علیرضا پور سعید

One of the basic strategies to strengthen the sustainable livelihood of local communities against environmental crises, including climate change, is to increase the resilience of these communities against disruption and chaos created in ecological systems. therefore The present research was conducted with the goal of gardeners' sustainable livelihood resilience model to climate change in Hamadan province. The research method was descriptive-correlational and causal-relational. The statistical population included the gardeners of Hamedan province (N=53785). The sample size was 380 people using the Krejcie and Morgan table, and the stage sampling method was used. In this research, the situation of sustainable livelihood resilience model of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change was analyzed by using questionnaire tool and using statistical software SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 and the reliability and validity of the model were confirmed according to the calculated indicators. In total, based on the average of 3.22 out of 5 (sd=1.01), it can be concluded that the livelihood resilience of gardeners in the face of climate change in Hamedan province is evaluated at an average level. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicate that environmental norms (β=0.691) and adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.606) have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of sustainable livelihoods, the environmental attitude variable It has a positive and significant effect on environmental beliefs (β=0.617), place attachment has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity (β=0.610) and the environmental attitude of gardeners in the face of climate change (β=0.567). Also, based on the results, the variable of environmental awareness has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.536) and the variable of environmental beliefs also has a positive and significant effect on environmental norms in the face of climate change (β=0.667). In total, based on the findings, 0.72 of the changes in the dependent variable of sustainable livelihood resilience are directly or indirectly explained by the independent variables of environmental attitude, environmental awareness, environmental beliefs, environmental norms, place attachment and adaptation capacity. The results of this research can be useful and practical for decision-makers in the field of agriculture, especially horticulture, from the point of view of environmental psychology. The findings of this research can be used for policy making and planning and decision-making in order to develop resilience and stabilize the livelihood of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change.

This study aimed to develop an extension-education model of farmers adaption to climate change using an exploratory mixed method approach. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory method based on 18 semi-structured interviews was used. In the quantitative part of this study, the structural equation modeling was applied. By using stratified random sampling, the perceptions of 350 experts and middle level managers of organizations related to climate change were studied. The findings of the qualitative part of the research revealed 223 primary codes, 72 secondary codes, 46 concept codes, 30 sub-categories and six main categories. The identified model was evaluated by structural equation modeling and Smart pls2 software package. Findings showed that man-made activities in agriculture and industry have the highest effect and power in predicting farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change.

Currently, the protection and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Zagros vegetation area has always been the main concern of activists and officials in this area. On the other hand, the agricultural Extension as an interdisciplinary science examines the phenomenon of decline of Zagros oak forests from a sociological and psychological perspective, as well as from an agricultural and rural perspective, and offers strategies that maintain the sustainability of natural resources while maintaining livelihoods. Also elevate. the present study aimed to Explain the Sustainable Management Extension Strategies of Zagros Oak Forest by using SWOT method. In this regard, internal and external factors were collected through in-depth interviews with 30 scientific and executive experts in the provinces of Zagros basin in the form of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Additionally, they were identified through line-by-line analysis in the form of common content and using MAXqda12 software analysis. In the next step, the internal and external factors questionnaire was adjusted and and the weight factor of each factor was calculated and the identified strategies were prioritized based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix.Considering the results in the internal and external factor evaluation matrix for the sustainable management of forests in the basin, as well as the dominance of weaknesses in the external factor evaluation matrix and threats in the internal, defensive pattern was more prioritized for managing the forests sustainably compared to the other strategic patterns.

The present research was conducted with the purpose of applying the theory of planned behavior in explaining the environmental behavior of the villagers in Ilam province about protection of the oak forests in South Zagros. The statistical population of the research consists of all the villagers of Ilam province settled in the South Zagros region (N=5512). Sample size using the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), 416 people were determined and stratified random method with proportional assignment (according to the city of activity) was used for sampling. In this research, the status of the environmental behavior pattern of the villagers of Ilam province in the protection of the oak forests of South Zagros region was analyzed using SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 statistical software. And according to the calculated indicators, the reliability and validity of the model was confirmed. The results of the structural equation modeling approach indicate that attitude variables (β=0.745), mental norms (β=0.638) and perceived behavioral control of the villagers of Ilam province (β=0.589), influence It has a positive and significant effect on their intention to carry out the environmental behavior of protecting the mentioned forests. Also, based on the results, perceived behavioral control (β=0.602), intention (β=0.711), time perspective (β=0.653) and spatial attachment of the villagers of Ilam province towards the protection of oak forests of South Zagros (β=0. 473), have a positive and significant effect on their environmental behavior in the protection of said forests. In general, based on the findings, it can be seen that the theory of planned behavior through the variable of the intention of the villagers of Ilam province to carry out the environmental behavior of protecting the oak forests can respectively account for 52 and 61% of the changes in the variables of the intention and behavior of the rural households towards the protection of To predict the oak forests of South Zagros basin.

