شمس الدین نیکنامی

Self-care activities have been used as a framework for patient-centered diabetes education. Accumulating evidence suggests that patients who take a more active role in their care process achieve better health outcomes. The present study aimed to design a systematic review of scientific resources over the past decade to identify variables that determine self-care behaviors in patients with type II diabetes (T2D).

MeSH keywords were applied to search several databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Med line, DOAJ, Oxford, and the Scientific Information Database for English and Persian language studies between August 2010 and 2019. The process of conducting and reporting this systematic review was guided according to the statements of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA).

The literature search yielded 1,813 publications, of which 62 were included in this study after eliminating non-relevant and overlapping papers. A total of 18 factors and variables determining self-care behaviors were obtained in patients with T2D. The most influential variables were self-efficacy, knowledge, level of education, age, duration of diabetes, and health literacy.

In sum, six main factors were identified as determinants of self-care behaviors in patients with T2D which self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of self-care and is expected to be considered in designing and implementing educational programs and behavior change in diabetic patients. Further studies in the future may support the findings of this review study.

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common types of anemia in the world, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the effect of blended educational package designed on the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls.

quasi-experimental research (intervention-control) was done. A researcher-made questionnaire which was validated by content validity method and its reliability was test-retested. The statistical population of the study: 120 female high school students in Kermanshah in the 2019-20 academic year were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The designed blended educational package containing conversational and lecture sessions (oral), written (pamphlet) and sending virtual messages through Soroush messenger was prepared for the age group of 14-19 years. The research instruments included a demographic information questionnaire and iron deficiency anemia questionnaire Data with SPSS version 19 and descriptive statistics; Mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics; Leven test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and analysis of covariance and ANOVA were analyzed.

Mean and standard deviation of knowledge before and after training were 27.89 ± 4.39 and after the intervention were 30.19± 3.9, respectively, which was statistically significant (p = 0.011.) Mean and standard deviation for attitude before and after training 40.17 8 8.68 and after the intervention 58.97 ± 7.97 that this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.009) Means & SD of performance before and after training to the order was 24.3±8. 5.1 and after the intervention was 30.72 ± 3.11 which was statistically significant (p = 0.003). The mean of knowledge, attitude and practice of the two groups before training were not significantly different, but after the intervention, the mean score of knowledge (p = 0.011), attitude (p = 0.009) and performance (p = 0.003) of the intervention group compared to the control group found a significant difference.

The results indicate the effect of blended educational package on knowledge, attitude and short-term performance of female students in the field of prevention of iron deficiency anemia.

Self-care behaviors during pregnancy can be effective in reducing the adverse consequences of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the integrated model of health belief model with the structure of social support on self-care behaviors during pregnancy.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study conducted among 90 pregnant women in the first abdomen of Iranshahr in 2017. The samples were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups of intervention (45 people) and control (45 people).5 training sessions were held for the intervention group and no intervention was performed in the control group. Six months after the training intervention, the questionnaire was completed by both groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and independent t-test, paired t-test and chi-square test.

The results showed that the mean scores of pregnant mothers in Perceived susceptibility structures 1.74(±0/17), Perceived severity 4.55(±0/05), Perceived benefits 0.63(±0/05), self-efficacy 3.67(±0/41), social support structure 5.13(±0/63) and self-care behaviors 3.15(±0/38) showed a significant increase in the intervention group (p<0.001). In the comparison of birth weight, there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups after the educational intervention (P = 0.036).

The combination of health belief model and social support structure can be used as a suitable framework for designing and implementing educational interventions aimed at promoting the self-care behaviors of pregnant women and birth weight.

Despite the existence of numerous tools to measure health literacy, there is no general agreement on this issue. Researchers around the world have been involved in the development of an instrument to measure health literacy. The psychometric properties of the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) scale have been approved in the general population; however, the validity and reliability of this indigenous questionnaire has not been explored in students. Therefore, due to demographic differences, the present study investigated this questionnaire in a sample of students for structural validity and reliability. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2016, in Tehran City, Iran. A single-stage cluster sampling technique was used for sampling. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to verify the reliability of the questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the validity of the constructs by LISREL software. 

The mean±SD age of studied students was 22.93±4.05 years. The questionnaire had a desirable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient: 0.77-0.90) to assess health literacy in participating students. The confirmatory factor analysis result was satisfactory for its overall fitness. (RMSEA=0.095, CFI=0.94, NFI=0.92, NNFI=0.94, SRMR=0.075, X2/df=4.09). 

