فهرست مطالب زهرا نیک منش

Anxiety as a part of modern human life is present in all people in the moderate level and is considered as an adaptive response to environmental stimuli.

The study population consists of all students of universities in Zahedan in 1399. Among them, 371 students of different levels from associate to doctorate were selected by non-random sampling method and accessible (targeted). Finally, they answered 3 Jackson five-factor questionnaires, Reese and Patterson Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire and Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30).

The results showed that the behavioral activation system has no effect on anxiety sensitivity. There is also a significant negative relationship between the behavioral inhibition system and the system of war, escape and freezing and anxiety sensitivity. On the other hand, the findings showed that there is a significant positive correlation between most components of metacognitive beliefs and anxiety sensitivity, including positive beliefs about anxiety, cognition, the need to control thoughts, and cognitive self-awareness. While in the component of uncontrollability and risk with anxiety sensitivity was not found. P <05%

The findings of the present study indicate that there is a relationship between the behavioral brain system in the subscale of war, escape, and freezing, and there is a significant relationship between anxiety sensitivity and most branches of cognitive beliefs

This research investigated the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on the resilience and academic motivation of high school students. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test involving two groups (experimental and control). The statistical population comprised students enrolled in the second year of high school (tenth grade of humanities) during the academic year 2022-2033 in Zabol City. Using convenience sampling, 40 students were selected and assigned into experimental and control groups (n=20). Data were collected using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; 2003) and the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS; Fairchild et al., 2004). The experimental group received 8-session Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, with each session lasting 2 hours and weekly, while no intervention was conducted for the control group. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (univariate and multivariate) using SPSS-26 software. The Results revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of resilience (F=73.48, p=0.000, η²=0.69) and academic motivation (F=11.14, p=0.000, η²=0.37). Following the implementation of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, both resilience and academic motivation showed improvement. Considering the research findings, it is evident that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) was beneficial in enhancing resilience and academic motivation. This study contributes to the understanding of the potential positive impact of mindfulness-based interventions on the resilience and academic motivation of high school students.

One of the most important factors in the psychological strategies that is needed to coping with a wide range of personal, social and cognitive challenges in adolescence, is resilience. This study examined the role of spiritual intelligence and emotional regulation on the resilience of student adolescents in Zahedan. This study was descriptive and correlational. The study population formed from 7953 boys and 9463 girls of the second high school students in Zahedan, in 2014- 2015 academic year. A sample consisted of 312 participants were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Instruments were included, the Conner-Davidson’s Resilience Scale (2003), the Spiritual Intelligence of King (2008) and the Emotion Regulation Scale (SRI) of Marques, Ibanez, Ruiperez, Moya, Ortet (2005). To analyze the relationship between variables and predict resilience changes, Pearson correlation and the stepwise regression analysis were used. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and emotional regulation with resilience. The stepwise regression analysis showed that in the first step spiritual intelligence, alone, predicts.11 of resilience (P<.001) and in the second step of spiritual intelligence and emotion regulation together predicts.14 of resilience (P<.001). Based on these findings, spiritual intelligence and emotion regulation had a positive and significant role in predicting of resilience and spiritual intelligence was a stronger predictor for resilience. Therefore it is proposed that spiritual intelligence and emotion regulation were concentrated in the programs of adolescents’ schools and in their consultation

 This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on students' academic enthusiasm.

 It was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test, post-test design with two experimental and control groups. All students studying in the second secondary level (10th grade of humanities) in the academic year of 1401-402 in the city of Zabul formed the statistical population of this study, which was selected by the available sampling method, 40 students were selected and divided into two groups. 20 test subjects and 20 control subjects were assigned. Data collection was done with Fredriksen et al.'s (2004) academic enthusiasm questionnaire. The experimental group received the cognitive therapy program based on mindfulness during 8 2-hour sessions (1 day per week), but no intervention was done for the subjects of the control group. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and covariance analysis (univariate and multivariate) with SPSS-v26 statistical software.