The village is the oldest form of human settlements and rural living is one of the oldest ways of social life. Paying attention to the village and rural dwellers has a high importance and a special place in the world. Rural development has always been one of the main components and elements of national development. Development is not just an economic phenomenon and many societies need to plan and identify their actual and potential facilities and resources in order to strengthen the foundations of development when also they need to correct and adjust the imbalances and multitude of economic, social and cultural issues and problems. The lack of a comprehensive evaluation based on scientific methods of the degree of development and its level of imbalance in different levels of cities and villages is one of the main obstacles in identifying priorities and formulating provincial development plans. For this purpose, paying attention to the approaches of regional balance and regional policy making and planning to reduce existing heterogeneity and inequalities requires studying and recognizing the importance of the characteristics of each region with regard to its position in the entire regional system. The current study is conducted to determine the development rate in rural districts of Lorestan province as well as to rank them using the VIKOR and TOPSIS analysis method.

Multi-instrument decision-making techniques are suitable for ranking in a set of existing indicators with respect to multi-dimensional and multi-contradictory features. In Iran, the statistical analysis of the provinces has been published by the Iranian Statistics Center, and the selected indicators play an important role in the development of the regions. In this research, like other studies conducted in the field of evaluating the development levels of villages and rural areas, in order to formulate a regular and logical framework of indicators that express the characteristics of rural development in the study area, based on global experiences, the literature on the subject, and the review of available information from referring to the statistical yearbook of villages of Lorestan province, 110 key and effective indicators in the field of rural development were selected for Lorestan province. The selected indicators are classified in eight different educational, demographic, infrastructural, economic, health and treatment, cultural services, welfare and functional agricultural sectors. After identifying and selecting the indicators,  determined the degree of development of the villages of Lorestan province and rank them based on the level of development were carried out. This did using multi-indicator decision-making techniques (VIKOR and TOPSIS), which are among the best statistical models and calculations in the field of measurement and ranking.

The results show a heterogeneous distribution of facilities and services among rural districts of this province, with Shirvan as a developed region ranked in the first place. In addition, Bazvand and Goudarzi as the second and third place, are developing regions respectively, while other rural districts are considered deprived and relatively deprived regions. Moreover, GolGol, West Kargah, Roumiani, Zhan, Shirvan, Azna, ChalanChulan, and Chamsangar rural districts are ranked in first place in educational, demographic, infrastructure, economic, health service, cultural, welfare, and agricultural indicators respectively. In other words, based on the results of the present research, it can be stated that the rural areas of Lorestan province have an unbalanced distribution in terms of development indicators. So that Shirvan district has all the development indicators (educational, population, infrastructure, economic, health and treatment, service, cultural, welfare and agricultural performance) at a favorable level and therefore it is considered developed. In the same way, the development indicators in Bazund and Guderzi villages are improving and for this reason they are at the developing level. Meanwhile, a small amount of development indicators have been distributed in Rumiani, Silakhor, West Kargah, Durood, North Mirbeg, West Pachelek, Chalancholan, East Japleq, East Silakhor, Yusufvand, Heshmatabad, Mozafari and Zhan villages. For this reason, they are among relatively deprived villages. In total, based on the findings, 70 sub-districts of Lorestan province also lack development indicators and are evaluated as deprived of development.

Based on current research findings, it can be applied by policy makers, planners and relevant managers to improve rural development management and policy-making in order to achieve sustainable development.

