فرهاد حسین زاده لطفی

The aim of the current research is to identify the influencing variables on promoting the national brand in the automobile industry with an economic approach using the ground theory method. The current research was conducted using qualitative method (qualitative content analysis) and fuzzy Delphi analysis. Finally, using the fuzzy Delphi analysis, the factors extracted from the interviews with experts were analyzed and the final qualitative model was designed. Based on fuzzy Delphi analysis among the components: choosing the best technology transfer strategy in order to promote national branding in the automobile industry in line with economic development with the Cripps number (0.917), considering key economic factors in the country in order to promote branding National in the automotive industry with the Cripps number (0.903), according to experts, they have the highest amount of these components. In the end, 34 components and 88 indicators were confirmed, mostly causal factors or preconditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategies and consequences were identified

e aviation industry is expanding rapidly around the world, and the efficiency of airlines has been of interest since the industry's inception. Nonetheless, despite increased revenue, the aviation industry has contributed to environmental degradation in recent years. As a result, this industry requires businesses that reduce their environmental impact while increasing their profits. With this topic in mind, a twostage robust data envelopment analysis model with unfavorable output is presented to evaluate the performance of airline companies according to their internal structure with the aim of increasing the final revenue of the system and reducing the unfavorable output of global warming potential and uncertainty in the warming potential. The purpose of this article is to assess the efficiency of 11 airlines during the years 2010 to 2019. Through these models, it was concluded that most of the United States airlines are relatively efficient and their average overall efficiency score is above 0.8. Only two companies, Spirit and Allegiant, have a lower average total efficiency. On the other hand, all the companies in the first stage are relatively efficient and have an average efficiency score above 0.8, and except for the two companies Spirit and Allegiant, they are also efficient in the flight sector and have an average above 0.9. The overall performance of companies is more affected by the performance of their flight department.

In the third millennium, cities have of a great potential as the engine of Social growth and development. Urban management, therefore, should pay attention to its internal structures and processes to achieve sustainable development In Iran, rapid population growth -with 70% of urban population- and misallocation of resources and facilities on the one hand, and financial self-sufficiency of the municipalities on the other hand, has broached more than ever a need for assessment of performance in order to improve and promote management. Considering the role of municipalities in organization of urban management, it is necessary to use scientific methods for improvement and promotion of urban management in different economical, social and environmental fields and in line with urban sustainable development. In this research, the goal is assessment of performance in Karaj Municipality and Deputies then rank ranking them. therefore, a model of Network Dara Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) technique has been used to assess the efficiency of municipalities according to internal structures. The results of the model after collecting the data by considering five input and 12 output variables illustrated that in 2014, more municipalities were efficient. furthermore, district 5 in 2014, district 4 in 2015, and districts 1, 4 and 5 in 2016 were efficient. The municipalities of districts 4, 8, 11 and 12 have achieved the best performance in the technical and civil depute during these years

In this research, non-verbal in-store factors affecting the buying behavior of customers in the home appliance industry have been identified. The data required for this research were collected in two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, the in-depth interview method was used to collect the necessary information. The data obtained in this phase of the research were analyzed by the method of content analysis. Also, in the quantitative phase, the field method was used to collect information and analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis method. In order to cover the research objectives, at first, by conducting in-depth interviews with experts in the field of non-verbal communication, indicators that can be effective in predicting the buying behavior of customers were identified, and then based on the importance of each From these indicators, the factors that are finally introduced as non-verbal in-store factors that influence the buying behavior of customers. The results obtained in the interview with experts show that 33 indicators can be considered as non-verbal in-store indicators affecting the buying behavior of customers in the home appliance industry. Based on the findings of this research, brands active in this industry can design more optimal stores for end customers, which in addition to creating a positive impact on their shopping experience, also on the branding of industry players. It can have a significant impact

