سوسن علیزاده فرد

Researches have shown that mental disorders can lead to physical diseases. On the other hand, many physical diseases also coexist with each other. This study aims to investigate the effect of mental disorders on the occurrence of physical diseases in dual comorbidities. The present study was a survey-correlation study. The statistical population included men and women aged 18 to 80, residing in Tehran, who had visited medical centers due to illness in the first six months of 2019. Sampling conducted in a cluster form. The total number of participants in the project was 304 people that the number of dual comorbidity group (coexist of two diseases) was 110 people. Research tools included the standard physical illness checklist and the SCL-90 clinical symptom inventory. Machine learning used for data analyze. This work did with the help of Python-3.7.4 software and Scikit-learn-0.23.0 program. In order to check the hypotheses of the research, the random forest model strategy (Random Forest) used for machine learning. The results showed that embodied diseases related to psychological problems and the pattern of psychological disorders in these patients could predicted. In this study, it determined that blood pressure and headache influenced by aggression, heart problems and arthritis related to depression, diabetes related to anxiety pattern, respiratory and digestive problems influenced by phobia, obesity and allergies related to obsession; and finally, skin diseases affected by interactive and interpersonal problems. In addition, a pattern of physical diseases identified by examining psychological disorders. The results showed that interpersonal interactions, obsession and anxiety have the most relationship with the incidence of obesity; depression has the greatest effect on heart diseases, phobia related to respiratory diseases, and aggression also related to diabetes. But interestingly, the highest correlation and the most significant pattern saw between obsession and obesity. With the help of machine learning method, this research showed that there are significant relationships between physical diseases and psychological disorders, as patterns of these relationships can inferred. The understanding and identification of these dual comorbidities will not only improve our knowledge in the boundaries of knowledge, but also have practical applications in pathology, treatment and design of special interventions for physical and psychological disorders. Also, the alignment of these results with previous research literature is a confirmation of the application of machine learning in later psychology and health studies

Quality of life is important in improving the health of patients. The current study was developed to present a structural model of quality of life and health promotion of women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) based on illness perception, health hardiness with the mediating role of social cognition.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of all women with MS who were members of the MS Association of Iran and referred to the MS Research Center of Sina Hospital in Tehran, which numbered 470 in 1401, using the available and voluntary methods, to the MSIS-29 questionnaires, short-form illness perception, RHHI-24 and Emotion Recognition Task (social cognition) were answered online.

Data analysis showed that the structural model of the quality of life of women with MS based on illness perception and health hardiness with the mediating role of social cognition has a favorable fit of 0.375. There was a negative and significant relationship between quality of life, illness perception with the mediation of social cognition with an influence coefficient of -0.124, and between quality of life and health hardiness with the mediation of social cognition with an influence coefficient of -0.60 (P < 0.05).

Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the mediating role of social cognition in the impact of illness perception and health hardiness on the quality of life can provide a suitable model to explain the psychological improvement of women with MS.

Mental representations are one of the most advanced aspects of human cognition and can affect the mental experience of ownership of each person's body. Based on this, the present study, which is a two-stage mixed research, after inducing three levels of social-cognitive factors (equivalent to the individual, higher level, lower level), explained and predicted the mental ownership of the body. Is. The statistical population of the research included the students of Payam Noor University in Tehran, from which 61 women and 47 men were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included the artificial hand error test of Cohen and Botvinik (1998), the subjective report questionnaire of the experience of owning an artificial hand by Longo et al. (2008) and the 12-block computer program of Tamir and Thornton's three-dimensional mental model for implicit and explicit association of social cognition representations. Data analysis with Pearson's correlation test showed that only the correlation of hand error scores and social cognition components at the third (lower) level was significant. Also, the standard multiple regression analysis showed that in explaining hand error at the third (lower) level, based on obvious association; Disgust only (Beta = -1.52), and based on implicit association; Friendship (Beta = 0.63), disgust (Beta = -0.55), and satisfaction (Beta = 0.26) were able to predict artificial hand error, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the identification of people with those who get a lower social status in the subjective evaluations of the person can occur less often.