The study findings revealed that HELIA is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health literacy among students.

Echinococcosisis one of the most important parasitic zoonotic diseases that is important in many parts of the world, like Iran, in medical, veterinary and even economic fields. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge andattitude of health care provider in Amol county in preventing the echinococcosis.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 194 of Health Care Provider were selected viacensus method.Data Collection Toolswas a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographic information, knowledge and attitude. To analyze the data, descriptive and analytical statistics were used using SPSS 18 software.The significance level was considered to be 0.05.

The mean score of knowledge was 61.8 ± 17.9 and the attitude was 57.4 ± 21.4, respectively. Among the variables studied, exposure, education, and male gender were more knowledgeable (P<0.05). There was also a significant association between the history of exposure to disease and attitude (P<0.05). The association between knowledge and attitude showed that there is a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (P <0.05).

Knowledge and attitude of Amol's health care provider in preventing the echinococcosis are moderate and education improves two components. Also, revising the form and content of education, adopting a comprehensive approach, providing appropriate and effective teaching materials and placing it at the disposal of health care providers seems necessary

Health literacy plays a remarkable role in determining the status of people who smoke. In recent years, the smoking rate has been increased among university students. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy skills and adoption of preventive smoking behaviors among university students. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 347 students living in dormitories affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were selected through single-stage cluster sampling in 2016. The data were collected using the health literacy inventory for adults and a researcher-made questionnaire in order to assess the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (Version. 16) through descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient. Ethics code: IR.TMU.REC.1394.172   The mean scores of health literacy and the adoption of preventive smoking behaviors were 70.52±14.12 and 39.01±19.96, respectively, regarding the total score of 100. Moreover, there was a direct and significant relationship between health literacy (r=0.146) and dimensions of decision making and application of health information (r=0.161), reading (r=0.14), and appraisal (r=0.112) with the adoption of preventive smoking behaviors. However, this association was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The results show that special attention should be paid to health literacy and its influencing factors, especially in dormitories, in order to promote the adoption of preventive smoking behaviors among university students.

Mothers' health literacy is a key and important factor in ensuring prenatal cares,prenatal health, and the successful outcomes of this period. The aim of this study was to determine the predicting fators influencing prenatal care based on health literacy and demographic variables in pregnant women of Balochistan. This cross sectional study applied cluster-multistage sampling method to select 430 pregnant women referred to health centers of Balochistanin from june to september 2017. Data were collected using Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and Researcher-Made prenatal care questionnaires. Data analysis was descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The mean and standard deviation of prenatal care behaviors and health literacy were 13.11±2.18 from 22 and 65.97±17.49 from 100, respectively. The results showed that 17.3% (n=75) of the pregnant women had low health literacy, 30.6% (n=132) not so inadequate literacy, 35.3% (n=153) adequate health literacy, and 16.07% (n=70) excellent health literacy. The results showed that only health literacy among the demographic variables could predict the prenatal care behaviors (P = 0.004, OR=1.027). that shows with 1 unit increase in this variable, prenatal care increased by as much as 1.027. Due to the prediction of health literacy on prenatal care extensive education based on health literacy strategies is essential for improving prenatal care.

According to the researchers' recommendations for applying the Health Belief Model (HBM) in smoking prevention, increasing smoking among students and the role of attitude in smoking prevention, this study was implemented aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on HBM on University students' attitude towards smoking prevention.

This was a quasi-experimental interventional study that was conducted in 2016 and among 130 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran (65 in each intervention and control group). Data gathering tool was demographic and background characteristics questionnaire and a valid and reliable questionnaire based on HBM about smoking disadvantage that was completed in two stages before and three months after the intervention. Educational intervention was performed using telegram application and educational messages were sent to the students of the intervention group in 6 sessions. The collected data were analyzed using proportional tests and SPSS software version 18.  

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between demographic and background variables, and mean scores of all the constructs of HBM in both groups (P>0.05). Three months after intervention, comparing two groups showed that the mean scores of all the constructs have changed significantly in intervention group compared to control group (P<0.05). 

Considering the effectiveness of intervention through telegram application and based on HBM on university students' attitudes toward smoking prevention, it is suggested that research be conducted on the effects of telegram usage on other health problems of university students.

 Iron deficiency is one of the main causes of anemia, especially in girls. Approximately, more than 30% of the world population have anemia. This problem suggests general malnutrition or insufficient iron in diet.

