive interest from this process in urban land developments. Accordingly, this paper aims to apply the communicative planning framework in identifying and explaining the factors affecting the distribution of land use change interests, because communicative planning as one of the major urban planning theories has focused on proper distribution of interests among stakeholders. In this study, after formulating the study results from theoretical studies, using a quantitative approach and exploratory factor analysis technique, the factors affecting the distribution of land use change interests have been identified and explained based on Approvals of the Commission Article 5 of the Ahvaz City (as one of the official references to land use change in the urban planning system). The results show that 9 factors with cumulative variance of 70/851% provide a proper explanation of user change interests distribution, among which "mediation legitimacy of planners and decision makers" has the most effect. Of course, the quality of these factors with 42.31% of the land quality shows the distribution of land use interests among the stakeholders was not very appropriate, which can lead to interest conflicts, especially between groups with economical-political interests and the public interest, and thus cause social instability in Ahvaz city.

In traditional urban planning, the mosque was always at the turning point of the environment and in a system of various and familiar functions, it was considered a part of the necessities of the current life of the city. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Islamic worldview on the position of the mosque as an urban space and the role of the mosque as an essential element in the Islamic city in the economy of culture and security. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of study method and empirically, spatial and structural cognition of physical space is done by cognitive mapping through sketching to measure cognitive representations and behavioral concepts in social interactions. The study area is the city of Dezful in Khuzestan province. The findings showed that the position of the mosque (as a place of worship) has been reduced and a very incomplete and limited understanding of the concept and reality of the mosque as a social space has been done. Mosques, as a part of the spatial-physical structure of the city, is a formative element and one of the most central and valuable physical element crystallizing the Islamic society, which has various social, economic, political and physical functions in urban development. Therefore, establishing the centrality of the mosque from a theoretical point of view as a cohesive joint in the physical and spatial structure of neighborhoods, which should be on the agenda of local development management in urban planning and design.

In terms of the nature and type of study, it is a concept; in terms of the study method, it is descriptive-analytical. "Social solidarity" and "physical-spatial cohesion" are two interrelated concepts. It seems that one of the reasons for the decrease in this relationship should be sought in the lack of coordination and balance between the two. On the other hand, in Islamic cities, monotheism is one of the principles of Sharia in Islam. has brought. Thus, recognizing and manifesting the principles governing societies will be an operational strategy for the cohesion and integrity of the environment. The results showed that among the indicators that make the mosque as a cohesive element in the city are unity, unity of the nation and the behavior of the mosque as the most important criteria for the decisive role of the mosque. Also, the mosque and its impact on its surrounding area, in the chaotic and unfavorable conditions of the urban structure, is a quick-return strategy on a micro and metropolitan scale. The design of the mosque in a way that meets the requirements of its time will turn the worldview in the living space into objectivity. In addition to meeting the material and spiritual needs in the living space, the mosque has always been unifying and an indicator of the identity of Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods.

The core of land use planning is to guide and strive to influence land use change. Guiding these changes requires identifying and analyzing the relationships and effects of driving forces. In recent years, several factors of the historical context of Yazd city led to the change of residential land use to warehouse, industrial and other land uses. On the other hand, with the global registration, the implementation of local plans and the entry of tourists, residential uses have become commercial and tourism uses. These rapid and uncontrolled changes could pose a threat to the preservation of cultural and historical heritage in the future. 

This research is of applied, mixed and survey type. In order to extract land use change factors from library resources and to analyze and identify key factors and drivers of land use change in the study sample, Delphi technique and interaction analysis method in MICMAC software have been used.

Land use change factors are presented based on the number of interactions in 4 categories of driving factors, two-way, independent and dependent actors of dominant economic role of the city, government and local policies, access to the road network, international competitiveness, proposals for upstream projects, building wear, demand for any type of use or activity, dependence on oil economy and trade and land rent are the driving factors and key factors. That any change in these factors causes a change in other factors and any change in the system causes a change in these factors.

The registration of Fahadan historical neighborhood on a global scale has led to rapid changes and the formation of uncertainties in its land use. Uncertainty and intermediate state of most factors lead to an unstable pattern of land use system in this neighborhood in the future.

This study aims to explain the role of the mosque in the cohesion of the physical-spatial structure of the neighborhood. The research method approach is quantitative and qualitative and uses documentary and field study. It applies descriptive-analytical methodology. "Social solidarity" are two interrelated concepts. Achieving these two concepts and increasing the quality of urban space is one of the goals that urban planners have constantly been pursuing. One of the reasons for the decrease in this relationship should be sought in the lack of coordination and balance between the two. On the other hand, the manifestation of the principle of monotheism has created a unifying integration in the Islamic-Iranian city. Thus, recognizing and manifesting the principles governing communities will be an operational strategy for the cohesion and integrity of the space. The results showed that the indicators that make the mosque as a cohesive element in the urban space include unity, a unified nation, and the behavioral status of the mosque. Also, in the chaotic and unfavorable conditions of the urban structure, the mosque and its impact on its surrounding area is seen as a strategy for the micro and macro scale of urban spaces. Designing a mosque to meet the requirements of its time will turn the worldview in the living space to a reality. It is possible to achieve a level of spatial integration and cohesion in the urban context by strengthening the desired dimensions of the mosque on the micro-scale of the neighborhood to neighborhood and sub-neighborhood.