The present study employs structural equation modeling to assess the fit of a structural model encompassing obsessive beliefs grounded in executive functions, with emotion regulation as a mediating factor within a non-clinical population. The sample comprises 400 adults aged 20 to 50 in Tehran, selected from the general population via the available sampling method. The data collection instruments encompassed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), the Executive Functioning Questionnaire -Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ). The analysis of structural model fit indices revealed that they all fell within an acceptable range, thus affirming the suitability of the research's structural model. According to this model, executive functions exhibited significant effects on adaptive emotion regulation and maladaptive emotion regulation with standard coefficients of -0.45 and 0.76, respectively. Furthermore, adaptive emotion regulation with a standard coefficient of -0.10 and maladaptive emotion regulation with a standard coefficient of 0.63 were significantly impacted obsessive beliefs. To evaluate mediating relationships, the bootstrap test results were examined. It was found that the effect of executive functions on obsessive beliefs, mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation, was significant with standard coefficient of 0.478 at the p < 0.01 level. However, the effect of executive functions on obsessive beliefs, mediated by adaptive emotion regulation, was not significant with a standard coefficient of 0.045 at the p < 0.05 level. The findings of the study hold practical implications for the prevention of obsessive belief development and the alleviation of obsession-related suffering.

The present research aimed to investigate the changes in empathy and emotion recognition of stimulant-dependent and substance-dependent individuals after two months, six months, and one year of treatment and comparing it with healthy individuals.

The current research was causal-comparative of longitudinal type. The statistical population included all substance-dependent individuals under treatment in addiction treatment clinics and healthy individuals of their families in the city of Tehran in 2021. A sample of 102 people (including 34 substance-dependent individuals, 34 stimulant-dependent individuals, and 34 healthy individuals from their families) were selected through the convenience sampling method. The research tools were the empathy test and the facial emotion recognition task.

The results showed that during the treatment, the empathy of substance-dependent individuals increased, and after one year, there was no difference between the substance-dependent group and the healthy group, while the empathy of the stimulant-dependent group still did not reach the level of healthy individuals. Also, it was found that during the treatment, emotion recognition increased in both substance-dependent groups, but even after one year, there was a significant difference between the two substance-dependent groups and healthy individuals regarding emotion perception scores.

This research showed that among the long-term cognitive damages of substance use are the effects related to social cognition abilities such as empathy and emotion recognition, indicating the importance of paying attention to the long-term effects of substance use and long-term cognitive rehabilitation and therapeutic measures.

Quality of life plays a significant role in improving the health of chronic patients. This study was developed in order to predict the quality of life of women with multiple sclerosis based on the illness perception, health hardiness and self-compassion.

This was a descriptive-correlation study. 470 women with MS who were members of the MS Association of Iran during the first six months of 1401 were selected by convenient sampling and were asked MSIS, Brief Broadbent illness perception, Revised Health Hardiness  Inventory -24, and the self-compassion questionnaire.

There were significant and negative correlation coefficients between the variables of illness perception, health hardiness and self-compassion with the quality of life. Illness perception, health hardiness and self-compassion purely explained 39% of the changes in quality of life in the equation.

According to the results, it seems that it is possible to improve the quality of life of women with MS by using methods to increase the illness perception, health hardiness and self-compassion.

