فرهاد حمزه

Extended Abstract
As a spatial-geographical phenomenon, the border is one of the important geopolitical factors in the political management of space in any country in the direction of development, stable security, and power generation. Optimal and intelligent management of border areas is directly related to economic and social development as well as sustainable security. Modern governments needed clear boundaries for their sphere of authority in a land. Borders are producers of multiple opportunities and threats, and recognizing opportunities and reducing threats based on national interests and security in border areas is the way to achieve sustainable development and create a bridge between the core of the country and border areas in order to create coherence and balance in development.
Meanwhile, the borders of the Southwest Asia region in general and the borders of Iran as a regional power with a sensitive geopolitical position, in particular, are more sensitive due to the role of the colonial powers in drawing the political geography of the region regardless of the ethno-cultural and historical perspectives. The sense of divergence in border areas is strongly affected by the presence of complex and nested borders in mental and objective dimensions. In the meantime, Iran's geography in Southwest Asia has an important strategic and geopolitical position in regional and global geopolitical equations. As mentioned above, recognizing opportunities and reducing threats based on national interests and security in border areas is the way to achieve sustainable development and create a bridge between the core of the country and border areas in order to create coherence and balance in the activities of border residents in the development of these regions.
 
The researcher designed the questionnaire in various meetings with expert professors and provided it to experts related to the subject to answer. The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptive-analytical with a mixed approach.
 
The construction of a border wall is always done with the more or less tacit approval or consent of the public opinion of the building country. It has rarely happened that the people of the country building the wall have resolutely and seriously opposed the construction of the wall and prohibited the government from doing so. Perhaps this passivity or refraining from action is due to the propaganda that the government made to justify its action or that the construction of the wall has really guaranteed the security of the country and the interests of its residents. The government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with a positive approach, believes that the construction of the Turkish wall on the border between the two countries is, to some extent, providing security, preventing illegal traffic, and controlling the smuggling of fuel, goods, and drugs in the region and the country. However, with a deeper look, we will see other problems such as a sharp decrease in economic prosperity, border dwellers' income, poverty, and socio-economic deprivation, the decline in agriculture and lack of water resources, environmental change, and destruction, expansion of rural migration to cities, increase in unemployment and theft in the region. which lead to dissatisfaction of border villagers.
 
The results of this research confirm the fact that the construction of the border blocking wall in Turkey has had a negative impact on the activities of border dwellers in economic, environmental, social and political indicators. And it has a positive effect on the security index related to their activities. Also, according to the experts' statements in this research, one of Turkey's goals for building a border wall is to convince European countries to join the European Union. And in order to achieve this goal, preventing the illegal passage of nationals of different countries through the territory of Iran, fighting and suppressing terrorists brings this country closer to its goal. In this situation, where Turkey is trying to satisfy the European countries and even America, maintaining relations with Turkey and strengthening relations are among the most important options for Iran, because the most important bridge between Iran and European countries is Turkey. If Iran opposes the construction of the wall, this will help media attacks that Iran cooperates with opposition groups and terrorists, and will ultimately lead to Iran phobia.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Problem design : The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the activity of users in Telegram and Instagram social networks and their political activism in the cities of Tehran as the political-economic capital and Qom as the cultural-religious capital of the country.

This study was carried out using a combined method including library study and survey using a questionnaire tool. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated by the face validity method and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of this research is all members of Telegram and Instagram social networks over 15 years of age who live in Tehran and Qom, and 768 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's sampling formula and using cluster sampling. were selected

The results of this research show a significant relationship between the two variables of activity in social networks and political activism of users, and the Spearman statistic at the 95% significance level is 0.24.

Currently and based on the statements of the respondents, users are doing conventional political activism. However, if legal channels are closed for political activism, it can be predicted that unconventional methods of activism such as civil disobedience, protests, strikes, etc. will be used by activists.

nowadays , efforts to improve national security are among the concerns of governments and basic bases of their foreign policy .in this context , the actors in the region are trying to expand their geopolitical realm in recent years this approach has been based on aggressive realist theory and support of militias and people groups in different countries in recent years .in the meantime , the countries of turkey , saudi arabia , qatar and iran have used special tactics and different groups in order to increase penetration and power in these equations . ~~~ in this context , in recent years , lebanon 's hezbollah , which is one of the allies of islamic republic of iran , has been able to achieve victory and its balance can expand its geopolitical position .in this regard , the present study has been conducted with descriptive - analytical and applied approach to the power of ای region in improving the geopolitics of iran .the population of the study consists of all military and geopolitical experts , whose sample size was estimated to be 40 .in order to analyze the data , test - retest , pearson correlation and pearson " s correlation were used .the main question of this research is : what is the relationship between the power of the islamic republic of allah and the promotion of geopolitics of iran ?the results showed that there is a direct relationship between the power of the حزب and the withdrawal of american troops from the middle east and the decline of the influence of the saudi , israeli , uae and qatar intrusions and the increase in the power of the hezbollah party in the syrian crisis and the political equations in the middle east region .