Along with the evolution of the empowerment approach and the expansion of community-based policies, ‎the development of local communities and informal settlements has shifted to asset-based rather than the ‎need-based approach. The community development according to this approaches which is known as “Asset ‎Based Community Development” (ABCD), mostly focuses on the assets and capabilities of the ‎community, including physical, social and economic resources. This is to get people out of the cycle of ‎poverty and need and to promote their human and social dignity.‎Informal settlements, despite the dominant view about their problems and anomalies, are home to a ‎section of society who do not have enough power and courage to join the city's socio-economic body. ‎Farahzad, one of the Tehran’s informal neighborhood was selected as a case of study and we intend to ‎explore the underlying asset development policy for organizing informal settlements. ‎The methodology of this study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and it can be put ‎in the category of descriptive-analytical researches. 93 households were selected as the sample and ‎statistical analysis including acceptable test were applied. This study showed that the social capital can be ‎considered as of the important assets in Farahzad neighborhood. This advantageous asset can be better ‎addressed by these factors: sense of belonging, social cohesion, participation and collective action. The ‎networks of community relations were also evaluated and analyzed, which evidenced the stronger inter-‎ethnic relations than inter-ethnics, as well as the strong connections of the NGO’s with ethnicity.‎

Urban spatial inequality in informal settlements is more apparent especially in the developing countries, with various roots and reasons and its modification is arduous. Since last decades Rio de Janeiro has been exposed to informal settlements. Almost these settlements have dispersed all over the city leading to the formation of spatial inequality. Therefore many plans with financial support have developed to remove the existing spatial inequality in last three decades. This research tried to analyze the variation of urban inequality gap between 1985 and 2015 and to answer this question that whether extensive plans can reduce urban spatial inequality or whether spatial gap among other regions have raised due to services costs. First, we revised plans of financial supports and then analyzed urban condition from several aspects. The research method is analytical – descriptive since Rio experience can be a model for urban planning in Iran as this type of research is an applied one. In this study, analysis of different aspects is based on numerical methods as the correlation coefficient, variation coefficient, Gini coefficient, and for showing the spatial inequality, GIS was used. It was concluded that financial supports have good influence on Favela’s infrastructure and may improve their levels. Favela’s population have increased but the variation of house price Gini coefficient reveal raise of inequality gap among Rio regions. As a result, not only financial support plans could modify urban inequality but it may have the reverse outcome and the inequality gap would be intensified.

The growing number of cities in the world face a wide range of hazards, which are affected by factors such as the increased urban population and climate change. Urban development and climate change are closely related and interlinked. Today, the direct and indirect effects of climate change can be seen in countries with the lowest effect on global warming and climate change. Cities that are exposed to the risk of climate change are very vulnerable. Climate change is a globally widespread phenomenon. These cities can be said susceptible. In recent years, to cope with the adverse challenges caused by climate change, the concepts of urban ecological resilience, specifically, climate resilience have been introduced. Climate resilience is a type of urban ecological resilience, which is defined as urban resilience to climate change. In this respect, in recent years, two urban resilience concepts have been introduced to reduce these negative effects. Resilience is the ability of a system to absorb the disturbances while maintaining the basic structure in the same way and the functional methods, the capacity for self-organization and the capacity to adapt to stress and change and the capability to build back the system into its condition before a shock or intense change. Adaption to climate change focuses on reducing the vulnerability to these negative changes. Resilience has different aspects, among which climate resilience as a subcategory of urban ecological resilience is considered in this study, which includes the adaptation to and mitigation of the risks and adverse effects of climate. However, urban green infrastructure has various vital functions, including environmental, social, etc. The urban green infrastructure (UGI), according to research, has been effective in reducing the impacts of climate change in cities and enhancing climate resilience. Reviewing existing literature on the urban green infrastructure related to its role in creating urban (climate) resilience, it seems that the features  of green infrastructure and which one is effective based on the development, analysis, and evaluation of urban resilience to climate change. These have not been properly addressed so far, and in general, no exact factors have been provided to assess this kind of resilience. It seems that the characteristics of urban green infrastructure can be used as an important factor affecting climate resilience in cities to achieve such factors for assessing the quality of climate resilience. Moreover, the neighborhood scale has not been fully studied in the existing literature. Given the theoretical gap existing in this field, this question arises: "How and based on which features of the green infrastructure can we assess and analyze climate resilience in a city?” To answer this question, landscape ecology principles and the relationship between them and green infrastructure in cities were studied. The relationship was developed in the Yousef Abad neighborhood of Tehran and was qualitatively tested using aerial images, field surveys, and preparation of basic and analytical GIS maps. Finally, ‘effective qualities in assessing climate resilience in cities using UGI based on landscape ecology were obtained.

