علی عسگری

The medium of cinema, as a potent and influential art, consistently endeavors to present a more authentic representation of the narrative by intricately interweaving elements such as plot, characters, and scenes. This endeavor extends to the deliberate incorporation of explicit and implicit symbolism within the design and architecture of urban landscape. This research seeks to address: How does the description and placement of a location as a backdrop for narrative relate to the character development and thematic content in Marvel and DC cinematic productions? Specifically, this study aims to assess the alignment between prevalent architectural signifiers associated with superheroes and the thematic characterizations found in Marvel and DC films. This investigation aspires to decipher the underlying meanings and metaphors inherent in the concepts underpinning the design of residences and urban landscapes inhabited by superheroes. Production designers within the Marvel and DC film franchises deliberately craft diverse urban settings, with each showing emblematic of concepts such as gentrification and the physical and mental prowess of respective superheroes, often manifesting through variations in architectural styles, encompassing classical, high-tech, and bionic aesthetics. Notably, this architectural characteristic evolves in response to the narrative's temporal dimensions. Nevertheless, there remains a consistent thread of "mysterious architecture concealing hidden spaces and connections" and "precisely articulated juxtapositions beneath an ostensibly simplistic facade" recurring across the diverse residences featured in these cinematic worlds.

The housing sector is one of the important economic sectors that, in addition to consumer demand, also faces demand from speculators due to its high capital return rate and low risk level. Speculators, motivated by the desire to profit from future price increases, refrain from offering their houses for sale, resulting in a housing vacancy. The presence of vacant houses reduces the housing supply and can lead to the formation of a housing price bubble. Imposing taxes on vacant houses is one of the government's tools to address this issue. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of taxes on vacant houses on the housing price bubble in the city of Shiraz.

In this research, an agent-based model is used, considering four active agents in the housing market: sellers, buyers (including sellers and buyers with personal consumption and speculative motivations), developer, and real estate agencies, to investigate the dynamic processes of the housing market. To forecast the housing prices in Shiraz over an eight-year period, statistics and information by the beginning of 2022 have been incorporated into the model, and three different percentages of speculative buyers, including 30%, 50%, and 70% of the total buyers, along with different tax rates of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% have been considered.

The results of the research show that by applying a tax rate of 10%, if 70% of buyers are speculators, the highest growth rate of the housing price bubble was observed; that the decreasing growth rate was equal to 18%, that is, with application of tax on empty houses, the housing price bubble of Shiraz city in 2022 to the end of 2031 decreased by almost 19%, and after that the application of the tax rate of 15% in these conditions was approximately 17% which reduced the housing price bubble. But when the number of regular buyers is more than speculative buyers (30% of buyers are speculative), the application of different tax rates on vacant houses shows the least reduction effect on the housing price bubble. Therefore, when 70% of the buyers in the market are present in the market with the motive of personal consumption, the number of transactions is low. Since ordinary buyers will re-enter the market with a slight probability, and the majority of transactions are made by the 30% of buyers who are speculative, so applying the tax on vacant houses in the first year will cause a number of speculater to leave the market and the number of transactions will be less than before the tax was applied. In fact, mobilisation of the current stock of housing due to the tax may not have been high enough to affect prices which is consistent with Sego (2019).
Furthermore, the results indicate that increasing the tax rate on vacant houses does not necessarily lead to a further reduction of housing price bubble. When more than half of the housing market is in the hands of speculators, their power in transactions would be greater, and the increase in tax rate in the form of an increase in price will intensify the housing price bubble which could mean more transactions between traders. In fact, traders add tax to the price of the property, and increasing tax rates, in return worsens the bubble. So, here selecting the optimal tax rate becomes critically important. When less than half of the housing market is in the hands of speculators, the power of speculators will decrease as a result, which leads to further weakening of the price bubble. However, to a lesser extent when more than half of the market is in the hands of speculators, the price bubble will decrease.

The research results indicate that the implementation of different tax rates, despite varying numbers of speculators, can lead to a reduction in the housing price bubble in the city of Shiraz, although the effectiveness may vary under different conditions. Moreover, it can create an appropriate income for the government, which can reduce the class gap by allocating and optimally directing the resulting resources towards the supply of housing for low-income groups. But the government should be careful in choosing the tax rate. It is necessary to set the tax rate on empty houses in such a way that renting the house or offering it in the market is more economical than keeping it empty by traders. In addition to the tax rate, choosing the tax base is also crucial. As mentioned in the text of the research, some countries consider the value of the property as the tax base instead of the rental income, or a fixed annual tax is collected

The measurement of public library services in the area of social entrepreneurship can be significantly impacted by the use of the standard tool for measuring social entrepreneurship. This study aimed to develop and validate a social entrepreneurship scale for its use in Iranian public libraries.

In terms of purpose, the present research is applied, and in terms of data collection it is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of this research includes all the librarians of Iran's public libraries, amounting to 7000 and of them, 300 librarians were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and the instrument's validity was calculated using content validity and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also higher than .60 using Cronbach's alpha for each index and was obtained by the binomial method. In this method, a value of .82 was obtained for odd items and.78 for even items, which showed that the questionnaire has the necessary reliability. The online questionnaire was provided to the librarians of public libraries in the country through the internal network of public libraries. The total number of collected questionnaires was 289.

Based on the findings of this research, all factor loadings of social entrepreneurship indicators in public libraries (lifelong learning, emergency response, civic engagement, economic development, health, and diversity and inclusion) were obtained above .5, and the results of factor analysis, exploratory and confirmatory validity and appropriate reliability of the tool confirmed this. Considering the appropriateness of the social entrepreneurship measuring tool in Iran's public libraries, it can be identified as a valid tool in related research. The results of this research are useful for target groups such as library and information science students to evaluate social entrepreneurship services. It also could be useful for public library librarians and managers to provide social entrepreneurship services and policy-making in this direction. Finally, it can be said that the construction of this tool leads to a better understanding of the needs of society, better use of financial resources, improved coordination between public library managers and human forces, more freedom in choosing resources to satisfy the needs of society, and making more effective and efficient activities in public libraries.