 The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of academic enthusiasm, and after the implementation of the cognitive therapy program based on mindfulness, academic enthusiasm has improved. According to the research findings, it seems that cognitive therapy based on mindfulness can be beneficial in improving students' academic enthusiasm.

The purpose of this research was a comparison of emotional working memory capacity in monolingual (Persian) and bilingual (Armenian-Persian) girls aged 7 to 9 years and 11 months and 29 days.

The statistical population of the current study included elementary school girls aged 7 to 9 years and 11 months and 29 days in the second semester of the 1401-1402 school in Tehran. The statistical sample included 30 monolingual students (Persian) and 30 bilingual students (Armenian-Persian) who were selected among the first to third- grade students of public schools and the available sampling method. In this research, the information was processed by children's emotional working memory capacity test and number capacity test (reading forward and reverse digits). The data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov Smirnov, the Independent Samples test to compare two groups and logistic regression in IBM SPSS STATISTICS21 software.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between monolingual and bilingual children in the age groups between 7 years and 6 months and 8 years and 11 months and 29 days (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the other age groups (p>0.05). Also, the aging (by one unit) reduces by about 80.5% in the difference between the scores of monolingual and bilingual people (p>0.01).

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that bilingualism is more effective than monolingualism in the capacity of emotional working memory and cognitive-emotional functions of children, and it should be taken into account in educational and business planning.

Effective teaching begins with effective andregular planning, educational design provides asystematic process for planning educational events for theuse of educational principles, educational designersprovide the principles of teaching and learning forpractical and practical education. They are used to makelearning easier and deeper. The purpose of this researchis to investigate the effect of Ganieh's educational designmodel and Keller's educational-motivational model onthe motivation, academic progress and problem-solvingskills of first-year high school students.

The statistical populationincludes 60 students of the seventh grade of the firstsecondary school in Zahedan city, who were divided intothree groups of 20 people: control, Ganieh's educationaldesign model, and Keller's educational-motivationalmodel. The experimental science course participantsparticipated and in two stages of pre-test and post-test,problem-solving skill questionnaires and researchermade tests were completed by the participants to evaluateacademic progress and data were collected.

The findings of the covariance analysis showedthat Ganieh's educational design model and Keller'seducational-motivational model had a significant effecton the academic progress and problem solving skills ofstudents compared to the control group and led to theirimprovement.

According to the results, no significantdifference was observed between the two educationalmethods used.

Psychological well-being and emotions are among the functions that are affected by body deformity disorder. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on psychological well-being and positive and negative emotions in adolescent girls with deformity syndrome.

The research method was quasi-experimental through pre-test and post-test design, with a control group. The statistical population of this study included adolescent female students with perceived body deformity disorder who were referred to the clinic under the supervision of Tehran’s District 5 during the first six months of 2020. Among these subjects, 50 individuals were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The research’s instruments included the demographic items,  revised  Ryff  Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Positive Affects and Negative Affects Scales. The content validity of the instruments was measured by qualitative method and their reliability was approved by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. After performing 6 training sessions for the experimental group, the research data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS software (ver.24).

The results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of post-test (F(1,48)=22.49; P≤0.001) in the psychological well-being variable. There was a significant difference between the mean scores of post-test in the positive emotion variable (F(1,48)=13.89; P≤0.001) and the negative emotion variable (F(1,48)=30.45; P≤0.001).

The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective on psychological well-being and positive and negative emotions in adolescent girls with perceived body deformity syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that in addition to medical treatments, behavioral interventions such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy be provided for adolescents with deformity syndrome.

Although the dramatic increase in Internet use has provided many facilities for people, it has also increased the rate of Internet addiction. Internet addiction is the unregulated use of the Internet that leads to the development of symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral infatuation with the Internet. It can also cause many physical and physiological problems in adolescents, decrease the level of their academic engagement and increase their sense of loneliness. Therefore, psychological interventions are necessary to reduce these negative effects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of stress–based mindfulness therapy on academic engagement and the sense of loneliness among Junior high school students who were addicted to the Internet.