This research was conducted with the aim of predicting self-harm behaviors based on time perception, depression and self-forgiveness in adolescents. The research method was descriptive correlation study. The statistical population included all students aged 12 to 18 in Tehran. The sample consisted of 200 people who were selected by using cluster random sampling method. Mello and Worrell's time perception questionnaire (2015), Beck's depression questionnaire (1961), Kavinsky and Glenn's (2009) self-harm behaviors questionnaire, and Woll, D. Shi, Vakini's (2008) self-forgiveness questionnaire were used as instruments. Data analysis was done by structural equation method using PLS-3 software. The results showed that depression, self-forgiveness, positive and negative present have a significant direct effect on self-harm behaviors. This is while the negative present and the negative past with the mediation of depression and the positive present with the mediation of self-forgiveness have a significant indirect effect on self-harm behaviors. According to the findings of this research, it is clear that depression, negative past and negative present, with the mediation of depression, increase self-forgiveness and positive present decrease self-harming behaviors. Overall, the results support the role of time perspective in predicting the disorder of self-harm behaviors in adolescents, and therefore it can be used in prevention and formulation of intervention programs.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of uncertainty about others on conformity to prosocial behavior and the moderating role of gender and need for closure.

The statistical population of this study included men and women aged 20 to 40, which 120 subjects were selected through available sampling. A computer-based task in the form of a profitable game was designed using the Psychopy software to assess the prosocial behavior of the participants in different conditions of ambiguous stimulus exposure. Also, a short form of the Need for Closure Questionnaire by Reiss and Pilati (2020) was employed. The data were modeled using mixed models' methods in the R software.

In the modeling of the results of the research, the most favorable model showed that exposure to an ambiguous stimulus with a coefficient of 0.84 and the variable of the need to be closure with a coefficient of 0.54 led to an increase in conformity behavior in conformity of prosocial behavior. and the need to closure has a moderating role. Also, gender was not included in the optimal model and its effect was not significant.

The results of the current study showed that exposure to ambiguous conditions causes an increase in conformity of prosocial behavior and that the need for closure has a positive role in this effect; however, gender does not play a role in this effect.

The aim of present study is determining the fit of the obsessive beliefs model based on social perception, theory of mind or mentalization, and empathy with the mediation of emotional regulation in a non-clinical population. The sample consisted of 400 adults aged 25 to 50 in Tehran selected by using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included OBQ Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT), Baron and Cohen’s (2001) Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright's Empathy Quotient Scale (2004), and Kraaij and Garnefski's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2019). According to the results, the exogenous variables of social perception and empathy along with the mediator variable "positive emotion regulation strategies and negative emotion regulation strategies" had a significant effect on the criterion variable i.e. obsessive beliefs. Thus, social perception, empathy and positive emotion regulation strategies were able to predict obsessive beliefs. Among the path coefficients between research variables, the coefficients of the exogenous variable of mentalization on the criterion variable (obsessive beliefs) and negative emotional regulation strategies (as a mediating variable) had no significant effect. These findings have many practical implications both for prevention and providing more comprehensive and better treatments for obsessions.

The Quality of Life decreases in chronic debilitating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, and interactions in the desired range of Social Cognition have beneficial effects in increasing the quality of life of patients. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between social cognition and quality of life in affected women.

A descriptive-analytical study of the correlation type with multiple regression analysis, in which 470 women with MS were selected from patients who were members of the Iranian MS Association in 1401 by the available sampling method, and were asked specific quality of life questionnaires for MS patients. MSIS-29 and Emotion Recognition Task (Social Cognition) responded.

The average age was 38.79 ± 8.91 years old and the most common type of disease was relapsing-remitting MS (49.4%). The quality of life (Average score) was between 58 and 87. To predict the quality of life using social cognition in the last step of multiple regression, the coefficient of determination was 0.407. People who recognized the emotions of fear, anger, disgust, surprise and sadness better had a higher quality of life. There was no significant relationship between happiness and quality of life. The components of surprise, sadness, disgust and fear purely explained 40% of the changes in the quality of life.

Increasing social cognition in recognizing the main facial emotions increases the quality of life of people with MS.