 This study aimed to investigate the effect of visual media education on awareness, attitude and function of female students in Chabahar regarding iron deficiency anemia.
Material and

 The present study is semi-experimental (case-control). The data were collected through researcher- made questionnaire which its validity and reliability was confirmed by content validity and test-retest reliability. The samples consisted of 140 high school students in Chabahar during 1392-93. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. In this interventional study, a 15-minute educational clip was produced for 14-19 year girls and a questionnaire was designed for this age group considering the context of educational clip. Then participants were given questionnaires during three stages including before, immediately after, a month after the intervention. Data were analyzed through descriptive tests, and RM ANOVA at the level of alpha 0.05.

 Totally, 140 students were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The mean of awareness, attitude and practice about anemia was not statistically significant between control and case groups before the intervention while it was different after the intervention (P<0.05). Before the study, all patients claimed that the main sources of information were teachers (27.8%), medical team (20.0%), and friends (19.2%). Discussion and Conclusion:  This study indicated the effectiveness of educational clip on the awareness, attitude and short-term performance of students in terms of iron deficiency. So, it is recommended that health workers employ the educational plans widely to promote public health among high school girls.

Diabetes is one of the most expensive and chronic diseases of elderly age. Knowledge, participation of the elderly and self-care behaviors play an important role in diabetes treatment and preventing its side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on knowledge and self-care in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Khorzugh city, Isfahan province. This interventional quasi-experimental study was performed on 80 available diabetic elderly people in 1396 in Khorzugh, Isfahan. Participants were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention was designed in 3 sessions (45 minutes) for the intervention group and 2 sessions for elderly and their relatives in two direct and indirect methods. Two months after completing the intervention, a post-test was performed. For data collection, a researcher made questionnaire was used. For analyzing the data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Chi-Square tests, t-test and paired t-test were done using in SPSS16 software. Comparing the mean scores of knowledge (P = 0.860) and self-care (P = 0.875), there was no significant difference between two intervention and control groups before intervention, but after the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge and self-care in the intervention group were significantly more than control group (P < 0.001). Also, at level of physical activity (P = 0.651) and regular use of drug (P = 0.551) between the intervention and control groups after the intervention, and the mean scores of knowledge (P = 0.563) and self-care (P=0.237) in control group before and after the intervention, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05). Knowledge level, self-care education and, therefore, self-care behavior of the elderly have a vital role in controlling diabetes and preventing its complications. Also, efforts to educate their relatives and increase their awareness can be very effective in increasing the ability of the elderly to care for themselves.

  Considering the relatively high prevalence of smoking among students and the role of knowledge and attitude in smoking prevention, the present study aimed to determine the effect of education on knowledge and attitude towards the harmful effects of smoking among students. This was a quasi-experimental interventional study conducted in 2016 among 130 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran (65 students in each intervention and control groups). Data gathering tool was a demographic and background characteristics questionnaire. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and attitude towards the harmfulness of smoking that was completed in two stages before and three months after the intervention. In this study, education was performed using Social Networks and educational messages were sent to the students of the intervention group in 6 sessions.
The collected data were analyzed through the proportional tests and SPSS software version 16. All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards. There was no significant difference between demographic and background variables before the intervention and also the mean scores of knowledge and attitude towards the harmfulness of smoking in both groups (p > 0.05). Comparing two groups after the intervention showed that the mean scores of knowledge and attitude towards the harmfulness of smoking have changed significantly in experimental group compared to control group (p < 0.05). Social networking can be used in educational interventions to promote knowledge and attitude towards the harmful effects of smoking in students.

Considering the increase in smoking among University students and the effect of health literacy on the adoption of preventive behaviors, this study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention on health literacy and adoption of smoking preventive behaviors among students. The present study was a quasi-experimental interventional study that was conducted in 2016 and among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. In this study, 130 students (65 in each intervention and control group), were selected using random Multi-Stages sampling method and entered the study. Educational intervention was performed using telegram application and educational messages were sent to the students of the intervention group in 6 sessions. The data gathering tool was demographic and background characteristics questionnaire, Health Literacy questionnaire (HELIA) and smoking preventive behavior questionnaire, which was completed in three stages before, immediately and three months after the intervention. The data were collected and were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between demographic and background variables, underlying level of Health literacy and adoption of preventive behaviors, in both groups (P>0.05). After the intervention, comparing two groups showed that the mean scores of Health literacy and adoption of smoking preventive behaviors, have increased significantly in experimental group compared to control group (P<0.05). Educational intervention through Telegram application was effective in promoting Health literacy and the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors among university students.