 This research was conducted through a quasi–experimental method with a pretest–posttest design and with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all Junior high school students in Birjand City, Iran, in the academic year 2019–2020. For sampling, based on the minimum sample size in experimental studies, out of 2753 students, 40 eligible volunteer students with a score less than 75 on the Academic Engagement Scale (Fredericks et al., 2004) and a score greater than 80 on the Loneliness Questionnaire (Asher et al., 1984) were included in the study by multi–stage cluster sampling method. At first, 3 schools were randomly selected in Birjand, then 2 classes were randomly selected from each school and next, 40 students were randomly selected from these two classes and assigned into the two study groups (20 people in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group). The duration of this training program was 8 sessions of 90 minutes for 4 weeks, which were performed from April 5 to May 5, 2020. During this period, the control group did not receive any training. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Internet addiction for at least one year, studying in junior high school, living in Birjand and having no restriction on attendance in training sessions, having a score of less than 75 on the Academic Engagement Scale (Fredericks et al., 2004), gaining a score of more than 80 on the Loneliness Questionnaire (Asher et al., 1984), not participating in the similar psychological interventions, and participating in all training sessions. The exclusion criteria were as follows: under another psychological interventions and more than 2 absences from training sessions. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (covariance analysis) were used for data analysis in SPSS version 20. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all tests.

The results showed that stress–based mindfulness intervention had a significant effect on increasing academic engagement (p<0.001) and decreasing the sense of loneliness (p<0.001) in the posttest stage in the experimental group. The effect size of this intervention was 0.469 for academic engagement and 0.819 for a sense of loneliness.

According to the research findings, those Internet addicted students who suffer from academic engagement problems and a sense of loneliness may benefit from stress–based mindfulness intervention.

Present research was conducted with the aim of comparison of the effect of Gagne’s educational model and Keller’s educational-motivational model on academic motivation of seventh grade students.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The research population was seventh grade students of Zahedan city in 2019-20 academic years, which from them 60 people who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in three equal groups including two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group was trained by Gagne’s educational model method and the second experimental group was trained by Keller’s educational-motivational model method for eight sessions of 45 minutes and the control group was trained by conventional method. Data were collected by academic motivation questionnaire (Harter, 1981) and analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that both methods of Gagne’s educational model and Keller’s educational-motivational model in compared to the control group significantly increased academic motivation of students (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two educational methods in increasing their academic motivation (P>0.05).

Due to the effectiveness of both intervention methods, can be used from both methods of Gagne’s educational model and Keller’s educational-motivational model to improve academic motivation of students.

It is necessary to pay attention to the perception of competence and quality of life in students because of its effective role on mental, physical and social health; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of optimism training on the perception of competence and quality of life of elementary students.

In a quasi-experimental study of pre-test and post-test with a control group, from the fifth and sixth grade students of Chabahar city in the academic year 2020-2021, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and in two A group of 15 people were tested and tested; And responded to Harter's Merit Perception Scale and Quality of Life Ravens Siberi et al. The students in the experimental group underwent Seligman optimism training for 8 sessions of 60 minutes, but the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and multivariate analysis of covariance at the significance level of α = 0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the perception of competence and quality of life of students in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.01).

The results showed that optimism education improved the perception of competence and quality of life of elementary students, so the results of the study require more attention of educators in the field of the effect of optimism on improving the psychological status of students.

One of the most modern addictive behaviors is the phenomenon of Internet addiction, which is associated with criteria, such as withdrawal, depression, loneliness, and anxiety. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of stress-based mindfulness therapy on the studentschr('39') feelings of loneliness and Internet addiction.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all male high school students in Birjand in 2020-21. In total, 40 eligible individuals were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n=20) and control (n=20). The experimental group participated in eight sessions of mindfulness therapy training based on Kabat Zayn stress reduction. On the other hand, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools included the Russell et al. and Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire. The obtained data were then analyzed using mean±SD, multivariate, and univariate analysis of covariance at the significance level of α=0.05.

The results showed that stress-based mindfulness therapy significantly reduced the studentschr('39') feelings of loneliness and Internet addiction (P<0.001).