The aim of this research was the construction of the Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test and its prediction with place attachment and environmental identity in students.
The research was kind of surveying and descriptive (correlation). Its statistical population was composed of all students of Tehran public universities and 207 of them were selected by volunteering method. Research tools included the Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test (researcher-built), Place Attachment Scale (Saffarinia, 2011), and Environmental Identity Scale (Clayton, 2003). For measuring the scale`s reliability was used of Cronbach`s alpha coefficient and test-retest method and for studying validity was used of concurrent validity (Pearson correlation coefficient). In addition, to study the fitness of hypothesized model of the relationship between environmental identity and connectedness with nature with mediating of place attachment components was used path analysis method.
The reliability coefficients by means of the test-retest method showed that the test has satisfactory reliability. In addition, the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between place attachment and environmental identity with connectedness with nature (p<0.01) implying that relatively high concurrent validity Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test with place attachment and environmental identity scales. Results of path analysis showed that the modified model had acceptable fitness with data, and therefore environmental identity through place identity and emotional attachment influence directly and indirectly on connectedness with nature, and among components of place attachment only place identity and emotional attachment mediated relationship between environmental identity and connectedness with nature.
According to the research results, recommended to environment stakeholders and environmental psychologists that exhibiting educational workshops educate and develop Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test and connectedness with nature and place attachment concepts and for increasing connectedness with nature activities for reinforcing place attachment and environmental identity.

The purpose of this study was to predict bullying behavior of students based on dark triad of personality and time perspective.

The research method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male students studying in Tehran in academic year 2018-2019. Using cluster random sampling, 200 eligible students were selected. In this study, The Adolescent Time Inventory (Mello & Worrell), Illinois Bullying Scale (Espelage & Holt) and dark triad of personality (Jonason &Webster) were used as the instruments.

The results indicated that dark triad of personality, machiavellialism, narcissism, and past negative can predict 61% of variances in bullying behavior in students. In addition, negative past indirectly predicts bullying behavior by mediating machiavellialism (P< 0/001).

The results of this study emphasize the importance of understanding the dimensions of time perception and dark triad of personality in reducing bullying behavior in students.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of women's sexual cycles on executive functions and emotional recognition.

The present study is a descriptive causal-comparative study that studied a group of women in three sexual stages (bleeding, follicular, and luteal). The research sample consisted of 30 healthy female volunteers aged 20 to 40 years from the city of Isfahan who were selected from Isfahan by available means and according to the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included Wisconsin Card Classification Test software, Stroop Test software, NBK test software, and Montania et al. (2007) Emotion Recognition Scale.

According to the results of repeated measures analysis of variance, there was no difference in executive functions and recognition of facial emotion in different sexual cycles in healthy Iranian women aged 20 to 40 years.

Given that recent findings with brain imaging technologies have shown that hormone levels in the brain affect both brain structure and function, further studies with more accurate tools to determine the effects of hormones on cognitive and executive functions And face processing is necessary. Because, these differences seem to be so subtle that tools such as the tests used in this study, could not detect it.

Objectives :

One of the most common problems in old age is mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which, in addition to cognitive problems, reduces important aspects of social cognition ability such as facial emotion recognition (FER). One of the effective methods in this field is social cognition and interaction training (SCIT). The present study aims to investigate the effect of SCIT on FER  in the elderly with MCI.

Methods & Materials :

This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest/post-test/follow-up design. The study population includes all the elderly over 60 years with MCI living in nursing homes in Tehran, Iran in 2021. Of these, 40 were selected by purposive and convenience sampling methods and randomly assigned to intervention (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The intervention group received group SCIT at 20 sessions of 60 minutes for two months. During this period, the control group had no training. The used test included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test and the Face Emotion Recognition Test. The data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test in SPSS software, version 23. 

Results :

The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that the group and time factors explained 51% and 71% of variances in FER, respectively. The results of Bonferroni test showed that FER score in the intervention group was increased immediately after and two months after training, indicating that SCIT had a significant effect on FER (P<0.001). However, FER score in the control group did not show a significant change.