Considering capabilities including good weather conditions, four types of climate, raining, and fertile soil, Ilam province has many entrepreneurship potentials and opportunities in agricultural sector. It is obvious that recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities in agricultural sector and reducing unemployment rate are of high importance in such conditions. Despite the significance of this issue, researchers have not paid much attention to recognition of women’s entrepreneurship opportunities. Considering that entrepreneurship is a capacity to discover and utilize profitable opportunities in a competitive market, a low level of understanding and recognition of entrepreneurship opportunities by Iranian entrepreneurs is notable. Accordingly, it can be inferred that not recognizing existent potentials and opportunities in the agricultural sector for women is the main reason for the low rate of employment among women, thus improving capabilities to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities among job seekers is one of the best solutions to resolve unemployment and to develop entrepreneurship.

The current study is a practical interpretive research. In terms of method, it is a qualitative research in which an inductive approach has been utilized. Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis were utilized to analyze the data and the used texts, respectively. Semi-structured interview by an exploratory approach was utilized to achieve the goals of the qualitative research and to extract indicators related to recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities. Five selected female entrepreneurs in 2019, 6 professors in entrepreneurship field who were familiar with agricultural sector's concerns, and 6 employees in Agricultural Jahad Organizations with more than 15 years of service, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview. Non-probability and purposive sampling using a snowball sampling approach was utilized to select the sample. Selecting the sample was continued to ensure sufficiency and saturation of the data and to ensure that the next samples do not provide different information. In this study, 17 participants were interviewed. Lincoln and Guba’s evaluation was utilized to investigate the reliability and validity of the coding stage in analyzing qualitative context.

Qualitative analysis of field interviews and their implementation and coding showed that among the main themes of recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities for rural women, “psychological features” by 77 frequencies were the main themes. This main theme includes some secondary themes such as creativity, independence, the need for cognition, self-efficacy in recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities, and the ability to understand and organize information. Alertness with a frequency of 62 was the second main theme. This includes primary knowledge, social networks, evaluation of information, and connecting new information and primary knowledge. “Entrepreneurial intelligence” by frequency of 60 was the 3rd main theme. It includes secondary themes such as entrepreneurial insight, cognitive intelligence, social intelligence, venture intelligence, and provocative intelligence. The 4th main theme was “environmental supports” with a frequency of 47. It includes financial, social, cultural, and political support. The 5th theme was “ human capital” with a frequency of 33. This theme includes cognitive knowledge and experience. “Social capital” which includes connected philanthropy was the 6th theme with a frequency of 29. Turbulence as the 7th main theme by frequency of 27 includes secondary themes such as factors related to environment and personality factors.

Analyzing information and the interviews showed that the main drivers for recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities can be categorized into seven categories ( social capital, human capital, psychological features, turbulence, entrepreneurial intelligence, alertness, and environmental support). Generally, in the current study, 124 initial codes, 97 conceptual codes, 25 basic ( main) themes, and 7 organizing (secondary) themes were recognized and extracted using thematic analysis of 17 interviews.

Given the acute crisis and challenges of air pollution in Tehran and the role of efficient urban green space management in the production and promotion of green space indicators, the development of green space management is a necessity and can help to solve Pollution crisis should be considered by planners and relevant officials. In this regard, it seems necessary to Assessing the Environmental Capabilities of Tehran in Line with Strategic Planning of Urban Green Space Development.

Research Methodology Necessary information was collected using classical Delphi technique in three stages and prioritized using SWOT technique and identified strategies based on quantitative strategy planning matrix (QSPM). The sample consisted of experts, managers and scientific and executive experts and experts related to the subject of research in Tehran who were purposefully selected.

Geographical area of research:

 In this research, the area of Tehran city with an area of about 730 square kilometers was studied.

Based on the findings in the internal factors evaluation matrix for sustainable management of green space in Tehran, the existence of medium and long-term organizational plans for the implementation of urban green space development plans and projects, the most important strength and Lack of management and local planning for green spaces in different areas of Tehran are the most important weakness for green space management in Tehran. Based on the findings of the evaluation matrix of external factors in order to manage the green space of Tehran, the strategic importance of Tehran in the country and the special attention of officials and planners to the development of the city in all dimensions, including the development of green spaces in this city is the most important Opportunity and increase in air pollution and the impact on green space quality are the most important threats facing the management of green space in Tehran.