Accelerated changes in land use/land cover (LULC) cause changes in environmental dynamics and land degradation. The monitoring and modeling of changes, based on a time-series LULC approach, is fundamental for planning and managing regional environments. The current study analyzed the LULC changes, as well as estimate future scenarios for 2027 and 2037. To achieve accuracy, in predicting LULC changes, the land change modeler (LCM) was used for the Latian Dam Watershed. The LULC time-series technique was specified utilizing four atmospherically-endorsed surface reflectance Landsat images for the years t1 (1987), t2 (1998), t3 (2007) and t4 (2017), to authenticate the LULC predictions to obtain estimates for t5 (2027) and t6 (2037). The LULC classes identified in the watershed were (a) built-areas, (b) vegetated areas, (c) bare lands and (d) water bodies. The dynamic modeling of the LULC was based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) and artificial neural network (ANN) in LCM. The overal accuracy rate equivalent 80.66, 83.21, 84.32 and 85.12for the years t1 (1987), t2 (1998), t3 (2007) and t4 (2017), and Kappa Index equating to 0.80, 0.82, 0.84 and 0.86 respectively. The results of LULC change analysis showed an increase in the build-up areas; and a decrease in bare lands and vegetated areas within the duration of the study period. The results of this research could help regional planners and managers in the formulation of public policies designed to conserve environmental resources in the Latian Dam Watershed and consequently, minimize the risks of the fragmentation of orchards, vegetated areas and degradation of the valuable resources.

The expansion of urbanization and the concentration of facilities in metropolitan areas have forced people to live in these cities. However, this increase in population has led to insecurity, unemployment, air pollution, and environmental issues. New cities have been established to solve these problems and to organize the overpopulation. Examining the urban infrastructure of new cities leads to extracting their strengths and weaknesses. More accurate planning should be formed to attract the population and the coefficient of survival in these cities should be higher. Accordingly, in this study, two new cities, Andisheh and Parand, have been studied to measure the level of citizens' satisfaction with urban infrastructure. Explanation of criteria and indicators was extracted through a review of international articles and the level of satisfaction was assessed through a questionnaire (381 items) in each city and field survey. The research method is descriptive-analytical and to examine the indicators, t-test, factor analysis model, and linear regression in Amos software have been statistically analyzed. First, the significance of the indicators was examined and then the factor analysis method was performed and a load of each factor was extracted. Using the linear regression method, the indicators were prioritized in the studied areas. The results show that the level of citizens 'satisfaction with the index andsub-indices of the ecosystem and urban and technical-thematic landscape and inthe city of Andisheh, the index and sub-indices of justice and equality and ecosystem and urban landscape have a higher impact on citizens' satisfaction than other factors. On the other hand, financial-economic, technical-thematic factors, and human development in the new city of Andisheh have the lowest, and access and spatial and institutional formation in the new city of Parand has the lowest level of satisfaction among people. 

A comprehensive theoretical framework can help planners and managers deal with urban problems. On the other hand, looking at the physical dimensions of urban infrastructure shows that the soft dimension of urban infrastructure has been neglected. Therefore, the present article focuses on providing a comprehensive framework of urban infrastructure to take a comprehensive approach to the urban infrastructure for new cities, by considering its various dimensions. The present study has two aims 1- present a comprehensive theoretical framework of urban infrastructure 2- Examining the level of citizens' satisfaction with the state of urban infrastructure in the new cities of Andisheh and Parand.

The purpose is to investigate the residents' level of satisfaction of the two new cities of Parand and Andisheh as indicators of urban infrastructure. In order the level of citizens 'satisfaction, which of the components of urban infrastructure is more relevant and which component in urban infrastructure has a greater impact on residents' satisfaction and can determine the preference for housing in terms of infrastructure, the Factor analysis, and classification of criteria according to the output of the questionnaires was used. Using multivariate linear regression and considering citizens' satisfaction as a dependent variable, the criteria, and indicators obtained from the theoretical framework as independent variables are measured to measure their relationships. First, the questionnaire data is entered into the Amos software, then the variables are extracted using the factor analysis method. There are several fitness indicators to evaluate the fit of the structural equation model.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the level of satisfaction of residents of the two new cities of Andisheh and Parand with urban infrastructure indicators. In order to obtain the level of satisfaction of citizens, which one of the components of urban infrastructure is more related, and which component of urban infrastructure has a greater impact on the satisfaction of residents, and can determine the level of preference for residence in terms of infrastructure.