Based on the notions and assumptions of the discourse of “new urban regionalism”, there is a close relationship between the "spatial morphological structure" and the "spatial division of labor" in a megalopolis region, and solving existing problems in one without another is not possible, because they can either act in the direction of positive reinforcement and support, or in order to weaken and become an obstacle to each other; therefore, what is meant by the problem of achieving equilibrium and integration in the spatial structure and the functional system in a megalopolis region, will not be possible without recognizing the nature and relationship between these two. The reviews done the research shows that "spatial morphological structure" and "spatial division of labor" in Tehran's megalopolis region during the recent decades has not been able to support each other and significantly reduce the spatial non-equilibrium in the region. Therefore, according to the results obtained in the framework of this study, the "spatial morphological structure" and "spatial division of labor" in Tehran's megalopolis region during the recent decades (1345-1390), has been accompanied by a significant reduction in the spatial non-equilibrium in the region, though, the trend of transformations is on the move. One of the strategic implications of this is that the future issue of the Tehran's megalopolis region is to be more focused on the peripheral population poles and the improvement of the level of performance of the city itself in order to accept transnational functions and create alternatives and opportunities for roles and the tasks that will be assigned to them in the future. Just as in the prior years the industry sector has gradually shifted to the service sector, in the future it also seems necessary to give up the services sector to itself periphery and oppose the acceptance of the fourth sector of the global economy (such as; Information, communication and cultural economy).

the main question of this study is what are the indicators and criterions affecting spatial security and what and how is the process of formation and development of spatial security in informal settlements. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the methodological approach is based on a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative). We conducted this research in this way: In the first section of this research, by examining the theoretical literature, library and Internet resources such as scientific databases, specialized journals related to the field of security and informal housing, and research projects conducted by related organizations, we were able to identify and survey the effective criterions and indicators that are influential to the formation of spatial security (location based security). Then; in order to make a connection and sequence between dimensions and indicators, the structural model was presented and the stages of formation were explained using the interpretive structural equations approach. The results of the integrated spatial security model were classified and graded into four main levels, in which the principles of urban design and environmental design identified as the most influential factors. In the next section, according to the results of the interpretive model and the opinion of experts, the process of formation and transformation of spatial security in informal settlements was identified in four stages, respectively; The primary maturity of security (producing security), the secondary maturity of security (monitoring and protection of security), the security of occupation and finally the stage of complete maturity of security.

The realization of the concept of 24-hour city and urban nightlife has been controversial from the very beginning, even in the original source, the western cities. Adherents of the 24-hour city believe that the nightlife increases economic prosperity, presence of urban spaces, security enhancement, space branding, and etc. In contrast, opponents do not recommend the nightlife in cities for reasons such as energy wastage, occurrence of crime and offensive behaviors, environmental damage, increasing individuality and reducing social cohesion, and etc. Survey on existing examples of the nightlife in different cities suggests that a single pattern for nightlife cannot be imagined. In each society, according to requirements and facilities, general culture and social relations, and even the policies of the governments and the urban managers, different examples of the urban nightlife have been obtained. The introduction of this concept into the Islamic societies - including Iran - has also posed challenges to the urban management and citizens, including whether the same western concept of the 24-hour city and the nightlife can be realized in Iran? To what extent do those concepts and goals conform to Iranian-Islamic culture and lifestyle? And basically, what is the relationship between the concept of the 24-hour city and the nightlife with the Islamic instructions? And so the urban nightlife has had serious proponents and opponents in Iran. A review of theoretical literature of the 24-hour city, based on the Islamic instructions and the local and the cultural capacities, can probably provide inference of the 24-hour city and the urban nightlife in accordance with the Islamic lifestyle and cities of the Islamic countries, including Iran. The present study seeks to answer the above questions with qualitative method and to provide a pattern of the 24-hour cities and the nightlife based on the Islamic culture and the local capacities.