Based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), it can be said that strategies such as effective monitoring of good implementation of laws and regulations in the field of green spaces in Tehran, preparation and development of a comprehensive green space plan and damage management Inhumane such as pests, plant diseases and adverse cases in urban green spaces are considered as the priority of the most important strategies for managing the green space of Tehran.

The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization. Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance. In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.

AbstractThis study aimed to design a model of job empowerment of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization in Tehran province. Statistical population included all rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization in Tehran province, comprising 495 women who 216 women were selected. The sampling method was stratified random sampling proportional to the size of towns of Tehran Province which towns were considered as the classes of sampling. A questionnaire designed by researcher was used to collect the data. The results showed that commitment and responsibility, economic factors, technical skills, psychological skills, social factors, creativity and solving problem, communication skills and grouping work, information and special knowledge, and educational factors had the most effects on main structure, respectively. Based on findings, it can be concluded that considered variables for job empowerment in the studied women were reliable and it can be used to investigate of the rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.

Knowledge-based companies have been considered as the engine of economic development of developing countries. But these companies have not grown significantly in western Iran. The present quantitative research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of effective factors on the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies in western Iran in a descriptive-correlative manner. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts from 45 agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the country, numbering 276 people,. The value of the multiple determination coefficient for the main structural equation 0.79, which indicates that the independent external variables of the research, including educational-research, economic, political-legal, managerial, ideals and participatory factors, have been able to achieve about 0.79 of Predict changes in the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies. The political-legal factor had the first priority and the managerial, participatory, educational-research, economic and ideal factors had the second to sixth ranks, respectively. It is necessary for all organizations in charge of growth and development of agricultural knowledge-based companies to pay serious and fundamental attention to the identified indicators and components. Have agricultural knowledge-based companies in research for development and progress.

The general purpose of the present study is to investigate the effective factors on the acceptance of electronic banking. This research used a mixed approach and an exploratory sequential design. In the qualitative part, the statistical population of this research included experts and subject matter specialists in the field of electronic banking. After conducting in-depth interviews with 20 of them, the data was obtained using the Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the 200000 customers of all 30 branches of Keshavarzi Bank in Ilam province, who used electronic banking services at the time of study (2020-2021). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table, the number of samples in the statistical population was set at 384. Sampling was performed based on the stratified random sampling technique. The data collection tool (in the quantitative part) was a questionnaire, the face and content validity of which were confirmed by professors and relevant experts, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0887). Based on the results of the qualitative part, five factors affect the acceptance of electronic banking technology. They include: Understanding the ease of application of the electronic banking technology by the customer; Understanding the usefulness of the application of electronic banking technology by the customer; Social and cultural factors, Specific features of electronic banking technology; and the type of electronic banking services. The results of the quantitative part indicated that based on the fit indexes, the general structure of the research model is approved, and that understanding the ease of application of the electronic banking technology by the customer, understanding the usefulness of the application of electronic banking technology by the customer, Specific features of electronic banking technology, and the type of electronic banking services affect the adoption of electronic banking technology, while social and cultural factors have no effect on the adoption of electronic banking technology.

Ecotourism is a sustainable strategy for earning revenues while preserving natural resources. Therefore, this study set out to provide a framework for developing ecotourism in Kermanshah province's target tourism villages using grounded theory. The required data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 20 experts who were selected through snowball sampling. The collected data were then analyzed in Maxqda12 software using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding approach, resulting in 433 codes, 124 concepts, 23 sub-categories, and 6 main categories. The main categories of the model included causal categories (participatory, economic, regional attractions and potentials, policy, social and cultural, managerial, infrastructure, ecotourism services and facilities, and the core category of ecotourism development), intervening categories (economic, managerial, and educational), strategic categories (economic and educational), and consequential categories (positive and negative economic consequences, and social, cultural and environmental consequences) were grouped together in a paradigmatic framework.