According to the surveys, in the two new cities of Andisheh and Parand, the criterion of ecosystem and urban landscape is at the highest level of citizens' satisfaction, which should be maintained and improved. On the other hand, in order to increase the level of satisfaction of the residents, the weak points should be given more importance than the strong points. In the new city of Andisheh, the factors of financial-economic, technical-thematic and human development, and in the new city of Parand, the factor of accessibility and spatial and institutional formation is at the lowest level of satisfaction, which requires more attention at different levels of management and planning. The present study explained a comprehensive theoretical framework in the field of identifying urban infrastructure in the new city.

This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of brain-compatible teaching model with mathematics reading comprehension strategy on correcting third grade students’ computational errors in solving verbal problems. In this study, quasi-experimental research method was used. A verbal question test was used as the research instrument in the study. The sample included 65 third grade female students from non-public schools that were assigned into two groups of control and experimental. The results obtained from Wilcoxon test indicated that the brain-compatible teaching model with mathematics reading comprehension strategy was effective on the third grade students’ correction of computational errors in solving verbal problems. Therefore, it can be concluded that considering and using the brain-compatible learning activities can enhance students’ educational success and motivate them to learn Mathematics. This was abstrac of this article whit Investigating the Effectiveness of Brain-compatible Teaching model with Mathematics Reading Comprehension Strategy (SQRQCQ) on Correcting Students’ Computational Errors in Solving Verbal Problems title.

The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between social responsibility and the quality of services in the banking industry with respect to the mediating role of ethical marketing strategy.               

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey approach. The statistical population of this research was the customers of the banking industry in Tehran, from which 400 people were selected by simple random sampling and participated in the research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling method and SPSS and LISREL software were used.

Based on the results, the first three hypotheses of the study were confirmed due to their larger significance number of (1.96) and positive standard coefficient (significant number of the path between the two variables of social responsibility and ethical marketing strategy). (16/18), between social responsibility and quality of banking services (8/8) and between ethical marketing strategy and quality of banking services (9/88). Banking services were approved.

Undoubtedly, the attention of financial institutions and banks to the issue of social responsibility can affect the quality of their services and ultimately customer satisfaction and loyalty, which in this way can benefit from mechanisms such as ethical marketing and achievement to the goal.

 Investment in projects is one of the factors of economic growth and sustainable development in countries. Since investors are usually exposed to different risks and due to the importance of risk in selecting projects, it has always been focused on the optimization of project selection and optimization techniques to reduce risks. The main risks associated with investment projects are divided into market and political risk groups, which can lead to decrease in productivity and increased cost in a capital project .Market risk consists of four risk factors: commercial risk, project progress risk, vector gain risk and construction risk. The aim of this paper is evaluation and ranking of market risks in selecting different types of capital projects based on mathematical programming model with DEA / AHP combined technique so that according to the relative weights, the overall impact of market risk on project prioritization is determined. After the implementation of the proposed algorithm, the risk of advancing the first priority, risk of construction / completion of second priority, risk taking and commercial risk were placed third and fourth priority so that investors can identify and reduce their effects in projects.

The current paper tries to determine the type of returns to scale in a decision-making unit under the condition that integer-valued inputs or outputs are present.