Conclusion:

 The SCIT can be used as an effective method to increase FER in the elderly by using techniques such as examining the role of emotions in social environments and developing emotion recognition skills.

Eating disorder is a complex psychiatric illness that is chronic and debilitating. In recent decades, the cognitive model of eating disorders has been at the forefront of theorizing, research, and treatment. New research uses two distinct theoretical models for explicit and implicit information processing and evaluation. The aim of the present study was to compare the implicit and explicit associations of depression, anxiety and food attitudes in people with eating disorders and healthy people. The method of study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes people with eating disorders in Tehran who have referred to medical and counseling centers in the first six months of 1399. The sampling method was cluster accessible and purposeful. The sample size was 300 people who were examined with SCL-90 questionnaires, Ahvaz Eating Disorder Inventory (Sharififard, 1998), Food Attitude Scale (Teachman et al., 2003) and computer-based task of implicit association test (Greenwald et al., 1998). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance, which showed there is a significant difference between people with eating disorders and healthy people in explicit and implicit association of depression, in implicit association of anxiety, and in explicit association of eating attitudes. The results of regression analysis also showed that only explicit and implicit association of depression, and implicit association of anxiety can significantly predict eating disorder. These results confirm the role of implicit and explicit associations in the clinical field; and helps to better understand eating disorder, to be considered in the development of educational programs and psychological interventions.

The aim of this study was to compare the implicit and explicit associations of aggression and anxiety in boy adolescents with and without bullying behavior. The research method was descriptive correlational and its statistical population included 12 to 19 year old male students in Tehran in the first and second secondary school that 113 students were selected by cluster sampling method in the academic year of 2019-2020 In order to identify students with and without bullying, the Peer Bullying Nomination Form (Pekarik et al. 1976) was used. To collect research data, the Illinois Bullying Questionnaire (Espelage, Holt.2001), the Sc-l90 Clinical Symptoms checklist (Derogatis & lipman, Covi.1973), and Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Greenwald et al. 1998) were used. Data were analyzed by using average comparison test and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that the difference in implicit association scores of aggression and anxiety in two groups with and without bullying was significant; But only the explicit association scores of aggression were significant in two groups and the explicit association of anxiety was not different in two groups. Results also showed that explicit and implicit associations of aggression, and implicit association of anxiety can predict bullying behavior with confidence (p≥ 0.0001). These results confirm the role of implicit and explicit associations in the clinical field; and helps to better understand bullying behavior, to be considered in the development of educational programs and psychological interventions.

Mental representations are to be considered as the most advanced aspects of human cognition and in addition to their own physical representations, representations of social cognition of others can also affect the mental experience of each person's ownership of their body. Accordingly, the present research as a quasi-experimental study based on repeated measures, was conducted in order to investigate the effect of social cognitive representation on the mental property of the body. The population of the study consisted of all Students of Payame Noor University of Tehran from which 61 females and 47 males were selected by convenience sampling. The research instruments included Cohen and Botvinick's (1998) Rubber Hand Illusion Test, and Longo, et al.'s (2008) Rubber Hand Ownership Experience Mental Report Questionnaire. Induction of representations of social cognition was based on the three-dimensional mental model of social cognition by Tamir and Thornton (2020). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS-22 software. According to the findings, the error score of the rubber hand was higher than the rubber hand with the color close to the body and green, which was defined in terms of the factors of the levels of the three-dimensional model of social cognition at the extreme level, and lower than the blue rubber hand, which was at extremely low levels of the mental three-dimensional model. The results indicated that in social relations, the identification of individuals with those who have gained a higher social status in mental evaluations can be more than those who have gained a lower social status in mental representations.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of SNARC between people with hyperactivity, and attention deficit and healthy people in Iranian adolescents.

The research design was descriptive and causal-comparative. Statistical populations of the study were 10-15 years old adolescents of Tehran. The sample group consisted of 30 individuals with hyperactivity, 30 individuals with attention-deficit, and 30 normal individuals who were selected by convenience and targeted manner sampling method. All of them responded to Magnitude Judgment Task (Georges, 2017).