Originality/Value: 

Public libraries, using social entrepreneurship, deal with challenges such as unequal economic access and unequal capacities of society in benefiting from public services. According to the review of the research background, the lack of research in the field of social entrepreneurship in public libraries was evident and most of the research in the field of entrepreneurship was done in general. On the other hand, a standard tool that can evaluate the state of social entrepreneurship in public libraries was not found in previous research. Therefore, the current research is innovative from the thematic and methodological aspects. The present study is helpful because it designed and validated the social entrepreneurship measurement tool in the context of public libraries in Iran.

The cultural complexes, particularly cultural centers, play a crucial role in enriching the leisure time of teenagers and young people, fostering their awareness, and creating a platform for desirable social behaviors. In addition, these centers play a key role in shaping the cultural identity of young people and fostering a sense of community. They also offer a platform for creative expression, artistic growth, and social engagement, which are all crucial for individual well-being. The effectiveness of architectural design on the configuration and spatial relations of these types of spaces is crucial in optimizing the functional efficiency of these centers. For instance, the space design can significantly influence the way people interact with each other, the physical environment, and the activities and programs offered by the center. Moreover, integrating sustainable materials and energy-efficient systems can lessen the building's environmental impact while enhancing indoor comfort and health. Effective design strategies can include using natural light, ventilation, and insulation to reduce energy consumption and create a sense of connection to the outdoors. This approach can also enhance the space's aesthetic appeal, making it more inviting and enjoyable for visitors. By incorporating these strategies into design decisions, architects can create spaces that are not only functional but also sustainable and environmentally friendly. This research aims to investigate the identification of effective components in the spatial dialectic relationship of Tehran's leading culture centers from the second Pahlavi period to the contemporary period. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the evolution of cultural centers in Tehran and identify the key factors that contribute to their success. By analyzing the spatial dialectics of these centers, we can gain a deeper understanding of how architecture can influence the social and cultural dynamics of these spaces. The research method employed in this study is quantitative in terms of the applied developmental goal and relies on a mathematical simulation approach to analyze the physical geometry of the researched buildings. This approach enables a detailed analysis of the spatial relationships between different building components, such as rooms, corridors, and outdoor spaces. Also, it facilitates the identification of patterns and trends in the data that can inform our understanding of how architecture influences human behavior. This comparison is conducted through field observations and space analysis using computer modeling in DephtMapX software. By analyzing real-world data and using computer simulations, we can test different design scenarios and evaluate their effectiveness in achieving specific goals. Besides, this approach allows us to account for factors that may affect human behavior, such as lighting, acoustics, and temperature. During the research, an analysis of three indicators of spatial dialectics–namely, "integration," "connection," and "access"–was conducted on case samples of the research. The results revealed that the element "interconnection" has a homogeneous value and an average of 4.75. This value represents the visibility and openness of the spaces where there is a cultural center in the vicinity. Furthermore, this analysis highlights the importance of creating connections between different spaces within a cultural center, as well as between different centers themselves. Simultaneously, the amount of "connection" and "access" exhibits significant variety, indicating the number of entrances and diverse paths within the structure of the studied architectural space. This variability reflects the need for flexibility and adaptability in architectural design and a willingness to experiment with different layouts and configurations. Analyzing the spatial dialectic relationship and the success in the function of Tehran's well-known cultural centers underscores the necessity of "physical and spatial integration" and diversity of "routes and accesses" as two effective strategies in architecture.By incorporating these strategies into design decisions, architects can create spaces that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Architectural design can be further enhanced by incorporating natural elements such as light, water, or plants into the design to create a sense of connection between humans and nature. Additionally, incorporating interactive elements such as art installations or performance spaces can encourage social interaction and community engagement. Paying attention to spatial organization, functional arenas, aesthetic appeal, and strategically placing space-dividing components using transparent materials contributes to overall use, efficiency, and emotional response within architectural spaces. By prioritizing these factors in design decisions, architects can create spaces that are not only functional but also beautiful and engaging. Comprising technology such as digital displays or interactive exhibits can enhance visitor engagement and provide new opportunities for interactive learning experiences. Incorporating flexible seating arrangements or movable furniture can facilitate different types of activities and events within a cultural center. In conclusion, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the evolution of cultural centers in Tehran by analyzing their spatial dialectics relationship over time. The findings highlight the importance of creating connections between different spaces within a cultural center and between different centers themselves. By integrating these strategies into design choices, architects can develop spaces that are both practical and visually appealing.

This study tries to develop a scale to measure the religious feeling of young children based on a survey method project and within the framework of conventional patterns of psychometrics, in the community of 4-6 year old children in Iran and on two sample groups of normal school students (445 students from Tehran, Kerman, Tabriz, Mashhad and Bandar Abbas) and religious school students (145 students from Qom) using a "descriptive" method. In this seven-item scale, a child is placed in a situation, as the hero of the story, with specific religious practices and ceremonies, and the examinee's feeling towards that situation is measured as happy, neutral or sad. Analyzing the data, it became clear that the degree of difficulty and ability to recognize the questions, as well as the frequency distribution of the answers, are appropriate and have an internal and external fit. The results of analyzing confirmatory factor and analyzing the main components of standardized remaining values confirms construct validity and the difference between two groups of children from normal and religious centers, the discriminant validity of the scale and the internal consistency coefficient higher than 0.7, and the indicators of personal separation and question validity based on the Rasch scale model. The average religious feeling of children was obtained higher than the difficulty of the questions. The degree of desirability of the items pilgrimage, going to Ashura ceremonies and rowza (mourning of Moharram), and helping the poor is lower than the level of children with the least positive feelings; while the degree of desirability of the items "going to the mosque" and "watching the mother praying" is the highest and "praying and learning the Quran" in kindergarten is higher than the average religious feeling among children. This scale is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating parents' performance in strengthening or weakening children's positive feelings towards religious behaviors and ceremonies, and also for evaluating the effectiveness of religious education programs in educational centers.