This paper introduces radial models for determining the value and type of Returns to Scale (RTS) in 4 scenarios, including single integer-valued input – single real output (scenario one), mixed inputs – exclusively real outputs (scenario two), exclusively integer-valued inputs  exclusively real outputs (scenario three), and exclusively integer-valued inputs – exclusively integer-valued outputs (scenario four); in each scenario, the values of the left RTS and right RTS are determined, and the RTS type is then determined on that basis. Finally, by presenting three examples based on two scenarios, namely single integer-valued input – single real output and single integer-valued input – single integer-valued output, the new method is compared with previous methods using GAMS software, and the conclusions are provided.

The type of returns to scale differs when integer-valued inputs or outputs are present as compared with the case where the inputs and outputs are assumed to have real values.

Originality/Value: 

This study focuses on the value and type of returns to scale for integer-valued data. For this purpose, returns to scale was modeled in 4 scenarios using input-oriented radial models, and in the fourth scenario (exclusively integer-valued inputs – exclusively integer-valued outputs), the modeling was carried out for output orientation as well. The existence of a difference between the results produced by our proposed model and those of the classical model was demonstrated through two examples, one using hypothetical data and the other real-world data.

Border points of the production possibility set (PPS) have particular importance in data envelopment analysis (DEA). The present study aims to provide a method to find weak defining hyperplanes of DEA models by the anchor points. Anchor points are an important subset of the set of extreme efficient points of the PPS in DEA. They are directly related to weak defining hyperplanes in the production possibility set. Therefore, we used this feature and offered a practical algorithm to find weak defining hyperplanes of PPS. Eventually, we illustrate our algorithm using two numerical examples.

The factors that affect the selection of managers for Hajj tamattu, and their identification and interrelationships were discussed in this paper. Fifty-three indicators were found by reading the literature and reviewing the checklists of the Hajj and Pilgrimage Organization to determine the factors that affect the selection of managers. For this purpose, a questionnaire was created. Nine out of the fifty-three indicators were confirmed after the questionnaire’s validity and reliability were examined and copies of the questionnaire were filled out by experts. The Dimtel method was used to examine the impact of each indicator on the others. For this purpose, the degree of significance and the effects of the indicators on each other among the nine confirmed ones were determined with the help of the experts. According to the findings, the selection of managers for Hajj tamattu was most influenced by the number of training courses successfully completed, the length of the training course completed, and the job kind, respectively. This research revealed that the number of training courses completed is the most affecting indicator and the experience of dispatching Hajj pilgrims is the most affected one.

The expansion of urbanization and the concentration of facilities in metropolitan areas have forced people to live in these cities,. New cities have been established to solve these problems and to organize the overflow of the population. Examining the urban infrastructure of new cities leads to extracting their strengths and weaknesses. More accurate planning should be formed to attract the population and the coefficient survival in these cities should be higher. Accordingly, in this study, two new cities, Pardis and Hashtgerd, have been studied to measure the level of citizens' satisfaction with urban infrastructure. Criteria and indicators have been explained through a review of valid international texts and the level of satisfaction has been collected through a questionnaire (381 items) in each city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and to examine the indicators, one-sample t-test, factor analysis model, and linear regression in Amos software environment have been statistically analyzed. For this purpose, first, the significance and appropriateness of the indicators have been studied and then factor analysis has been performed, and each factor's load has been extracted. Using the linear regression method, the indicators were prioritized in the studied areas. The results show that the level of citizens' satisfaction with the criteria of governance (justice and equality) and performance in the new campus city and the economic and urban landscape in the new city of Hashtgerd was higher. economic criteria in the new campus city and socio-cultural in the new city of Hashtgerd have the lowest level of satisfaction