Livelihoods must be sustainable in rural living space. It means being able to deal with sudden and long-term crises, shocks and stresses now and in the future, Without undermining its resources and assets. In order to stabilize livelihood, it is necessary to pay attention to determining livelihood strategies. Therefore, the aim of present study designing A Model to Stabilization the Livelihood of Gardeners on the Shores of Lake Urmia Against Late Spring Cold, Using a Grounded Theory Approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 horticultural experts who were selected by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. After completing the interviews, the coding process was performed in three stages: open, central and selective, and a paradigm model of the research was developed using MAXQDA18 software. The findings indicate that categories such as management challenges, inability of small-scale gardeners to adapt to environmental changes, social challenges, lack of human resources in decision-making, economic challenges and lack of infrastructure development, as Causal conditions affecting the livelihood stabilization pattern of the studied gardeners against late spring cold were identified. Underlying conditions include categories such as equipment and infrastructure factors, specialized human resources, lack of comprehensive and integrated policy, lack of coordination in the implementation of affairs and planning, economic and cultural factors. The challenges of production, market management and its challenges, the need to pay attention to the programs of resistance economy, use of regional capacities, educational and extension factors and land fragmentation were identified as intervening conditions. Finally, in order to stabilize the livelihood of gardeners on the shores of Lake Urmia against the late spring cold, operational and executive strategies, educational and research, economic-livelihood and management were identified. In general, according to the research findings, stabilizing the livelihood of gardeners against late spring cold will have several consequences such as sustainable productivity, social justice, sustainable livelihood, sustainable market management and economic sustainability in the study population.

The purpose of this qualitative research was to analyze the development strategies of Zagros nomadic organizing based on Grounded Theory. The Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling methods with 30 specialists, managers and experts in the field of nomads. The theory extraction and coding process was performed by MAXqda18 software. The study findings indicated that categories such as failure of previous projects, lack of attention to environmental sustainability, lack of attention to human capital, natural and ecological potential of nomadic areas, lack of socio-cultural pathology and lack of attention to upper-level documents as causal conditions affecting the development of the Zagros nomadic organization were identified; also, grounded conditions included categories such as lack of coordination in planning and implementation, lack of financial resources, cultural barriers, lack of specialized manpower, technological and natural barriers; meanwhile, constantly changing the pattern of life, lack of investment and marketing, disregard for the potentials in the region, implementation of parallel development policies and inconsistencies between the provinces of the Zagros area were also identified as intervening conditions. Besides, in order to develop the nomadic organization of the Zagros area, strategies such as decentralized and regional planning, participatory management system, local (tribe) management system, establishment of nomadic cooperatives, nomadic ecotourism and the creation of local markets were identified. Finally, it was found that the development of the Zagros nomadic organization would have consequences such as environmental sustainability, establishing social justice, permanent job as well as restoration of forest and rangeland ecosystems, food security and productivity among the studied population. Accordingly, the study findings can be exploited by the concerned policy makers, planners and managers while paying more attention to the nomads of the region in supporting decisions in order to achieve sustainable development.

this study was conducted with the aim to identify the educational promoter and deterrent affecting the successful management of agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the Iran for development in the summer of 2020; it was done qualitatively and with the method of Grounded theory. In order to identify the components From in-depth solo interviews Used with the Managing Director of knowledge-based agricultural companies in the west of the country (N = 45) Which was obtained after interviews with 21 Managing Director. The selection of Managing Director for the interview was purposeful and judgmental. Data analysis by line-by-line analysis and in the form of conventional content analysis using MAXQDA12 software Leads to the identification of 26 main components In the form of 4 categories of Educational factors In the field of marketing, Cultural, Entrepreneurship And technical-specialized as Promoter. Educational deterrent affecting the successful management of agricultural knowledge-based companies also includes 25 main components in the form of 4 categories Barriers to vocational training were central knowledge, communication and management. The main educational promoters with the highest frequency of repetition by the respondents Establishment of professional research centers to train Managing Director in conducting applied research and training on how to conduct applied research in knowledge-based agricultural companies; Two barriers to the lack of entrepreneurial skills among managing director and lack of knowledge of technologies produced in universities with the highest frequency of repetition were identified as the main obstacles.