Problem design: 

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the activities of users on Telegram and Instagram social networks and their political demands in the cities of Tehran and Qom as the political-economic and cultural-religious capitals of the country.

This study was carried out using a combined method including library study and survey using a questionnaire tool. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated by the face validity method and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of this research is all members of Telegram and Instagram social networks over 15 years of age who live in Tehran and Qom, and 768 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's sampling formula and using cluster sampling. were selected

The results of this research show a significant relationship between the two variables of social media activity and users' political demands, and the Spearman statistic at a 95% significance level of 0.59, which represents a direct and moderate relationship.

Based on the characteristics of the modern era, users are constantly rethinking their political demands and their expected level, and in order to maintain political balance, it is necessary for the political system to constantly monitor these demands and provide an appropriate response to them.

Coastal areas are very important for countries. Good governance in coastal areas also takes place at global, regional, national and sub-national (regional) scales. IRAN benefits from coastal areas in the south and north, the northern coasts, especially Gilan province, due to the climatic conditions Lands and... have high population density and linear distribution of settlements in the coastal strip. Many cities and villages that see different reflections in the scope of local administration of these areas. Therefore, this research has sought to identify and prioritize good governance indicators in organizing the space of the coastal areas of Rudsar city at the local management level. The research was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively, first by interviewing and studying the background of good governance indicators, and then by interviewing and validating, a total of 20 indicators were identified. These factors were analyzed by elites in three stages using the fuzzy Delphi method. and then 17 indicators were introduced as the final indicators of good governance. Then, based on the opinion of the sample size and the Friedman method, the indicators were prioritized The results of the research showed that the index of citizens' participation with a score of 15.22 has the highest priority, in the second place, the index of strategic insight with a score of 14.11 is prioritized, followed by rule of law with a score of 14.09 and justice with a score of 13.98 to achieve good governance for the political organization of the coastal area of the city.

Throughout history, political geographers have paid special attention to the effects of the Middle East on world powers and the effects of the Middle East crises on the balance of power at the regional and trans-regional levels, and in recent years the Syrian civil war crisis and developments. It has been one of the developments that has turned the country into a new camp for strategic competition, and the project of destabilizing Syria due to Western movements has been proposed as a factor in weakening the resistance front and controlling Iran's region. Thus, the Syrian crisis provided the arena for the presence of regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East. Lebanon's Hezbollah, which is considered an ally of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Resistance Front, played a significant role in the victory of the Resistance Front against the opposition forces of the Syrian regime. Lebanon has addressed the regional goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran by emphasizing the Syrian civil war. The main question of the present study is what were the most important achievements of Lebanese Hezbollah in the Syrian civil war and what role did Lebanese Hezbollah play in Iran's regional goals? The results showed that military and strategic achievements were among the most important achievements of Lebanese Hezbollah in the Syrian civil war, in which Hezbollah Lebanon was able to play an effective role in Iran's regional goals.Keywords: Strategic rivalries, crisis, Syrian civil war, Hezbollah in Lebanon, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Community-oriented development is an approach based on which urban management supports the participation of community members in decision-making and management, to use local knowledge and resources to implement more effective projects that play an effective role in urban development and citizen satisfaction, as well as the positive performance of managers. Therefore, it is considered one of the important categories of urban management. In this regard, the current research tries to provide a model of community-oriented urban management in Ahvaz City. For this purpose, the basic and standard dimensions of the community-oriented development approach, which includes social-oriented development based on capacity, cultural identity, social justice, empowerment, strengthening social participation, and social responsibility; It has been analyzed using the structural equation model and PLS software. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population is experts and senior and middle managers of Ahvaz municipality. Using Cochran's formula, 383 people were selected as the sample size. The results of the pls analysis showed social participation index with a coefficient of 0.857, social responsibility index with a path coefficient of 0.675, social justice index with a path coefficient of 0.542, community-oriented development with a path coefficient of 0.448, empowerment with a path coefficient of 0.427 and cultural identity with a path coefficient of 0.412 respectively have the greatest impact on community-oriented urban management. Using this index in practice, although they differ in terms of importance, they should be taken into consideration in an integrated manner and together, and the greater importance of an index should not lead to ignoring other principles