Incorporation of health literacy (HL) into health belief model (HBM) assist in strengthening the performance of this model in predicting smoking preventive behavior. However, the type of such an effect and the way in which the HL works in this hybrid model has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the influencing ways of HL on adoption of smoking preventive behavior in HBM incorporated with HL. In this cross-sectional study, 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were enrolled using single-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire based on HBM on smoking prevention and HL questionnaire (HELIA). Data were All analyzed using SPSS version 16 and path analysis method based on single-variable and multiple regressions. stages of the study were conducted ethically. HL had a direct and statistically significant effect on all structures of the model and adoption of behavior. Also, it indirectly influenced adoption of behavior by influencing the structures of the model. Only perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy variables significantly affect adoption of behavior. In addition, the indirect effect of HL on the adoption of behavior was greater than its direct effect. It is possible to improve the degree of HL and, therefore, the adoption of smoking preventive behavior among students through the use of HBM incorporated with HL, which emphasizes on perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy variables

Despite the effectiveness of interventions based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on improving the smoking preventive behaviors and the necessity of smoking prevention among students, there is no standard questionnaire in this regard in Iran. Therefore, in this study, the validity and reliability of the scale related to the smoking prevention factors among students based on the HBM were assessed. The present analytical cross-sectional study was carried out among 348 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, in 2016. Single-stage cluster sampling was conducted. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess the face and content validity. The reliability of the scale and the structure validity were determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory face analysis. Lisers 8.8 and SPSS 16 software were used to analyze the data. All stages of the study were conducted ethically. Impact score, content validity ratio and content validity index of the structures of the scale were in the range of 4.1 - 4.5, 0.79 - 0.97 and 0.90 - 0.96, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for structures of the scale was obtained from 0.70 to 0.90. Five-factor model including perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits and self-efficacy were confirmed (RMSEA = 0.081, CFI = 0.96, X2/df = 3.25). Scale on the related factors to the smoking prevention based on HBM had the validity and reliability in the target population of the students.

Health literacy (HL) is associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors and has a potential effect on reinforcing the health belief model (HBM). Due to the increasing prevalence of smoking among university students, this study aimed to determine the role of HL in reinforcing the performance of HBM in anticipating the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors.
This cross-sectional study was carried out among 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, selected by sinle-stage cluster sampling. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on HBMfor smoking preventive behaviors and HL questionnaire (HELIA). The data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis method by Liserl software 8.8 and multiple regression analysiswith SPSS software.
The results of the validity of two versions of HBM(original version and combined version with HL) in confirmatory factor analysis showed that fitness indexes of combined version with HL are better. Multiple regression analysisreflected that the coverage ratio of behavior variance of the combined version (r2= 36.5) is more than the original version (r2= 24. 6).
To design and implement educational programs in order to adoption of smoking preventive behaviorsamong students, using HBM combined with HL is more effective than the original version of this model.

According to recent statistics, the teenagers form 28.1% of the population in our country. Also, 15% of children under 5 year suffer from stunting, and 9% had moderate to severe underweight moderate and severe based on weight and age. By considering the importance of nutrition in adolescence, as well as the role of health education in providing effective training to create the proper nutritional habits, researcher aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention on the nutritional behavior of female students of secondary school in Chabahar city.
This is a quasi-experimental research conducted on two groups of 90 female students, selected randomly from two middle schools of Chabahar. Iran in 2012 – 2013. The samples were divided into two groups randomly, as control group and test group (n= 45). Data collection instruments was FFQ questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed at two stages (before, and 3 months later after educational intervention) by the students. Following the pre-test, the educational intervention has been conducted in 4 sessions in a 10-day period of time. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 and appropriate statistical tests.
There was not significant difference between the two groups before intervention, concerning their average scores of the main variables of the study (P>0.05). There appeared meaningful differences between the two groups after intervention concerning the average scores of facilitating behaviors (P Based on the results of this research educational intervention has positively effects on the student's nutrition pattern.