The results showed the significant effect of SANRC in adolescents with the hyperactivity, group attention-deficit, and normal people, so that the highest amount was in hyperactivity and the lowest amount was in the normal group. This effect was seen as a representation of small numbers on the right side, and large numbers on the left side. Also the normal group gave the most correct answers and the attention-deficit group gave the least number of correct answers. The reaction time of the attention-deficit group was the highest, and the hyperactive group had the lowest.

These results imply that SANRS has an inverse reaction time. effect in Persian-speaking Iranians, and a greater effect in people with ADHD disorder.

Following the pandemic of corona disease in Iran and around the world, the most important goal of health policies focused on compliance with prevention behaviors, and its evaluating. One of the most effective model based on social psychology is Health Belief Model that has been employed in many studies as different aspects of preventive behaviors.

The main purpose was study the relationship between compliance with preventive behaviors of corona disease with health belief model, and predicting the high level and low level of compliance with these behaviors based on health belief model variables.

The present study was a descriptive-correlational study in terms of its method. The statistical population consisted of all adults aged +20 who lived in Tehran. 472 voluntary subjects were selected through online recall method. The instruments of the study included the compliance with preventive behaviors of corona scale (CPBC), and the corona health belief model inventory (CHBM). Both measures were developed and standardized by the researchers. Data were analyzed by using regression analysis.

The Means of CPBC in all participants was 3.38 ± 0.83, thereupon two groups were formed accordingly, as high group (4.18±0.17) and low group (1.92±0/28). The findings show that high level of compliance could be predict by severity, benefits; and barriers; and low level of compliance by age, benefits, and barriers.

Since preventive behaviors were known as the best way to control of corona virus outbreak, there is a great value of identifying variables that might mitigate or exacerbate compliance could contribute greatly to the development of more effective health planning in Iranian society. Therefore, increase the benefits and reduce the barriers of prevention behaviors could be effective, and consequently, corona virus transmission could be decreased.

Human has always been interested in thinking about nature of self, and knowing its dimensions. In fact, different information is forming psychological and embodied representations through cognitive processes. The result of these representations is two types of mental sense of self: body self-awareness, and psychological self-awareness. Sometimes, the real representation makes mistake and, under certain circumstances, experiences an artificial hand as a real one. This study was designed and conducted to predicting rubber hand illusion based on embodied and psychological self-awareness. The statistical population consisted of all male and female students living in Tehran. A sample of 167 people (96 females and 71 males) were selected by convenience sampling method. Research instruments included the self-consciousness scale (Fenigstein et al., 1975), and embodied sense of self scale (Asai et al., 2016) as well as performing Rubber hand illusion testing. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and AMOS software. The results of path analysis showed that the dimensions of psychological and embodied self-awareness have a negative and significant direct relationship with rubber hand illusion. Also private self-awareness mediated by embodied ownership and agency awareness; and public self-awareness mediated by embodied ownership awareness are negatively and indirectly related to rubber hand illusion. These results indicate the role of different dimensions of consciousness in body representations and have created new insights into the boundaries of knowledge related to these concepts.

Marriage is the most important decision of an individual's life; and marriage satisfaction is also the main determinant of quality of life and mental health. Many researchers have tried to identify the factors affecting marital satisfaction and determine the relationships between them. The aim of this study was to investigate the fit of the structural model of the relationship between marital satisfaction, cognitive-moral foundations and marital commitment. The research method was descriptive-correlational by using structural equation modeling method. The statistical population was married men and women in Tehran. A sample of 230 people (122 females and 108 males) were selected by convenience sampling method. The instruments used included the Marital Commitment Questionnaire (Adams & Jones, 1997), the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ30) (Haidt, Graham, 2007), and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Olson et al., 1989). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling by using SPSS-21 and PLS-3 software. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the model of relationship between marital satisfaction, marital commitment and moral foundations had a good fit. According to the results, higher levels of commitment and positive moral values could predicted the higher levels of marital satisfaction. The mediating role of marital commitment between the moral foundations of careing, loyalty, and sanctity with marital satisfaction was also confirmed. These results have practical implications for the design and implementation of psychological interventions for marital problems and by targeting moral foundations can promote the marital commitment and satisfaction.