According to the results of the study, stress-based mindfulness therapy can be used as a complementary therapy along with other therapies to improve loneliness and reduce studentschr('39') Internet addiction.

Improvement of one’s competencies leads to a higher quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of positivity education on the students’ perception of competence and quality of life.

This is a  quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all fifth and sixth-grade students of Chabahar city, Iran, in the academic year 2020-2021 from whom 30 people were selected through convenience sampling method. The study population was divided into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups and both groups responded to Harter’s Perceived Competence and Ravens-Sieberer et al. Quality of Life scales. The students in the experimental group were educated about positivity (based on Seligman et al.) for eight sessions, each taking 60 min; however, the control group did not receive any education. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (Version 22) and multivariate analysis of covariance at the significance level of α=0.05.

Based on the obtained results, positivity education significantly increased students’ perception of competence and quality of life (P<0.01).

Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to educate positivity to students to improve their perception of competence and quality of life.

The present study aimed to determine the role of the moral intelligence in predicting religious orientation among students of University of Sistan and Baluchestan. The research method was descriptive correlational type. statistical population of the study including all students of Sistan and Baluchestan University in the academic year 2014-2015 that was around 17000 individuals, from which 220 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. To collect the data Religious orientation questionnaire (Allport, 1950) and moral intelligence (Lennick and Kiel, 2005) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise regression and independent t-test. The data analysis showed that there is a significant positive relationship between inner religious orientation and moral intelligence, but there was a negative significant relationship between external religious orientation and moral intelligence (p < 0.01, r=0.38). The results of stepwise regression analysis of moral intelligence and its components showed its role in predicting internal religious orientation (P <0.01, r=-0.12). Independent t-findings showed that the mean of internal religious orientation and moral intelligence in female students and external religious orientation in male students were higher and the observed difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). According to the results of this study, inner religion causes peace, hope, positive energy, forgiveness and empathy in people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Meta-Emotion on self-differentiation through studentschr('39') self-compassion mediation.

The cross-sectional research method was correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2019- 20, from which 420 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments were: meta-emotion Questionnaire (Mittmansgraber et al., 2009), Self-Differentiation (Skorn and Friedlander, 1998) and Self-Compassion Questionnaire (Nef, 2003). SPSS-V23 and Lisrel-V8.8 software were used to analyze the data. The data were also analyzed using structural equation analysis.

The results showed that meta-emotion had a positive and significant effect on students chr('39')own differentiation. Also, the results showed that differentiation has a positive effect on studentschr('39') self-efficacy.

Based on the results of meta-emotion research, it has an effect on studentschr('39') self-differentiation through self-help mediation.

The aim of this study was to determine The Impact of Meta-Emotion on Emotion Regulation with the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in Teenagers.

The research method is cross-sectional correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all high school students in Tehran, Tehran in 2019, of which 420 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research tools were: Meta-Emotion (Mitmansgrabar et al) Questionnaire, Self-Compassion (Neff) Questionnaire and Emotional Regulation (Garnefsky and Craig, 2006).  In order to analyze and analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Lisrel-V8.8 software were used and the data were analyzed using structural equation analysis method. The results showed that the model fits the data of this study.

The results also showed that Meta-Emotion has a positive and significant effect on emotion regulation and Self-Compassion adolescent. Emotion regulation has a positive effect on Self-Compassion adolescent.

The Meta-Emotion has a positive and significant effect on regulation of adolescent emotions through Self-Compassion mediation

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of cyber pornography use inventory-9 (CPUI-9) in the Iranian context. 

The current research is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study sample included 262 (190 male and 72 female) university students, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of CPUI-9 were assessed in this study. 

The descriptive findings indicated that the Mean±SD age of the participants was 21.64 (2.36) years. Psychometric analyses indicated the high validity and reliability of this inventory. The exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that are consistent with the results of previous studies. Besides, confirmatory factor analysis revealed the model goodness of fit. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of CPUI-9 was also found as 0.87. Additionally, the concurrent validity showed that CPUI-9 was significantly and positively related to depression, anxiety, and stress (P<0.01). 