Throughout history, people have sought ways to enhance their lives and find joy through various mechanisms. This pursuit has increasingly highlighted the importance of work participation, drawing the attention of numerous scientists. Consequently, the concept of work engagement has gained prominence in organizational behavior research (Shoul & Sedaghat, 2016). Work engagement is defined as the extent to which individuals are psychologically connected to their current job (Mudrack, 2004). Those who are highly involved in their jobs seldom contemplate leaving and are likely to remain with their organization for the long term (Brown, 1996). Studies indicate a global decline in employee engagement, with less than 30% of employees being actively engaged, which is considered low. This disengagement results in substantial financial losses for countries’ economies each year. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on comprehensive and diverse developments and their impact on organizational competitiveness, as well as the role of employees in job involvement and the promotion of organizational virtues to achieve objectives. This is particularly significant given the emergence of new management styles, such as quantum management. In today’s world, the need for employee occupational involvement in organizations has never been greater, and management practices within organizations have garnered increased attention from management scholars and practitioners (Hashmi & Pouraminzad, 2019).Management scholars assert that 21st-century managers must adopt innovative management strategies to foster employee engagement, thereby reducing thoughts of resignation and potentially boosting productivity and efficiency (Mezginezhad, Ayati & Pourshafei, 2017). Quantum management is one such strategy (Mirsafian, 2015). In modern organizations, ethical considerations, particularly organizational virtue, have gained prominence due to various advancements. While organizations rapidly evolve in competitive terms, virtues and virtue-centric topics have received scant attention. Bird and Water (1989) observed that organizational discourse often lacks a moral dimension (Moshabakiesfahani & Rezaie, 2013). Hence, employing organizational virtue can elucidate ethics within organizations. Virtues-encompassing habits, desires, and actions—are conducive to individual and societal well-being. They are endorsed and cultivated at both personal and communal levels, ensuring their propagation and sustainability (Zemaheni et al., 2013). The findings of this research could serve as a roadmap for educational organization managers to enhance employee job involvement through contemporary management practices. This paper answers this question:What impact does organizational virtue have on quantum management and occupational conflict in South Khorasan province?

This study employs a descriptive, correlational design and is both applied and quantitative in nature. The research population comprises all education and training employees in South Khorasan province, totaling 750 individuals in 2019, as per the official education report. Stratified random sampling was utilized for data collection. South Khorasan Province was segmented into several strata, including the General Administration of South Khorasan Province, Birjand, Boshruyeh, Zirkouh, Darmian, Khoosf, Mehdim, Sarayan, Sarbisheh, Tabas, Ferdows, Qaen and Nehbandan. From each department, a proportional number of employees were selected: 50, 33, 33, 11, 14, 12, 13, 12, 15, 15, 24, and 18, totaling 250 participants. This sample size was determined based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size, given the target population of 750. The distribution of administrative employees across the departments in South Khorasan province is detailed in Table 1.The instruments used for data collection were standardized questionnaires on quantum management, job involvement, and organizational virtue. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires were confirmed through the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. The analytical methods employed included single-sample t-tests, Pearson correlation, simultaneous multiple regression, and structural equation modeling.

The study’s findings reveal that the overall average scores for quantum management and organizational virtue, along with their respective components among educational staff, are significantly above the theoretical mean score of 3. However, the average score for job involvement among educational workers is notably below the theoretical mean (p < 0.001). Additionally, the elements of quantum thinking and trust negatively impact job involvement, whereas quantum feeling positively influences it. While quantum management does not exert a direct significant effect on job involvement, it does have a substantial indirect impact through the intermediary of organizational virtue, contributing to job involvement. Furthermore, the model demonstrated adequate fit.

In recent years, policy makers have increasingly recognized the significance of vulnerability to climate change. This urgent situation necessitates the implementation of immediate, extensive, and comprehensive measures. Extensive scientific consensus has demonstrated that human activities have contributed to significant climate warming trends. However, despite this evidence, there are individuals who remain skeptical and deny the existence of climate change. Consequently, addressing this skepticism and effectively tackling the climate crisis require fundamental changes in behavior and attitudes across various levels and domains of human life. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to examine the behavioral factors involved in climate policy making, with a particular emphasis on the role of cognitive biases.

This research employed a semi-experimental method, drawing on the principles of behavioral economics. The study utilized a design that included both an experimental group and a control group, with pre-test and post-test assessments. The experimental group was exposed to different information frames, which were developed based on the principles of behavioral economics, while the control group did not receive any framing intervention.
Data for this study was collected through fieldwork and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of individuals who had access to WhatsApp, Telegram, and Instagram platforms during the experiment, which took place in the spring of 2023. The target sample size for this research was determined to be 600 participants, divided into six groups of 100 individuals each. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula for limited populations. Additionally, a random sampling method was employed in this research.