Maternal health literacy, in addition to the quality of prenatal care, is a key factor in controlling the underweight baby. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of health literacy and adequacy of prenatal care on the outcome of birth weight.
A cross sectional study was conducted on 860 pregnant women who were selected by random cluster sampling. The data were collected using the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and the adequacy of care for pregnancy. The data were analyzed using SPSS windows version 20 by descriptive statistics and regression analysis
The prevalence of low birth weight was 16.5%. The adequacy of the pregnancy index of 33% was inadequate and 67% of women had an average index. The mean level of health literacy was 65.97 ± 1.74 in pregnant women. The adequacy of care for pregnancy was the strongest predictor of birth weight (47%). Health literacy components: understanding (21%), appraisal (13%) and decision-making and applying information (12%) was predicted birth weight.
Prenatal care adequacy index and health literacy were predictors of birth weight, which highlighted the need for more attention to prenatal care and health literacy in health promotion programs for pregnant women.

Health literacy (HL) is related with the adoption of preventive behaviors. Considering the increase smoking among students, this study aimed to determine the effective dimensions of HL in predicting the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors in students.
In the present cross-sectional and descriptive study, 280 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were selected through single-stage cluster sampling method.A questionnaire of HL measurement (HL for Iranian Adults) and also a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire were exploited for measuring the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple logistic regression analysis. All stages of the study were conducted ethically.
The mean (± standard deviation) score for adoption of smoking preventive behaviors were 39.36±19.16 out of 100. Understanding and access to health information dimensions received the highest scores, while decision making and application of health information as well as reading obtained the lowest scores. Multiple regression analysis reflected that the dimensions of understanding (β=0.216, P=0.017) and decision making and the application of health information (β=0.324, P=0.001) were predictors of adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. Overall, these variables could predict 23.1% of behavioral changes.
According to the results of the study, in designing educational interventions for the prevention of smoking, special attention should be paid to HL, especially the dimensions of reading, understanding and decision making as well as application of health information in the audience.

The relation of low health literacy with negative health consequences such as less adopting of preventive behaviors, premature death and weaker state of health has been proven. Due to the increase of using smoking among students, this study was performed with the purpose of determining and comparing health literacy among smoker and non-smoker students.
This research is the cross-sectional study among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran was performed. The sample size of 360 people has been included by single-stage random cluster sampling. The data collection tools were demographic information and health literacy questionnaire (HELIA). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test in SPSS (ver.16).
59.1% (n=201) were studied non-smoker students, 17.1% (n=58) had experienced smoking and 23.8% (n=81) were current smokers. The mean and standard deviation of health literacy score were 70.52±14.12 from 100. The dimensions of understanding and access to the highest mean score, and then the decision making and application of health information had the lowest mean score. There was a significant difference between the mean of health literacy in two groups of smoker and non-smoker students. Also, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the dimensions of understanding, decision making and application of health information and access in two groups of smoker and non-smoker students (P In order to design smoking prevention interventions in students, special attention should be paid to health literacy and its dimensions in this field.

Students are human capital of any society and paying attention to their health is considered an investment for the future. One of the effective ways to promote health of students is training school health educators in higher education system. The aim of this study was codification process of baccalaureate curriculum for school health and its validation from the perspective of curriculum and school health specialists.
This research was mixed method. In the qualitative phase, exploratory method and in the quantitative section, descriptive-survey method was used. The study population included all the ideas of professionals in the field of school health and curriculum who commented on curriculum. The quantitative phase included 300 curriculum and school health specialists working in Tehran. 168 of these specialists were selected for validating this curriculum model. The instrument used to validate the model was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by expert's views and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha test (α=0.96). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to validate the model.
The findings showed that proposed structure of baccalaureate curriculum for school health includes aims, content, personal and social health, disciplinary processes and evaluation of apprenticeship units. Also, the findings of validation showed baccalaureate curriculum for school health was valid from the perspective of curriculum and school health specialists.
Since the proposed curriculum for baccalaureate of school health is valid, it is suggested that curriculum planners and the faculty members in the field of health to try to adopt this proposed model and implement in the higher education system.

Preeclampsia (PE) is the most common complication of pregnancy and one of the top three causes of maternal death. Considering the high prevalence of PE, this study was conducted to determine the effect of nutrition training program for the prevention of PE on the nutritional behaviors of pregnant women in Pol-e dokhtar, Iran, 2017.
This quasi-experimental study was carried out among 120 pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy referred to the healthcare centers of Pol-e dokhtar, Iran, in 2017. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control (60 individuals per group). The subjects were selected through cluster sampling method, and data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher including questions about the participants’ demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and function. Data analysis was performed using Chi-squared, Fisher’s exact test, independent samples t-test, and paired t-test by the help of SPSS software, version 16.
The results showed significant differences between the groups in terms of the level of knowledge, attitude, and function (P Educational intervention was effective in the prevention of PE in pregnant women through changing their nutritional behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested to educate pregnant women; moreover, further studies are recommended to confirm the results.