Finally, the study results supported the reliability and validity of the Persian version of CPUI-9 among Guilan university students. Moreover, the findings were in line with the results of the original study.

The present study investigated effect of the forgiveness group training on the quality of life in female students. This study is semi-experimental (pre-test, post-test and follow up and control group). The study population was comprised of all female of first grade students of high schools that had 15 - 16 year old in Saravan, in academic year of 2013-2014. From this among, 30 students who their scores were highest from the questionnaire of Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM-12) (McCullough, Rachal,Sandage & Worthington, 1998), were chosen through purposive sampling method. They were assigned into two equal groups (15 participants) as experimental and control groups. Quality of life (KIDSCREEN -52) (Ravens-Sieberer Prof., et al ,2008) questionnaire was used as the pre-test, post-test and follow-up test for the two groups. The forgiveness intervention protocol was implemented on the experimental group during 12 sessions (twice per week). Then post-test, and follow up were conducted on each of the two groups. The data were analyzed by using the analysis of variance of repeat measure. The result showed that teaching of the forgiveness has been effective to improve the quality of life of female adolescents. Therefore, we can improve the quality of life of female adolescents by teaching instructional packages of forgiveness in which the ways that forgiveness effected quality of life were interpreted.

Due to easy accessibility to pornography for adolescents and youth, research on the use of pornography has proliferated in recent years. The aim of this study was to examine the role of difficulties in emotion regulation and thought control strategies on pornography use.
The population of this research included all students of the Sistan and Baluchestan University in southeastern Iran. A total of 395 students (193 men and 202 women), with a mean age of 22.35 years, were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The participants completed the standardized measures of frequency of pornography use, difficulties in emotion regulation, and thought control strategies. Data were analyzed in SPSS (v. 22) software by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression.
The results showed that 74% of men used pornography in the past 12 months; however, only 35% of women used pornography in the past 12 months. The results also revealed that pornography use was correlated with difficulties in emotion regulation and thought control strategies. Multiple regressions revealed that, in men, difficulties in emotion regulation (β=0.27; P These findings indicated that difficulties in emotion regulation and thought control strategies (distraction and social control strategies) may successfully address the frequency of pornography use.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of religious coping in psychological well-being of female-headed householders of Hashtroud city within 2013-14.Method of this research was descriptive- correlation. The statistical population was comprised of 210 female-headed householders supported by State Welfare Organization of Hashtroud. The sample included 106 subjectsestimated by Morgan table and selected by available sampling method. The instruments consisted of the religious coping scale (Aflakseir&Colman, 2011) and psychological well-being (Tabasizangani, 2005).The reliability of subscales of religious coping scalewas .79 to .89 and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of subscales of the psychological well-being questionnaire were.62 to .90.For statistical analysis, Pearson correlation and regression analysis methods were used. The results show that there was a significant and positive relationship between dimensions of positive religious coping and psychological well-being. In addition, there was a significant and negative relationship between dimensions of negative religious coping (P= 0/001) and psychological well-being(P= 0/001). The Step-Wise regression analysis shows that charitable assessment was a positive predictor for psychological well-being (Beta=0.42,P=0.001) and negative feelings toward God was a negative predictor for psychological well-being (Beta= -0.2,P=0.001).Regard to results the religious coping has a main role in preventing and decreasing emotional and mental problems. Thus, it is betterto carry out some interventions for positive religious coping to enhance psychological well-beingof female-headed households.

The purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Persian version of Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS-P) in the Iranian context. The sample of the current study included 213 students of University of Guilan. In this study the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS-P) were assessed. The results obtained from the psychometric analyses indicated that this measure had high validity and reliability. The exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that were all consistent with the results of previously conducted studies. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed model. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of Persian version of Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS-P) was 0.85. Additionally, PPUS-P was significantly and positively related to Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Finally, it was concluded that the PPUS-P can be considered as a reliable and valid scale to measure Problematic Pornography Use in Iranian samples.