This article aims to establish a connection between climate policy and behavioral sciences by introducing the practical and cost-effective approach of nudge theory. Drawing on insights from behavioral economics, specifically through behavioral interventions that leverage biases such as loss aversion, hyperbolic discounting, and the framing effect, this study investigates how these interventions can encourage individuals to make choices that align with addressing climate change and environmental concerns. Moreover, existing research has demonstrated that integrating the framing effect with other cognitive biases can be an effective and low-cost policy tool for studying environmental behavior.Using a semi-experimental methodology, this article examines the impact of information formatting, including profit and loss framing, hyperbolic discounting bias, as well as extensive and continuous information presentation, on individuals' general attitudes and understanding of climate change. The hypotheses of this research were derived from the literature of behavioral economics, cognitive science, and previous studies in the field of environmental issues. The findings of this research indicate that individuals exhibit a greater sensitivity to loss framing, supporting hypothesis H1. In other words, people are more responsive to potential losses than gains when making decisions. Additionally, the results demonstrate that individuals display a significantly higher willingness to participate when presented with present-loss and present-profit framing compared to future-loss and future-profit framing, aligning with hypothesis H2. This preference for the present over the future, known as present bias and hyperbolic discounting bias, has been extensively examined and validated in behavioral economics literature. Furthermore, the findings show that framing losses and emphasizing the present context contribute to a heightened perception of risk, consequently increasing individuals' willingness to take preventive measures under a loss framework.Additionally, the provision of information in a broad and continuous manner also yielded a significant effect in influencing individuals' behavior, corroborating hypothesis H3.

This study offers novel insights for policymaking and governance regarding public participation in mitigating the impacts of climate change. The findings indicate that the utilization of loss-present framing and continuous framing proves more effective in increasing the willingness of the general public to engage in climate change reduction efforts. Based on the research conducted in this article, climate change mitigation policies can be effectively promoted in public settings through the implementation of nudges that employ loss-present framing when delivering information.Furthermore, the current reliance on economic incentives in most policies to encourage public participation is a noteworthy issue. However, this study proposes the use of non-economic incentives and demonstrates the positive impact of nudges on individuals' willingness to engage in projects aimed at reducing the effects of climate change

Bathhouse (public Bath)  as one of the well-known models of traditional Iranian buildings is important in the architectural literature, which is due to the heat exchange feature and energy storage in the body of this type of building. From this point of view, the fact that the whole design and pattern of these public baths are similar to each other needs to be investigated. In fact, traditional baths are not only an example of historical value but also this building has a special and valuable function in terms of energy storage and prevention of heat exchange. This study focuses on their thermal behavior because the main parts of the traditional baths are two dry and wet spaces in the spatial-functional hierarchy of this building, namely the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh). In this study, the thermal crust of hot and dry climates in Iran will be investigated due to the limitations of the research only in terms of surfaces and geometric area, which is one of the three main components in heat exchange through the crust. This study tries to identify the body of these spaces in terms of measures to reduce the area to volume ratio by examining the walling of the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh) as spaces sensitive to heat exchange through the envelope in traditional baths. This research has a quantitative post-positivist paradigm and a combined strategy of modeling and mathematical reasoning that for the meaningfulness of the responses, the relationship between heat loss through the envelope, and the effectiveness of reducing the power of the heating system based on the quantity of the area is understood by simulating traditional bathroom spaces and adapting design solutions. What is induced based on the study of proportions and comparison of surfaces and volumes of selected samples, is that the general design of apodyterium and tepidarium spaces, by increasing the floor area of walls and walls connected to spaces with lower temperature difference and also reducing the area to volume ratio in Outdoor-related building-envelopes has led to a reduction in temperature losses through the envelope.

Two of the important issues in the construction of structures located in seismic coastal areas are the study of the potential of liquefaction phenomenon in saturated sandy soils and seismic structure-foundation-soil interaction (SSFSI). Control of structure damage on the liquefiable soil and large deformations of soil due to seismic loading and, also, the other responses such as: the accelerations at top of the structure/foundation and excess pore water pressure related of this phenomenon are very important. The phenomenon of liquefaction happens due to the occurrence of an earthquake and due to the lack of sufficient opportunity for drainage of excess pore water pressure. One of the effective and useful mitigation methods to control of the liquefaction phenomenon is the usage of dense granular column (DGC) in appropriate dimensions and distances on the ground susceptible to liquefaction. The role of the DGC in controlling the liquefaction phenomenon are follow as: firstly, the DGC is made of materials that are more permeable to sandy soils and cause the excess pore water pressure to be dissipate faster, and secondly, DGC increases the stiffness of the system, which proportionally reduces the excess water pore pressure due to the dilative behavior. To reduce the risks of liquefaction, it is necessary to fully understand its consequences. These consequences depend on permanent soil displacements, structural performance, structural characteristics, foundation and structure dimensions, soil conditions of the structure site, type of loading and earthquake intensity. The presence of the structure and impact of SSFSI affects the intensity of liquefaction and static and dynamic stresses in the soil. Most prior studies (e.g., physical, numerical, or analytical models), ignore the existence of the structure or consider the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the liquefiable soil layer as an equivalent model. Hitherto, the essence and extend of these interactions are not sufficiently understood. These methods can not properly assess the damage caused by liquefaction; Therefore, these methods cannot be used in the design of structures resistant to liquefaction. Therefore, to accurately study the effect of liquefaction, a method and model is needed that can fully consider the soil, foundation, and structure so that it can be used to correctly estimate the amount of subsidence and displacement of the structure. In this study, to evaluate the seismicity and the mitigation effect of DGCs, using OpenSees finite element software, modeling of DGCs and surrounding soils without structure and models with 5, 10 and 15 storey structures were performed. The three-dimensional soil and DGCs modeled in the software are placed under different earthquakes and the effects of structural layers on the lateral displacement, excess pore water pressure, response of acceleration spectrum, drift and shear force of stories are investigated. The liquefiable soil is modelled through the pressure-dependent multi yield surface soil constitutive law (PDMY02) applied in OpenSees. The results of this study are shown the positive effect of DGC on the reduction of lateral displacement components of soil and structure, foundation subsidence and excess water pore pressure. Also, the presence of the structure on the soil and the increase of its floors have increased the mentioned components except for lateral displacement of soil.