In the Middle East region, due to the artificial borders resulting from the agreements of the early 20th century and the ethnic fluidity in the borders of the countries, the so-called conflict has caused controversy between geopolitical fields, which together contain geopolitical structures and agents, and geopolitical entropy have created in the region. Following the developments of the Arab world and the geopolitical anarchy in Syria, two essential actors, the Kurds and AlQaeda (Al-Nusra Front) in this country, as geopolitical agents, have defined their geopolitical codes and vision that have influenced the ruling structures. The Kurds and Al-Qaeda have created pseudostates that, through formulating and articulating geopolitical discourses, are trying to enter the field of geopolitical agency in order to act in geopolitical fields. This research aims to examine the role of the Kurds and Al-Qaeda from the perspective of the structure-agent dialectic through the scientific method by studying documents and in-depth interviews with experts in the Syrian crisis. The researcher, the statistical community of the research, has included two groups of experts from Syria and advisors of the Islamic Republic in Syria as an expert group, and experts in the country's security, political, and academic research sectors, approximately 80 people in the expert group. The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptiveanalytical with a mixed approach. The results of this research confirm that the religious discourse of Al-Qaeda and the ethnic discourse of the Kurds in Syria have turned into a geopolitical discourse, and these two agents have territorial ambitions. In other words, religion, ethnicity, and geopolitics are intertwined in the Syrian crisis.

It is possible to develop the field of cultural influence and optimal use of all geographic components to reduce divergence with other countries, through scientific research and accurate identification of geographic elements and geopolitical codes of actors. The diversity of geographical and cultural components and the existence of regional and extra-regional actors in the field of geoculture of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan provided the concern of studying the relations between the two countries in this research, so the main issue raised in this research is to identify the factors of divergence between Iran and Azerbaijan in the field of geoculture. Is. This research is of an applied type and with the descriptive-analysis method, it has illustrated what is and explained the reasons for how and why the situation of the problem is, the data has been collected from a combined library (documents) and field (questionnaire) method, and after completing the questionnaire by the statistical community Consisting of informants and experts, the ways of communication and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable have been specified and the proposed hypothesis has been evaluated and concluded. The research results confirm that factors such as the conflicting geographical interests of the two countries, the intervention of countries outside the region, and the geopolitical competition of regional rivals have caused the cultural divergence of the two countries

Toe and boulder due to blasts in the open pit mines reduce the production efficiency and increase extraction costs. In this study, these phenomena were reduced to correct the blast parameters of the ore blocks in the Sirjan Golgohar-2 Mine. For this purpose, the values of seven effective parameters including, an average of depth holes, burden, sub-drilling, powder factor, spacing, rock quality designation, and blastability index were collected for 19 blasting blocks in the studied mine. In this research, the values of Geo-mechanical properties of rock mass were obtained by the photogrammetric method and discontinuity set extractor software. Subsequently, the experimental models were created to predict the volume of boulder and toe relative to the volume of blasting block by nonlinear multiple regression. The predicted ability related to each of the created models by statistical indicators was investigated, and it was determined that the polynomial model to product boulder and the exponential model for toe are more accurate with 94.43 and 98.13 coefficients of determination respectively. Then, the minimization process of these phenomena was performed to access optimal values of controllable parameters and their coefficients in each of the created two models simultaneously by the combinational algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic algorithm. Finally, to evaluate the predicted ability of two optimized models, four blasts based on the optimized information were performed on the mine. The results showed that the models predicted the volume of boulder and toe relative to the block volume with the Root Mean Square Error 0.47 and 0.08 respectively.

Looking to the future and the direction of the movement of different religious schools is derived from the ideology that governs them. The formation of a world government in both the Jewish and Islamic schools also stems from this view. In this article, in order to understand this issue, to recognize the prevailing approach in both schools by qualitative content analysis method, after examining the three concepts of utopia, the promised and the apocalypse, from the perspective of which school in the world can build humanity better. To guide the favorable future, the important features claimed in the formation of the world government of the two schools of Judaism and Islam were extracted and compared with each other. The most important common features include seven features and the most important differences are six features. In terms of the features required for a school to form a single world government in the end of time, by examining the features proposed for both the Jewish and Islamic world governments in the future, the school of Islam has higher and higher capacity, talent and characteristics than the formation of a government at the level He owns the world and without political orientation towards a specific nation or race, he seeks to achieve justice in all the affairs of the society.

Important tensions and wars create serious effects and changes in the international order, and Russia's war against Ukraine is no exception for reasons such as the involvement of a great power, the rivalry between Russia and the West, and the historical position of Ukraine. Russia's military action against Ukraine caused consequences in this country, which is greatly affected by the agreement in terms of security, economy and society, however, the consequences of this crisis are not limited to the internal dimension, but have regional and extra-regional dimensions. In this research, an attempt will be made to analyze the impact of the Ukraine crisis on Syria with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings show that the crisis in Ukraine does not have an effect on Syria, and the issue of Syrian reconstruction, the issue of refugees, Russia's attention from Syria to Ukraine, the increase of distrust in the West and the strengthening of the axis of resistance can be expressed.