The diversity of environmental and individual properties provides different grounds for place perceptual feature conditions. As the result of various environmental qualities and quantities, place perceptual feature has not been investigated in different studies integrated and related to other fundamental qualities yet and the complicated causal relations among qualities of place perceptual feature have not been still specified. Due to this, the question of the current study is to what extent the public place perceptual feature is explained by other qualities and how its norms can be promoted. The methodology is fundamental in terms of goal and its approach is based on mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). To collect data, the method of interviewing specialists has been used and data analysis has been conducted using Smart-PLS software. The obtained results show that a noticeable percentage of public place perceptual feature (94.3%) can be explained and estimated by spatial, morphological, social and functional qualities. In addition to direct effectiveness, the space and morphology affect the conditions of public place perceptual feature indirectly through their effectiveness on other qualities. Having a direct impact factor of 0.401, 0.311 and indirect effectiveness of 0.184, 0.612, space, and morphology are of the effective important factors in this field. Therefore, in the process of making the place, the priority of planning and designing different dimensions of the place is necessary to be the rate of their effectiveness, and additionally their interaction and indirect relations shall be also noticed to increase the responsiveness of place perceptual qualities.

The city is an alive creature, requiring vibrant and freshness. The position of public spaces, in which social interaction of citizens is formed and promote the culture of society, is declining day by day in most of our cities. Moreover, the vibrant is considered differently in various fields and various components and indicators have been mentioned for that in related theoretical principles and vibrancy has been always noticed by urban designers and planners in the process of urban development as one of the macro- or micro-goals of most of programs and plans, regardless of the operational framework of its explaining factors. The attempts of planners in different fields for promoting the vibrant of urban spaces do not lead to desirable results due to lack of coordination, familiarity, and constructive participation with urban planning experts and implicit attention to spatial concepts. In most of studies so far, one or some limited dimensions of vibrant have been investigated and all related variables and dimensions to vibrant have not been studied yet. There is not also an appropriate theoretical support in most of such studies given extensive conceptual scope of vibrant. Due to this, the question of the current study is: what factors affect in vibrant of public space fundamentally, and how is the framework of the operational-conceptual model of making vibrant in public spaces? The main goal of the paper is to propose effective factors on vibrant based on extracted indicators from various resources in an appropriate and efficient framework that not only explains effective variables in this field but also proposes the process of creating and improving the vibrant in public spaces. Reviewing related scientific literature of vibrant of public spaces shows various indicators and components. Using exploratory factor analysis method in the current study, the various and different indicators were explained in some factors. Therefore, this study can be said to be fundamental in terms of goal. To collect and analyze data, questionnaires and interviews have been used and qualitative items have been quantified based on the Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS software. Hence, the methodological approach of the study is based on the mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). The vibrant indicators in public spaces have been extracted from different references and in order to investigate and field survey of data and explore effective factors on vibrant of public spaces, Valiasr crossroad, Tehran (intersection of Enghelab Street with Valiasr Street) has been chosen as the case study. That’s because the area has had proper vibrant in different conditions and so is suitable for investigating the data and explaining the effective factors in the field of study. Hence, sampling method can be said to be purposeful. To determine the study sample volume, given the principles of determining the number of required samples for exploratory factor analysis, 350 questionnaires have been used in this study. At least 3 to 5 samples have to be investigated for each indicator and the higher the number is, the greater the confidence will be in the result of the analysis. On this basis, for each indicator, seven samples have been considered for determining the sample volume which is more than the minimum amount. Exploratory factor analysis of research variables specified five factors of spatial-functional environmental qualities, social norms and necessary fields for sociability, suitable income, and promotion of economic activities, individual mood, interests, and psyche, state of perception and friendly interaction of citizens with each other on the vibrant of public space in the study area. The share of such factors in explaining the variance of whole variables is 70.3% each one of the mentioned factors explains the variance of whole research variables respectively 22.16%, 16.38%, 12.86%, 11.21%, and 7.76%. The findings of the current study showed that the effective factors on vibrant of public space are related to different fields and their explaining power of them is different from each other. Therefore, it can be concluded that if the subject and quality of vibrant is the main issue of studies in planning and designing public spaces process, the mentioned five factors shall be considered in the related policymaking. The nature of spatial-functional environmental qualities and necessary fields for sociability as well as the state of perception and friendly interaction of citizens with each other is noticeable in public space designing projects but the result of third and fourth factors manifested same as other factors in a public space, is less noticed in public space design projects because they are related to the urban and beyond urban macro policy-making fields in most cases. It indicates that to realize the vibrant of public spaces in urban management, not only the first, second, and fifth factors are noticed in the urban development system but also proper income and promotion of economic activities, individual mood, interest, and the psyche shall be also considered. Based on the variance explanation power of each final obtained factor in the current study, the priority of planning and designing effective various indicators on the vibrant of public spaces can be determined based on existing facilities and barriers and for appropriate accountability of vibrant of public spaces, the comprehensiveness of the variables of the mentioned factors shall be considered. Effective fundamental factors on vibrant of public spaces in Valiasr crossroad, Tehran (selected through purposeful approach) were extracted in this study. Analyzing the relations between mentioned factors and investigating the dimensions and factors of spaces, in which there is vibrant inappropriate or the attempts of urban management due to increase vibrant have failed, can be the subject of future studies.