The purpose of this study is to explain the appropriate practical model for performance evaluation, and improve the efficiency of the new cities of Hashtgerd, Andisheh, Pardis, Parand. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose (type of use). In terms of the method of conducting research in general, this research is a descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of the study includes all residents of Pardis, Parand, Andisheh and Hashtgerd cities. The sample size based on Cochran's formula was 383 people for all 4 cities were selected by simple random sampling. Research tools include a 17-item questionnaire (transportation, telecommunications, water, sewage, electricity, housing, social, city general equipment, educational, economic, managerial, river and canal, green space, health, waste management, energy and facilities Gas). To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the point of view of 5 experts in the field of urban planning, its validity was examined several times, and also the validity of the structure based on confirmatory factor analysis was used. Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability, which is 0.83 and in good condition. In the data analysis section, with the help of spss22 and Amos software, the research questions were examined using structural equation modeling. The results show that the performance of different cities in different fields and services has been such that Hashtgerd city is in the first rank, Andisheh is in the second rank, Pardis is in the third rank, and Parand is in the last rank, based on the performance of the surrounding cities. The city of Tehran was neither higher than 0.65, and the two cities of Parand and Pardis were even below 0.50, which is a sign of weakness in this regard.

Todays, gaining more share from the consumer market is the main purpose of companies and industry owners. The high popularity and potential benefits of social media, easy access, reduced perception cost, and high efficiency in communications have encouraged many companies to attend such spaces. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of social networks on online brand relationships by moderating online brand experience. This study was applied in terms of objective and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included the users of social network, marketing experts, and active business managers in social networks in Tehran. A number of 384 subjects were analyzed using random sampling and Cochran, Krejcie, and Morgan statistical formula. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for this study and its validity and reliability were tested. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained as 0.901. In addition, structural equation technique was used to measure the effect of variables using PLS software. The findings indicated that the dimensions of social networks (experimental benefits, functional benefits) play a significant role in determining the online brand relationships of individuals. In addition, it was found that online brand experience as a moderator variable and social network variables have a significant positive effect on online brand relationships.

The aim of this study was to design and explain the process pattern of customers' buying behavior of organic products. This research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of applied purpose, in terms of approach, exploratory, and in terms of data analysis. In the qualitative phase of the research, in order to design a model based on the data theory methodology of the foundation, a group of experts in the field of agricultural products marketing, including university professors and marketing consultants in the field of organic agricultural products, who were familiar with marketing and marketing of organic food products, were selected. In-depth interviews were conducted. In the quantitative phase, customers of organic agricultural products in Tehran were considered as a statistical population and among them, 500 people were selected from the cluster sampling method with equal volume as a statistical sample. In the qualitative phase of the research, because the foundation data theory method was used, the main tool for data collection was in-depth and unstructured interviews with experts. In the quantitative phase of the research, the main data collection tool was a closed and researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 51 items that was designed based on the initial conceptual model. In the quantitative phase of the research, SPSS and Lisrel software were used for descriptive and inferential analyzes. Finally, the results of the research led to the design of a process model of customer buying behavior of organic products.

Technology transfer is an important element of the relationship between construction companies, especially in the international construction industry, and in construction, it is a source of creativity that enables the design and construction of the company with new technologies. The process of technology transfer is based on value and Product protection. Technology transfer (technology transfer) has become increasingly important since the formulation of the International Code of Practice for Technology Transfer by UNCTAD in 1985 and has become a preferred platform for bridging the gap between developed and developing countries. At the same time, International Joint Ventures (IJVs) have been proposed as a tool to change the perception that contractors in developing countries can position themselves to receive technology from their developed counterparts. So far, technology transfer has been studied through a variety of theoretical lenses. However, predominantly, the perspectives used have assumed a linear process, viewing technology as merely a destination and effectively ignoring the multiple interactions in technology transfer. A counterargument has been proposed to observe technology transfer, which is a process of social-technical interactions that relies on learning. With the presented results, it raises the importance of studying technology transfer as a system of socio-technical interactions on a construction project in order to understand how learning plays a role in this process.