Problem statement:

  Various estimates have been presented regarding effective strategies for reducing heat loss and energy storage in the body of traditional Iranian bathhouses. However, the efficiency level has not been determined due to the impossibility of calculating the function of each one.

This study attempts to the efficacy of three common strategies in the body of bathhouses, including “compactness in the texture and neighborhood”, “entering the ground” and “surrounding the apodyterium among unconditioned spaces” to see which is the most effective in preventing heat loss from the shell in traditional Kashan bathhouses.

The present study uses a quantitative paradigm and energy simulation strategy. In this study, Design Builder software was used for its calculations. It is based on evidence obtained from the physical reading of the spatial structure of traditional bathhouses in Kashan City. They were selected using a non-random sampling method.

Surrounding the apodyterium spaces among the unconditioned spaces in Kashan bathhouses has had different results which can be explained by their centrality in the bathhouse plans. However, in its minimum state, the space has been effective with a mean of 13.94% per year in Sultan Ahmed Bathhouse and 46.74% in Khan Bathhouse. This figure has reached 33. 18 percent compared to all four bathhouses. It shows the significance and efficiency of this strategy compared to the insignificant efficiency share of the strategies of inserting the bathhouse inside the ground and “compact urban texture to use the neighborhood” with values of 5. 44 and 0.6, respectively.

Introduction :

The urban landscape, whether as the internal or external constituent elements of the city façade, is considered one of the indicators based on which the quality of the city is assessed and judged. The visual and physical qualities of the urban space, as a place where citizens attend, play a significant role in promoting vitality and belongingness in the environment. Among various items, the order and proportions of the constituent components of urban walls and facades increase the abovementioned qualities in urban squares. Order and harmony, in addition to structural diversity, can be effective in forming visual and physical identities of urban walls. Their influence is enhanced by the repetition of design principles and the ingrained rules like proportions and geometry used in the historical buildings in the context. In other words, to connect the appearance of the newly built spaces in contemporary cities to the physical identity in the historical body of authentic places, it is required to read and perceive effective and appropriate physical rules, measures, and orders applied in authentic places. Associating and repeating the proportions used in authentic facades and walls in newly built ones can help to create legible, diverse, and beautiful platforms. As an example, one can refer to Imam Khomeini (RAH) Square (Tūpkhāneh Square), as one of the most important and oldest urban government squares in Tehran, where, despite many changes made during its historical course (from the Nasseri period to the Pahlavi II period), many commonalities have been used in its design. Therefore, the present research compares the geometric patterns and proportions used in the walls of this square in three periods (the Nasseri, Pahlavi I, and Pahlavi II periods) with emphasis on the architectural changes and developments that occurred in Iran from the Nasseri period to the present era. In addition to the identification of common and repeatable elements in the physical evolution of the square body, this comparison can also present solutions for contemporary designs.

The present study is applied-developmental mixed-method research carried out using an interpretive-historical approach. In the quantitative part, the quantitative characteristics of the length and proportions are investigated and the qualitative addresses the content affecting the façade. For this reason, the present research has a mixed nature, whose quantitative aspect is preferred to its qualitative aspect due to its emphasis on the proportions more than other main effective factors. Through the interpretive-historical approach applied, the required data were collected from pictorial documents on the case study, as indicative and inferential evidence, and then, from secondary documents and through observations to strengthen the validity of the research. So, drawing methods were applied to show the geometric proportions applied in the square in all three historical periods studied, and analyze the obtained data and calculated aspect ratios. To this end, the facades and walls were drawn, the aspect ratios of the components of the facades and walls were compared with those known as Iranian-Islamic aspect ratios, and the frequency of each was shown.

In the first period studied (Nasseri period), the most widely used aspect ratios in the main geometry of the facades as well as the openings in them were √1, √5, and √7, respectively. Regarding the aspect ratios used in the outstanding buildings on each facade, such as the entrances of Bab Homayoon Street and Nasseri Street on the southern facade of the square, the aspect ratio of √2 or 1.414 is the most frequent one. In addition, the facade of the Imperial Bank of Persia on the eastern side shows an aspect ratio of √3, which is one of the Iranian-Islamic aspect ratios. In the second period studied (Pahlavi I period), the application of golden ratios of Iranian architecture, i.e., √3 and √2, has increased significantly, which is obvious in the changes in the buildings constructed around the square during the transition from the Qajar period to the Pahlavi I period. Although one can see some features of Western architecture and culture dominating the external structure of the walls of the square, including municipal and telecommunications buildings in the north and south walls, and the Imperial Bank of Persia in the east wall, the geometric principles and Iranian-Islamic aspect ratios have been preserved as the representatives of the identity and originality of the square. It should be noted that the aspect ratios of √1 and √5 are observed in the Nazmiyah building, and the Imperial Bank of Persia, the aspect ratio applied in the previous period, i.e., √5, was preserved, despite major physical and formal changes in it. Also, in the telecommunications building, the aspect ratio of √7 is dominant, according to which one can explain that in the Pahlavi I period, the aspect ratios applied in the facades of the buildings around the square were all influenced by Iranian-Islamic aspect ratios and based on irrational numbers. In the third period studied (Pahlavi II period), most lines and elements used in the facade appeared without any specific aspect ratio and logical reason, and sometimes accidentally, indicating the arrival of a pattern with no identity and cultural validity into the square’s architecture. Looking at the architecture of the Tūpkhāneh Square in the studied third period, which coincides with the end of the Pahlavi II period and the beginning of the Iranian Revolution period (the present era), one can find that due to the arrival of modernism and its consequences, the importance of proportions and geometric relationships in the architecture of buildings has been gradually reduced. However, the existence of the buildings from the previous eras shows the aspect ratios applied in buildings during them to some extent.