The purpose of this study was to design an adaptive capacity model of wheat farmers in Mehran city in confronting with particulate matter and its effective factors. The statistical population included wheat farmers in Mehran city including 315 people for 14,500 hectares of wheat lands. The sample size was estimated 173 of wheat farmers using the Cochran formula which increased to 180 to enhance the accuracy of the calculation. The random sampling method was used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Bootstraping technique was used to evaluate the significance of path coefficients. Educational-extension mechanism (path coefficient = 0.446 and t-value = 3.409) and agronomic mechanism (path coefficient = 0.428 and t-value = 2.470) show a significant effect on adaptation to fine dust phenomenon have given. While the effect of managerial mechanism (path coefficient = 0.153 and t-value = 1.391), technical mechanism (path coefficient = 0.118 and t-value = 0.637) in this regard was not significant. Factors such as lack or lack of awareness, education and communication and extension weakness, conducting research without considering the adaptation and needs assessment and not simplifying their results for farmers, not considering the required credit and capital, not paying attention to adaptation to the phenomenon of fine dust. As a necessity, the lack of infrastructure to pave the way for implementation of activities compatible with the phenomenon of fine dust and the disproportionate tariffs for agricultural insurance can play a significant role in the non-significance of these mechanisms. However, the structure of adaptation to the fine dust phenomenon directly and the mechanisms related to it indirectly had very significant and significant effects on the adaptability.

Paddy farming has been reported as one of the most important causes of non-fatal injuries and occupational accidents among farmers. The ignorance of the health of farmers can cause harm to farmers and lead to disability. As a result, these health consequences can result in less exploitation and economic growth in households. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the general health status of paddy field workers in Mazandaran province, Iran. 

This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluated 384 paddy farmers in Mazandaran province, Iran, who were selected using stratified random sampling. The required data were collected using the standard questionnaire of GHQ-28 with four domains of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and symptoms of depression. The obtained data were then analyzed using SPSS software (version 25) through Spearman, Kendall, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

The highest number of participants in this study was in the age group of 50-59 years with a mean age of 46.9 years. According to the results, the total general health score was obtained at 64.3% for the subjects. Moreover, the scores of four areas of general health were determined at 91.1% (depression symptoms), 73.4% (social dysfunction), 48.7% (anxiety symptoms and insomnia), and 47.1% (somatic symptoms) in descending order.

The general health of the studied population was not in a good range. In addition, the most observed disorder in the general health of paddy farmers was related to the symptoms of depression, followed by somatic symptoms.

Agriculture and horticulture have always been risky occupations, and the development of mechanization, despite reducing the difficulties of agricultural activities and increasing production, has caused numerous occupational injuries for farmers and gardeners. Therefore, this study aimed to prioritize and analyze the effective factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health in Ilam, Iran.

This applied research was conducted quantitatively based on a causal relationship method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (n=6711). The sample size was determined at 405 people using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. and stratified random sampling method.

According to the results of factor analysis, the components affecting the gardenerschr('39') occupational health included supportive, economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Path analysis findings using AMOS vol.23 software also showed that supportive factors had the greatest impact on gardenerschr('39') occupational health, followed by economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors.

Considering the findings of the present study and the effect of supportive factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health as the most priority factor, it can be concluded that the occupational injuries of gardeners can be significantly reduced by increasing government support through providing financial incentives, subsidies, as well as long-term and low-interest facilities to develop and increase the health and safety of gardens and greenhouses.

This research has been done with the aim of designing a sustainable living model with a cooperative village approach. The present study is a quantitative research of the correlation method. The research is the effect of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of members of cooperative companies in the cooperative village plan. The research statistical population includes 198 managers of cooperatives under the auspices of the cooperative village who were selected by proportional assignment sampling. As data input was used in this research. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Using the pilot study and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, its reliability was ensured. Findings from path coefficients showed that the variables of financial capital (.419), physical capital (.402), social capital (.314), human capital (.256) and natural capital (.222), respectively. The most effective variables on sustainable livelihood are the members of cooperatives covered by the cooperative village plan. The results obtained from the analysis using Bayesian method (Baysian SEM) showed that the degree of stability and continuity in business in financial capital, the degree of access to communication tools in physical capital, the degree of participation in activities related to social crises Social capital, the level of interest in new work and innovation in human capital and the potential natural facilities of the village for tourism in natural capital have had the greatest impact.