Benchmarking is a tool for evaluating organizational performance with a learning approach from others. The importance of benchmarking in every industry is clear for anyone. In the automotive industry, the performance of after-sales service agencies in Iran is evaluated every year by Iran Standard and Quality Inspection company. One of the ways to continuously improve in after-sales service agencies is benchmarking of successful and efficient examples in the network. In this paper, a benchmarking model is developed considering that the repair index and customer satisfaction are interdependent. To improve the accuracy and operationality of benchmarking, some constraints have been added to the model with the opinion of experts. Considering the dependent parameters, a data envelopment analysis model has been proposed and this model has been implemented to benchmark 20 after-sales service agencies of a car company. By solving the model and comparing it with the results of the original model, it was observed that the considered conditions changed the benchmarking and increased the accuracy. This paper discusses the concept of the impact and importance of dependent parameters in benchmarking, and with this concept, a benchmarking model for automotive after-sales service agencies is presented.

Each steel company buys the raw materials it needs from the manufacturers in question, thus forming supply chains with network properties. Therefore, there is a need to conduct performance research to improve the performance of these chains. In studies, the study of specific structures in the supply chain has received less attention. In this research, we have tried to examine the network and how to evaluate its performance in the presence of uncontrollable, undesirable factors. For this purpose, network DEA models are proposed that evaluate the performance of the chain in the presence of uncontrollable inputs and outputs, undesirable output even in its internal structure. Then, 11 present steel companies, the corresponding chain of each of which has two stages, were evaluated by the presented models in 1398. The designed model was based on the network Data Envelopment Analysis of tailored the companies under study and their efficiency was calculated. Based on the results, one company under the first stage and one company under the second stage were recognized as efficient, and all companies had a total efficiency of less than one.

By installing the required facilities such as recycling booths, Tehran municipality can play an important role in the promoting waste separation in order to protect environment and the goals of the sustainable development. The rate of the collection of daily dry wastes by 460 recycling booths is about 40 tons throughout the city of Tehran, out of which about 32% (12.8 tons daily) is received from the citizens by means of 81 recycling booths placed in the western areas. The aim of this article is to produce a model for dry waste management of the recycling booths placed in the western parts of Tehran. The instruments used for the purpose is the ARC GIS software. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and applied method. Due to the spatial characteristic of locating and lack of finality of urban problems, the basis of this research is to prepare layers of information based on the factors influential in locating recycling booths and their incorporation and overlapping in the ARCGIS software domain, using AHP and Fuzzy logic inference. A study of the results indicates that around fifty percent of the zones 5, 9, 21, and 22 of Tehran are considered useful for locating recycling booths, while around 74% of the existing recycling booths are not used properly. The maximum and minimum efficiencies among the existing recycling booths belong to municipality zones 5 (39%) and 22 (4%), respectively.

One of the persistent and basic questions of the organizational research literature is why some organizations outperform others. The answer can be found in supply chain management. Given the new concepts of supply chain management and similar concepts that result in a higher cooperation and closer relationships between a firm and its suppliers, nowadays, suppliers and clients are no longer considered as competitors of the organization, but rather as members of a larger groups known as supply chain. Each member in the chain aims at maximizing the profitability and improving the total performance of the chain (Perez-Franco et al., 2016). Hatamifar et al. (2017) surveyed the effectiveness of integrated supply chains in hotels to achieve competitive advantages. The three factors of internal integrity, product integrity and customer integrity had positive functions. Santajo Mandal et al. (2017) surveyed the role of the capabilities and integrity of supply chains in the improvement of their flexibility. The risks and uncertainty of a supply chain have become important and interesting subjects for research over the past few years. Supply chain risk is a potential incident that might prevent the normal flow of materials and information within the chain. It is, therefore, a disruption in the function of the supply chain. The main feature of a supply chain is connectivity of its members so that the risk of one member can be transmitted to other members. When one supplier declares bankruptcy, for instance, not only its business but also all the other members of the supply chain are affected.