According to the abovementioned, it is clear that proportions and geometric relationships are considered among the most important factors forming the facades and walls of urban squares. In addition to defining the identity and originality of urban spaces, they influenced their environment and visual quality. Therefore, the physical identity of Imam Khomeini (RAH) Square can be read and perceived only by relying on the physical order and harmony in its walls. The order and proportions (aspect ratios) used in the facades of the surrounding buildings represent the evolution of the square during various periods. Although the walls and façade of the studied square have experienced many functional and temporal changes during historical periods, the historical continuity of the durability of the buildings has shown a remarkable and significant effect of the studied indicator, which would continue for several decades. The structure of the walls of the buildings around the square in the first (Nasseri) and second (Pahlavi I) periods indicates the existence of a specific proportional system in all parts of the facade. The origin of such order and coherence in the buildings constituting the facades of urban squares can be found in the mental structure of the architects and masters of those times. It is a factor that was gradually forgotten in the architecture of the buildings around the squares in the subsequent periods.The results show the various and scattered presence of Iranian-Islamic aspect ratios of √1 (square), √2, √3, and √5 in the components and overall structure of the façade of Imam Khomeini (RAH) Square on its four sides in all three historical periods studied. Such order and harmony were associated with the greatest and most diverse compositions in the first and second periods studied, respectively, while in the third period studied, they gradually decreased due to the “change in the construction pattern” and “increased height of the surrounding walls”.

Financial imbalances and imbalances between resources and expenditures in Iranian pension funds have made the need for fund reforms inevitable. Today, the share of government aid in public government expenditures to the two Civil Servants and Military pension funds has increased from about 11 percent in 2013 to about 19 percent in 2021, and this trend has been increasing in recent years. However, despite the perception of the crisis by various actors in the pension system, these reforms have not been implemented. In this regard, the present study seeks pathology and finds a solution to solve the crisis of the Iranian pension system during the years 2013-2021. Due to the existence of different actors and stakeholders, one of the non-quantitative methods of game theory models, called the graph model, was used to resolve conflicts. This model is a good tool for modeling and analyzing complex problems, expresses the most likely consequences of various problems in the world, and finally provides guidelines for its improvement. The modeling results of the retirement crisis show that the fourth mode of the model, ie the state of reform, is more likely to occur. Therefore, the current situation is not a stable situation for all players, and they are motivated to leave it. According to the results, limiting government support, changing the pension system, and carrying out structural and parametric reforms will improve the current situation.

One of the criteria for public judgment on the effectiveness of contemporary architecture education in each country is the suitability of the quality of learning of people according to the work environment of their academic field. It is important to understand the fields of employment in the field of architecture. This issue helps that educational topics in the fields of knowledge and skills have a better fit with the job position. This concern requires qualitative and quantitative analysis both in the way of presentation and in lesson planning. This research, with a practical and developmental purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature, uses the qualitative research method with a logical reasoning approach. For this purpose, the researchers use a pairwise analogy of skill-specialized parameters of architectural employment and hierarchical analysis to measure the frequency of courses and the weighted frequency of the criteria. This point makes the program unable to be responsive to the environment and it is not one of the subjects in the curriculum required by the graduates. In addition, the educational rigidity has caused no change in architecture graduates. This competition is visible with the majority of graduates in limited fields.

Knowledge and information science specialists can succeed in creating and providing entrepreneurial services by using knowledge of the society, the needs of the audience and having an entrepreneurial attitude. In the field of knowledge and information science, entrepreneurship is a type of social or value entrepreneurship service. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship education in changing the entrepreneurial attitude of public library librarians in Birjand city.

The present study is a type of applied research. In terms of data collection, it is a quasi- experimental study with a control group, a pre-test and a follow-up test to determine the duration over times. The statistical population of the study included 30 librarians of public libraries affiliated to the library of the city of Birjand; Data collection was done by Entrepreneurship Attitude questionnaire (Robinson et al., 1991) and SPSS software was used to analyze the information collected through the questionnaire.

The results of the tests showed that entrepreneurial training has led to a shift in the attitudes of librarians in the test group, and entrepreneurial training has led to a shift in the orientation of self-esteem, Succession, innovation and personal entrepreneurial control of the group librarians and the post-test scores of the two control and experimental groups were reported differently (F = 5/568, P > 0/05). The average of librarians’ desire for success in the post-test stage (M = 4/528) has changed compared to the pre-test stages (M = 4/313). Also, the test of the repeated measurement design, which included librarians in the experimental group in the follow-up stage, showed that that the change in the orientation of personal entrepreneurial control of librarians has become significant, which has caused stability and stability in them. Self-esteem components such as confidence in one’s ability, confidence in work results, ability to solve personal problems, ambition and self-belief can be influenced to a large extent by changing librarians’ views due to the increase in the level of advertisements and their knowledge about entrepreneurship.

Originality/value: 

The current research considers entrepreneurship in public libraries as a great opportunity for managers and librarians. Considering that entrepreneurship can be acquired in libraries, librarians can use the benefits of entrepreneurial training to raise their level of work and provide entrepreneurial services to users. According to the goals and social roles of public libraries, entrepreneurship training in the society of librarians and users should be considered and implemented as one of the special requirements based on the goals and functions of these types of libraries because entrepreneurship training causes a change in the direction of personal entrepreneurial control of people and increase the amount of their personal control.