One of the main areas of activity of emotions is arousal and their regulation in response to stressors. In this area, emotional and behavioral regulation strategies are considered as coping strategies that play a key role in both concepts of regulatory processes. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the behavioral emotion regulation questionnaire which developed by Garnefski & Kraaij (2019). The statistical population was the adults of Tehran that a sample of 320 people (193 females and 127 males) answered the behavioral emotion regulation (BERQ) and cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) questionnaires. The results showed that the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire using the retest method was 0.82 and cronbach's alpha was 0.73, which indicates its optimal reliability. The results of exploratory factor analysis also indicated the existence of five factors: seeking distraction, withdrawal, activity Approaching, seeking social support, and ignoring, which explained 66.84% of the total variance. Overall, the results indicate that this questionnaire for use in Iranian society has acceptable validity and reliability.

Researchers seek to find more effective therapeutic approaches to treat various diseases. The aim of this study was to compare meta-analysis of the effectiveness of second and third wave therapies on chronic pain.

The research method is meta-analysis. The study population includes all scientific research articles published in Iran that have been performed in the field of effectiveness of second and third wave psychological treatments for chronic pain. The sample size also includes scientific research articles that have been published between 2001 and 2017 and have the necessary conditions in terms of methodology. The research tool is a content analysis checklist by examining the magnitude of the effect of each of the second and third wave psychotherapies. The effect size scale was the mean difference and the statistical analysis was performed with comprehensive meta-analysis software.

The results showed that the average size of Cohen's effect in the second wave studies was 1.816 and in the third wave studies was 1.181 and in 74% of cases, second wave psychotherapy and in 65% of cases, third wave psychotherapy had a significant effect on chronic pain intensity. has it.

It seems that the second and third wave psychotherapy has a high effect on reducing the severity of chronic pain. However, the effect of the second wave of psychotherapy is greater.

Workplace bullying can be considered as one of the main causes of stress in the work setting that has adverse consequences. Many researchers attribute bullying to attitudes that stem from interpersonal interactions in the context of the workplace; therefore concepts based on social exchange theory are expected to be helpful in this regard. This study aimed to predict bullying behavior in nurses' workplaces based on social exchange styles.

The research method was correlational and the statistical population included nurses working in Tehran hospitals. 250 nurses from three educational hospitals were selected by available cluster sampling. The Workplace Bullying Questionnaire (Einarsen, 2009) and the Social Exchange Styles Scale (Leybman, 2011) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.

The results showed that fairness and overinvestment exchange style can significantly predict workplace bullying behavior in nurses (p≥0.05).

These results confirm the role of social exchange styles with workplace bullying behavior and can be effective in better understanding, and designing educational and psychological interventions

The aim of this study was to compare the explicit and implicit associations of moral foundations in students with bullying behavior. The research method was descriptive and the statistical population included high school male students in first and second cycle in Tehran. 113 students from four high schools were selected by cluster available sampling method in the academic year of 1998-99. To collect data, the Illinois Bullying Questionnaire, the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Hyatt and Graham, 2007) , and the Implicit Association Test for moral foundations (IAT) were used. Data were analyzed by using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that explicit associations in the ethical dimensions of care/harm and authority/subversion; and implicit associations in the dimensions of fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, and sanctity/degradation could predict bullying behavior with confidence (p≥ 0.0001). These results confirm the interaction of the explicit and implicit role of moral foundations in relation to bullying behavior and could be effective in better understanding and designing training, and psychological interventions.