Identifying factors affecting the level of knowledge and attitude towards the harms of smoking and determining the exact effect of each of these factors, including health literacy could help to improve knowledge and attitudes toward the harms of smoking. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effect of health literacy levels on knowledge and attitudes towards the harms of smoking
This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted on 347 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. single-stage random cluster sampling was used and data were collected using HELIA for urban population aged between 18-65 years old and researcher-made questionnaire that measured knowledge and attitudes towards smoking and its harms and then were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression test.
The mean and standard deviation of health literacy score was 70.52 ± 14.12 out of 100. The mean and standard deviation of knowledge and attitude scores were 16.65 ± 1.62 and 53.03 ± 10.33, respectively. Health literacy was significantly associated with knowledge and attitudes towards the harms of smoking. Accordingly, inadequate, relatively adequate, adequate and excellent levels of health literacy were significantly associated to knowledge and attitude towards the harms of smoking.
Due to the effect of health literacy on knowledge and attitude of students about the harmful effects of smoking, the design of related educational programs should pay particular attention to the level of health literacy of the audience.

Health literacy is as one of the determinant of social of pregnant women’s health. That affects the use of services and information of prenatal care. The aim of study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and prenatal care in young pregnant women.
This descriptive- analytical study was carried out cross sectional in 2016. Research population, consisted of all Pregnant young women referring to urban health centers of Balochistan, 215 pregnant young women were selected according to a stratified sampling basis. Questionnaires Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and prenatal care was applied for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square test through SPSS19.
The mean age of pregnant women was 22.8 ± 7.79 years. The mean score of maternal health literacy was 67.69 ± 12.52 out of 100. 21.66% of studied women had insufficient health literacy, 26.04% not enough health literacy, 36.27% adequate health literacy and 15.81% high health literacy. There was a significant relationship between health literacy and taking iron tablet, multivitamin, and folic acid, diet, brushing and using dental floss (P˂0.05). Health literacy was not statistically significant with walking (P = 0.86).
There is a significant relationship between maternal health literacy with prenatal care that shows the necessity of more attention to maternal health literacy in health promotion programs.

Due to weakness of self-care during pregnancy, adverse pregnancy outcomes including abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, etc may occur. Individual and social factors affect self-care of pregnancy
Use of path analysis method to determine predictors of pregnancy self-care based on combination of health belief model and social support.
This was a descriptive analytical study conducted on 215 pregnant women living in Baluchistan region , Iran. Two-stage cluster sampling was performed. Data collection tool was questionnaire of integrated model ( HBM and social support constructs). To analyze the data, SPSS version 18 statistical indicators and descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and linear regression.
Self-efficacy, perceived severity and sensitivity were found to be directly effective on self-care. Also, social support had indirect effects on self-care through an effect on self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity. Social support was identified as the strongest predictor of self-care of pregnancy (46/6%). A significant correlation was found between susceptibility and self-care (0.598), severity and self-care (0.726), benefits and self-care (0.348), self-efficacy and self-care (0.824) and social support(0.745) with self-care(p Integrated Model (HBM and social support structures) with an emphasis on social support and self efficacy can be used as a framework for designing educational interventions to promote self-care.

Regular physical activity as one of the main components of healthy life style is low in adolescent girls. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is one of the most effective conceptual frameworks to assess physical activity behavior. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the SCT questionnaire in adolescent female student’s Physical Activity behavior in Tehran.
Material and The SCT questionnaire was assessed via content, face, construct validity, and reliability (stability and internal consistency). A cross-sectional study with confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) was done to assess construct validity among 400 adolescent female students in one of the educational districts in Tehran (2013). The samples were chosen with multi-stage sampling. Statistical analyses were done by SPSS16 and LISREL8.8 software (the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation to using matrix covariance).
The results of CVI (0.94-1), CVR (0.97-1), and impact score (4.6-4.9) were acceptable for all scales. Six constructs of SCT (self-efficacy, self-efficacy to overcome impediments, self-regulation, outcome expectancy, friend and family support) were supported with the result of confirmatory approach. Fit indices showed that the measuring model of SCT had a suitable fit to data (X2=2065/96, df=930, p SCT questionnaire was valid and reliable to assess the physical activity behavior in these adolescent female students. This scale can be used in exercise behavior study and designing educational program interventions in such group.