Statement of the problem: visual pollution in the informal sociable environments of contemporary commercial places, while reducing the physical quality of spaces and social interactions, can lead to irreparable damages due to the lack of awareness of the users of being in a polluted area and the immeasurable glare, inappropriate contrast, or the presence of direct light. be made This issue is more critical in commercial food courts, which in the last decade have had a high share of attracting the audience and creating human connections due to the nature of pauses and stops similar to comfort spaces. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the design of the environments in question and especially the environments with the potential to pause for customers in the commercial building, focusing on identifying the points and conditions that aggravate visual pollution, conducting research in three examples of informal collective spaces in commercial-office places in Tehran. has doneResearch The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, which is applied-practical research in terms of the exploratory view of identifying the problem of the spaces in question. Also, in order to measure the current situation based on mathematical models and photometric evaluation of space, it is causal-experimental mixed research from the point of view of nature and method. The method of collecting information in this research is field due to the need for visual perception and environmental photography, and in order to choose more suitable spaces for measuring glare, non-random sampling has been used as described above. For this purpose, the intensity of illumination is analyzed with the help of the luminance spectrum resulting from the dynamic imaging of the Lupine meter software during photography.The spaces studied in the research were three food courts of Shemiran Center, Seven Center, and Sam Center in Tehran during the period of using artificial light (after sunset) which were chosen non-randomly due to the spatial characteristics and availability of access to collect the necessary data. . The effective components of artificial light disturbance are displayed in each of the samples. As mentioned before, in addition to the light source, its type, and arrangement, other environmental factors such as materials are important in terms of the present reflective effect. In order to estimate the amount of reflection of materials, the dominant materials in these environments, such as metal, cement, glass, stone, plaster, wood, brick, and concrete, are numbered and displayed in percentage calculations. Comparing the analysis performed by Lupine Meter software, it was observed that generally spotlighting, especially spotlighting on the bright surface of the ceiling or walls, causes maximum glare in direct or peripheral view due to the functional enhancement of light with background reflection. On the other hand, after spotlighting, transparent surfaces and windows with a high reflection coefficient caused more glare when faced with inappropriate lighting angles.Also, based on the points made in all three food courts, it was found that glare and light pollution are more in the parts related to the central parts and less in the corner parts. This importance has also shown the maximums and minimums of the evaluations by intensifying the transparent walls in the centers and the cloudy walls at the edges of the space.These results, while confirming the importance and priority of "material type", "polished material reflection coefficient", "color", "installation angle", "arrangement" and "chosen lamp and light type" in previous research, intensify the factors and their synergy in Showed together.It is obvious that the current research has been carried out due to the limitations of studies on the basis of artificial light and the hours of field harvesting after sunset (no use of natural light) as well as the establishment of the space of the selected food courts on the fourth and fifth levels and regardless of the external artificial lighting of the background. This issue can be considered for future research. Also, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, the present research was formed with the aim of improving the environmental quality of sociable spaces in commercial-office buildings, which can be measured and compared in qualitative methods and based on the perceptive votes of the audience.

Using visual signs in the design and architectural landscaping of the scene in the Marvel cinematic universe creates the concept of the place and brings metaphorical and implicit messages during an adventure story. Considering the semantic concepts and ideas of architecture and the development of design methods in the contemporary period, this topic can create a proper connection between the identity-building elements of architecture and the identity-giving scenes of the superheroes of the story, while expressing the story powerfully. This study was an attempt to identify explicit and implicit signs in processing and measuring the compatibility of common architectural indicators in buildings related to the superheroes of the story and characterizing the content of Marvel cinematic universe. Thus, the primary question of this study is what is the compatibility of architectural signs in story scenes with the characterization of Marvel superheroes?  For this purpose, the present study’s method is descriptive in nature and relies on content analysis in a qualitative-interpretive paradigm and semantic and linguistic semiotics. It tries to read the meanings and metaphors, and the implicit link in the ideas and concepts of design in the housing building or the primary centers of activity in Marvel cinematic universe. The results show that each superhero created by Marvel, with a unique personality and special abilities, takes its own story path. In this regard, based on the characteristics that the writers have created for the afore-mentioned characters, in addition to the synergy of people together, formal, functional, and conceptual commonalities can be seen in the emergence of the design concepts of the houses of Marvel superheroes and their primary activity centers. This issue has been changed to some extent by the differences and the unique characteristics of each character or place by referring to adjectives such as "breeze and brave", "powerful in the sky", "hidden and powerful", "optimal and efficient", and having "power", "speed", "boldness", "flexibility", and "having high knowledge and intelligence". Therefore, while maintaining great diversity, the common activities of the characters have helped form a certain identity.

The current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological empowerment in the relationship between perceived social support and entrepreneurial spirit of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included 8,304 undergraduate students at the University of Birjand. A simple random sampling method was used to select 380 students. The Zimet et al. (1988) Social Support Questionnaire, Spritzer and Mishra's (1995) Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, and Vatan-Khah and Rezaeimoghaddam's (2015) Entrepreneurial Spirit Questionnaire were used to measure perceived social support, psychological empowerment, and entrepreneurial spirit, respectively. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and their reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The structural equation modeling showed that when perceived social support was considered as the predictor variable and entrepreneurial spirit was the criterion variable, the model had a good fit and the relationship between the components of perceived social support and entrepreneurial spirit was significant at the level of 0.05. The findings regarding the mediating variable indicated that psychological empowerment played a mediating role.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of satisfaction of teachers and students with each of the components of the virtual classroom. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The statistical population of this study was all sixth-grade students and teachers at Birjand in the academic year of 2019-2020. From which of them, 53 teachers and 130 students by convenience sampling method were selected. The researcher-made questionnaire of satisfaction with the virtual class, which has 10 components, was distributed among the subjects. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and related professors and the reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.74. The data were analyzed in SPSS program using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and one-sample t-test. The results show that the mean of all components of the virtual class compared to the theoretical value t (3) are at a level below 0.01 significant level and below average. According to the results, it can be concluded that the transfer from the traditional system to the online education in the school was not very satisfactory, and teachers and students are not satisfied with the virtual class in the current way, and if the current situation continues, more research should be done on the efficiency of this system.