The purpose of present study was to predict the religious self-determination through attachment styles. The sample size consisted of346 pre-university students (18 to 21 years) from Zahedan city that were selected through multistage cluster sampling method. Self-Regulation Questionnaire – Religion) Ryan& at al. (and Adult Attachment Scale) Collins & Read (were used to collect the data. To analyze the data Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Regression were applied. The results Pearson Correlation Coefficient demonstrated that secure attachment style had significant positive correlation with Identified religious self-determination style, anxious attachment style and Identified religious self-determination style were negatively correlated and avoidant attachment style was positively correlated with Interjected religious self-determination style. The results of the stepwise regression depicted that avoidant attachment style predicted 012/0 of the variance in Interjected religious self-determination style, and the anxious attachment style predicted037/0 of the variance in Identified religious self-determination style. Therefore any increasing in internal religious motivations can increase in controversy of the avoidant and anxious attachment styles with them.

Given that nurses need numerous skills and high concentration in their job, they endure a lot of stress leading to serious physical and psychological consequences. We aimed to investigate the effect spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy on nurses’ resilience.
Material and This correlation study was conducted on 180 nurses (149 females and 31 males) selected via stratified random sampling in Zahedan University of Medical Sciences’ Hospitals, 2013. The questionnaires were resiliency of Connor and Davidson, spiritual intelligence of King, and self-efficacy of Sherer and Maddux. The data was analyzed by Pearson Correlation and Step-wise Regression.
Nurses self-efficacy (r=0.59, p≤0.001) and nurses spiritual intelligence (r=0.50, p≤0.001) had a positive significant correlation with resiliency. Regression showed that in first step self-efficacy (0.35) and in next step self-efficacy and spiritual intelligence (0.46) were the positive predictors for resiliency.
It seemes that by developing self-efficacy and spiritual intelligence, we can increase the resilincy and consequently minimize the level of nurse's job stress.

The birth of an exceptional child in a family can be considered as an undesirable challenging event that is associated with stress, frustration and despair. Recognition and understanding religious beliefs system has a significant influence on coping with behaviors and interpretation of events .The purpose of this study was to compare the religious coping and general health of mothers of normal children and those with mentally retarded children. The research method is causal-comparative. The study sample consisted of 68 mothers with mentally retarded children and 57 mothers with normal children who were selected and homogenized through convenience sampling method. The questionnaire of Religious Coping of Aflaksier and Goldman (2011), and General Health of Goldberg (1979) were used for data collection. T test analysis was used for analyzing the data. The results of t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of mothers, with mentally retarded children and with normal children, in religious coping dimensions (P≤0.001). Descriptive data indicated that means of benevolent appraisal and active religious activity in mothers with normal children is more than the means of mothers with mentally retarded ones. Also, the results of t-test show that there is a significant difference between the two groups of mothers in means of public health (P≤0.001). The results showed that mothers of normal children have more benevolent appraisal, active religious activity and mental health. But mothers of mentally retarded children have a negative religious coping and less mental health. Therefore the instruction of benevolent and active religious coping skills is recommended for the improvement of mental health in mothers of mentally retarded children.

The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Interventions based on Positive Psychotherapy on improving coping styles, relapse prevention in diagnosed people with Substance use disorder. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest, a month Follow-up and control group. To do the Study, among the all diagnosed people with Substance use disorder that admitted to Addiction treatment centers in Zahedan city.31 persons were through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental (14 persons) and control (17 persons) groups. Both groups responded to Coping Styles Questionnaire by Billings and Mouse, at the pretest stage. In later stages of research, in the experimental group the intervention based on positive psychotherapy were conducted for 10 sessions of 60 minutes. Data was analyzed by Covariance and chi-square test. The results showed Interventions based on Positive Psychotherapy improved the coping styles and relapse prevention of experimental group patients and the effect of intervention was meaningful in posttest and follow up stage. The result of showed that Interventions based on Positive Psychotherapy can be used as an efficient way to improve coping skills and relapse prevention in patients with Substance use disorder.