A questionnaire was used for data gathering, and the collected data were analyzed based on partial least squares. Given that the structural equation model was used for the data analysis, the sample group size was determined based on the relevance between the number of the statements and respondents. The relevance was obtained based on the relationship 5 < A < 15. Taking into account that the questionnaire comprised of 83 statements, the sample group size was found to be 793, i.e. nine participants for each statement. A pilot study was also conducted with 20 participants based on which the reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach’s alpha. The structure of the questionnaire is presented in Table 1. To test the research model, a structural equations model was used based on the partial least square approach. Before interpreting the model, we needed to make sure that the model suited our objectives and its results would be reliable by confirming it generally in terms of measurement and structure. Therefore, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and convergent validity were used (Table 2). By making sure about the suitability of the measurement model, the reliability of the structural model was examined using cv.red and cv.com. Table 1. Structure of the questionnaireVariablesNumber of statementsCronbach’s alphaCompetitive advantage130.824Supply chain risk management320.837Integrity of the whole supply chain320.892Organization performance60.799 Table 2. Total structure reliability and goodness of fitVariablesAVEC.RCronbach’s alphaC.V REDCV. COMCompetitive advantage0.750.9230.8890.750.75Supply chain risk management0.6480.9160.6480.6470.647Integrity of the whole supply chain0.7110.9240.8980.7110.711Organization performance0.8130.9630.9530.1870.802 Finally, since the model was based on partial least square, the total goodness of fit was examined using the GOF index, which was higher than 0.3. So, the general goodness of fit of the model was supported. The index was obtained using the following formula:GOF =  = 0.324(1)Having confirmed the goodness of fit for the model at the three levels of the structural equation model in Smart PLS, the hypotheses were examined.

The results indicated that an improvement in the risk management of a supply chain prepares the ground for the improvement of organizational performance (t = 8.417, β = 0.277). Undoubtedly and as noted, what affects organizational performance is the risk of the supply chain that may deter the improvement of the business performance of the organization and the optimized use of all the resources of the organization toward improved performance. When the risk of the supply chain as a whole increases, the organization fails to make decisions in uncertain situations, which may lead to the inefficiency of the decisions made by the organization and the efforts to steer the organization.

Needless to say, risks may cause loss of performance. On the other hand, the organization can perform more satisfactorily in implementing its decisions when the risk is managed effectively. In this regard, our results are consistent with the findings of Heidari et al. (2016). It was shown that the integrity of a supply chain can be effective in organizational performance (t = 5.966, β = 0.247).The proposed model is a supply chain management model adjusted for the modern environment of the industry in Iran. The features and capabilities of the model make it more flexible and easy to expand so that it can be used in different companies in different industries with different management policies.

In resource allocation and target setting problems, a central planner decision making from a managerial point of view has a pivotal role, especially in presence of undesirable outputs such as greenhouse gas emissions. In these situations, firms have to incorporate to each other to achieve the goals of the central planner. The existing DEA-based resource allocation models have not considered the influence of managerial effort and technology innovation. In this study, we will use the managerial disposability assumption to reflect the central planner managerial achievement and technology novelty perspective in the process of resource allocation and target setting.

Using a managerial disposability assumption in this paper offers a solution to a correct and acceptable resource allocation and target setting along with improving the performance of units. To analyze the method presented in this paper, the data of 29 famous international airlines representing the global aviation industry have been selected and studied.

The results of this study show that in this model, decision-making units use managerial disposability assumption in the regulation of undesirable outputs based on the perspective of cooperation strategies to improve their environmental performance. In addition, in this approach increasing the inputs, fixing the amount of the desirable outputs, reducing the amount of undesirable outputs will be allowed. This model ensures that the adjusted decision-making units in the next period, will improve their efficiency after resource allocation and target setting, as well as improving the overall efficiency is observed in the results obtained by this method.

The paper presents a new approach of resource allocation and target setting based on data envelopment analysis which considers the impact of managerial effort and technology innovation on resource allocation and target setting problems.