Belonging to the third place and realizing a sociable space in contemporary collective spaces in response to the shrinking of the contemporary human living space and home is considered a suitable strategy in promoting social interactions and urban vitality, which itself requires the creation of spaces in response According to the need of interaction, the direction of the flourishing of the members of the society through the creation of small spaces in the large-scale urban cultural, educational and commercial buildings is of the nature of pause and peace.The current research tries to explain the feasibility of realizing a space with sociability of the third place in contemporary buildings, to investigate the effective factors in strengthening it in the architecture of open spaces of commercial complexes.The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the search system, it is a quantitative-qualitative mixed research. Collecting research data from library and field methods and analyzing data from path analysis method with the help of structural equation modeling. In this method, random sampling was done from among the audience of the study area in ten time periods of the year.The realization of a third place while depending on the physical and physical factors that influence the invitation of the audience to attend the place, requires the policy matching of the organizers and managers of the place, the quality of the audience's society and the behavioral factors that govern it. Is. In this regard, the superiority of social attitudes, demographic homogeneity, obtaining points from long-term references of users in commercial complexes and avoiding the temporary profitable view of people's presence can be evident in the prosperity and greater impact of the quality of the space on vitality.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the employees' attitude towards the organization as a greedy entity and its impact on the organization's identity. The statistical population of the current research includes the employees of the General Department of Education in South Khorasan, which was selected based on Morgan's table in a simple random sample size. The tool of data collection was Asgari and Javanbakht (2019) and Cheney Organizational Identity (1983) and the data analysis was done using PLS software. It can be said with 95% certainty that the greedy organization has a negative and significant impact on the organizational identity, and the main hypothesis is confirmed. The absolute value of the t statistic for the effect of job pressure on organizational identity is equal to 2.260 and more than 1.96, and the value of the path coefficient is equal to -0.232 and negative, so job pressure has a negative and significant effect on organizational identity. Therefore, the first sub-hypothesis is confirmed. The absolute value of the t statistic for the effect of organizational support on organizational identity is equal to 4.645 and more than 1.96, so it can be said with 95% confidence that organizational support has a significant impact on organizational identity. The value of the path coefficient is equal to -0.471 and negative, so organizational support has a negative and significant effect on organizational identity. Therefore, the second sub-hypothesis is confirmed. The absolute value of the t statistic for the effect of job depression on organizational identity is equal to 1.318 and less than 1.96, so it can be said with 95% confidence that job depression does not have a significant effect on organizational identity. Therefore, the third sub-hypothesis is not confirmed and the The goodness of fit of the model indicateswas optimal

Dwelling is a place for human comfort, which should respond to all of his physical, mental, and psychological demands. The importance of flexibility of residential spaces results in building appropriate and desirable spaces that ensure the physical and mental health of human. Since social interactions are decreasing in the new era, its architecture seems to look for spaces that are appropriate for social interactions and correspond to the needs of their residents. In other words, it should be sufficiently flexible, leading to social interaction improvement. Regarding the importance of public spaces in residential complexes, this study intended to show the [importance] of flexibility of such spaces and the paths to flexibility and sociability. It also investigated whether or not the flexibility of public spaces improves dwelling quality.

The assessment of the components of flexibility of public spaces was done using interview and observation, and analysis of their results.

The use of flexibility in residential units, in different stages, provides the possibility of adapting people's residences to their changing needs and specific culture, which can include different potentials for implementing changes. Also, by reducing the side costs of moving and with an optimal and responsive design, it increases productivity and economic savings and increases the useful life of residential buildings. In addition, it can be a solution to reduce confusion in functions, anonymity in form and general disorder of residential units that are designed for undefined audiences.

 Findings of this study suggested that there was a direct relationship between the degrees of flexibility and sociability of public spaces.

Bathhouse (public Bath) as one of the well-known models of traditional Iranian buildings is important in the architectural literature, which is due to the heat exchange feature and energy storage in the body of this type of building. From this point of view, the fact that the whole design and pattern of these public baths are similar to each other needs to be investigated. In fact, traditional baths are not only an example of historical value, but also this building has a special and valuable function in terms of energy storage and prevention of heat exchange. This study focuses on their thermal behavior because the main parts of the traditional baths are two dry and wet spaces in the spatial-functional hierarchy of this building, namely the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh). In this study, the thermal crust of hot and dry climates in Iran will be investigated due to the limitations of the research only in terms of surfaces and geometric area, which is one of the three main components in heat exchange through the crust.This study tries to identify the body of these spaces in terms of measures to reduce the area to volume ratio by examining the walling of the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh) as spaces sensitive to heat exchange through the envelope  in traditional baths.This research has a quantitative post-positivist paradigm and a combined strategy of modeling and mathematical reasoning that for the meaningfulness of the responses, the relationship between heat loss through the envelope and the effectiveness of reducing the power of the heating system based on the quantity of the area is understood by simulating traditional bathroom spaces and adapting design solutions.What is induced based on the study of proportions and comparison of surfaces and volumes of selected samples, is that the general design of apodyterium and tepidarium spaces, by increasing the floor area of walls and walls connected to spaces with lower temperature difference and also reducing the area to volume ratio in Outdoor-related building-envelopes has led to a reduction in temperature losses through the envelope.