This research has been done with the aim of designing a sustainable livelihood model with the cooperative village approach using the grounded theory method. The present study is a qualitative research. The study sample includes 30 experts, managers and experts in the field of cooperation throughout the country who were purposefully selected. Field observations and in-depth interviews in the form of focus groups were used to collect data. The results were extracted from the research data in the coding process (open, axial and selective) in the form of concepts, subcategories and categories using MAXqda12 software. The paradigm model includes conditions (causal, contextual, and intervening), strategy, and outcome. Research findings indicate that climate vulnerability, social vulnerability and economic vulnerability were identified as causal conditions; trends, government support and infrastructure strengthening were identified as background conditions; and financing, market development, market control, and government support as intervening conditions affecting the creation of sustainable livelihoods with the rural cooperative approach. The results show that coping strategies and compromise strategies as strategies for achieving sustainable livelihoods have consequences such as cooperatives, sustainable development, productivity, employment, strengthening social capital and smart agriculture.

Currently, biodiversity in the Zagros region faces two serious threats including land use changes and unstable harvesting. These factors both alone and in combination, can lead to severe and irreversible damage to the forests. Therefore, the restoration, reconstruction, protection and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Zagros vegetation area has always been the main(basic) concern of activists and officials in this basin. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Zagros vegetation area from the point of view of experts, using content analysis technique. The research data were collected through semi-structured interviews. People involved in research includes specialists, manager scientific and executive experts and experts related to Zagros forests.For data analysis, MAXqda12 software was used. The research findings indicate that among the most important criteria identified for sustainable management of forests in the Zagros vegetation from the point of view of experts are the criteria of forest size and production capacity, conservation functions, ecosystem conditions, conservation criteria biodiversity, economic criteria. Social criteria, criteria of laws and structures and educational and extension criteria. It should be noted that for each of the relevant criteria, the indicators corresponding to that criterion were also identified (8 criteria and 18 indicators). Our findings indicate that, the most important indicators for sustainable management in the Zagros vegetation region are the indicators of law-making and total forest area belonging to the criteria of laws and organization and to the criteria of ecosystem conditions, respectively. The results of this study can be used in line with principled policies in the forest resources of the Zagros Basin and for planning, decision making and success in this field.

The present casual-comparative study generally aimed to analyze the factors affecting the development of the organizing plans related to Zagros nomads among all relevant experts and managers (n=1100). The sample size was determined by using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. (360) and stratified random sampling was used with respect to working place. Based on the results of path analysis by using AMOS 23 software, the maximum effect on developing the plans of organizing Zagros nomads was obtained in policy making (=0.59), as well as economic and supportive factors (=0.56). In addition, marketing (=0.52), managerial (=0.46), infrastructural (=0.44), and educational, extensional, and participatory factors (=0.36) affected the development of the plans positively and significantly, respectively. The results of the study can be utilized by policy makers, planners, and relevant managers for supporting decision makings in order to attain sustainable development, along with paying more attention to the nomads in the area.

The main purpose of the present study was to define an appropriate Farming System which provides environmental sustainability of agricultural activities in Ilam province in "ILam province". Regarding the purpose, the present research is an applied – developmental study. The population includes experts. The sampling of the experts was carried out via Nonprobability Sampling (Purposive and Chained). Two questionnaires were designed to serve as the major research instruments. Face and content validity was applied to determine the validity and Cronbach coefficient Alpha and consistency coefficient were applied to determine the inconsistency coefficient of the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used To achieve pre-determined purpose of the study. The procedures, all, were performed by spss 18 software. For multiple criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were applied for the decision making stage. The required statistics were carried out by the use of ES2000 software. Sustainability criteria were firstly recognized with the aid of the secondary documents. The Farming Systems were lying in the range of private, cooperative produce, rental, and share cropping. The results of this study demonstrated that the cooperative is the most useful Farming System in the environmental sustainability of agricultural activities.

Present causal-correlational research was conducted with the main purpose of analyzing factors affecting reduction of agricultural occupational injuries among gardeners of Ilam province. The statistical population of this study was consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (N= 6711). The sample size (n= 405) was determined using the Bartlett's sample size table and the samples were selected through and stratified random method with proportional assignment. Data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Running path analysis using AMOS23 statistical package proved that the variable gardeners' participation in occupational safety and health training courses (β= 0.80) had the greatest impact on reducing agricultural occupational injuries among gardeners of Ilam province. It should also be mentioned that variables horticultural education level (β= 0.69), horticultural income (β= 0.68), safety knowledge (β= 0.67), experience of horticultural activity (β= 0.64), Garden's size (β= 0.60), and gardener age (β = 0.59) were the next most powerful predictors of reducing agricultural occupational injuries, respectively.