Coastal areas has been important for mankind because of the abundance of potential possibilities for development since long time ago and this can be the reason for concentration of %75 of the world's population at radius of 200 km from the coasts.The purpose of this study is the change detection of land use in coastal areas of assalouye by using landsat images in two 16-year periods (2984-2000-2016). Land use maps for these years was extracted from landsat satellite imagery and was corrected by using of available maps and also google earth images and was verified through the error matrix approach, kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. kappa coefficient ( 0.94; 08808 and 0.9517) and overall accuracy (96.56%; 95.4952% and 93.5883% ) was obtained for 1984, 2000 and 2016 years respectively.The results show that increase in area in the residential areas use unit (126.36 square kilometer ) and vegetation (6.13 square kilometer) and decrease in area in the bayer areas use class (-125.37) and water range (-7.15 square kilometer) has been created during 32 years. Bayer lands has the most changes and residential areas unit as the most development.

According to Mackinder's theory, Central Asia has always been mentioned as one of the most important geopolitical regions of the world, which underwent extensive changes after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent states. In this regard, during the last decade, with the increasing influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the increasing political-economic influence of China in Central Asia, as well as the increasing intervention of the Russian Federation in these countries, US interests in the region have always faced many challenges and problems. Considering the effects of US strategic influence in the Central Asian region and its effects on the national security interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study uses descriptive-analytical and applied methods to explain the strategic ties between the US and Central Asian countries. The statistical population of the present study consists of all experts and experts in political geography, the sample size of which was estimated at 50 people based on the Cochran model. In order to analyze the research findings, descriptive statistics of mean test in SPSS software were used. The results showed that the common threats of Islamism and terrorism, countering the hegemony of Russia and China in the region and countering the ideological influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Central Asia are the most important factors of convergence between the United States and Central Asian countries.

the environmental pollutions and their security risks have become major threats to human health. Nanotechnology is one of the methods to overcome this problem. The purpose of this study is to investigate the design of a model for reducing air pollution in order to increase the security of metropolitan areas with a nanotechnology approach in Tehran. This research is descriptive-calibration and it is based on the purpose of applied research, qualitative analysis, and content analysis themes. In the qualitative section, the statistical population of this research consists of 18 experts, university professors and activists in the fields of urban management, political geography, nanotechnology, and environment. They were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and all questions were related to the subject in a framework to understand the main question of this research. In the quantitative section, due to their infinity, Cochran formula and Morgan table were used to determine the appropriate number of sample individuals representing the statistical population. according to the Cochran formula and Morgan Table, 384 activists and experts in the fields of urban management, political geography, nanotechnology, and environment were selected. The studied variables are air pollution, nanotechnology, and security. SPSS25 and SMARRTPLS2 software were used for data analysis. According to the research results, a model of reducing air pollution based on nanotechnology is presented in order to increase security extracted by statistical samples. The main criteria such as Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Compositive Reliability (CR), coefficient of determination (R2) and RMSEA showed that the extracted final model has a suitable fitness.

The growing trend of population and urbanization and the emergence of numerous economic, social and environmental problems on the one hand and inefficient methods of management and control of urban development, to solve these problems and bottlenecks on the other hand, has created unhealthy cities. Undoubtedly, one of the main causes of such disorders and instabilities is managerial challenges.In Iran, urban management has been influenced by the government for reasons such as centralism, exogenousness of urban programs and plans, rent economy and oil-based, and has constantly moved away from systematic and integrated management and turned to sectoral management, as well as the urbanization process. And the issues that arise from it are backward and trapped in top-down views and attitudes. This procedure exists in all organizations and urban management departments of the country's cities, and Ahvaz Municipality is no exception to this rule. This study aims to comprehensively review the background and views of researchers who have worked in this field, to assess the level of satisfaction of Ahvaz citizens with the performance of urban management in Ahvaz municipality based on indicators of good urban governance to determine the role Recognize the performance of city managers in a scientific way on citizen satisfaction. Therefore, the research question is: What are the most important governance indicators affecting the performance of urban management in Ahvaz? What is the role of governance indicators on managers' performance satisfaction?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. Data collection in this study is documentary and field studies and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Research indicators are counted from theoretical foundations and studies. The statistical population included the citizens of Ahvaz. According to the latest census, the statistical population is 1184788 people, which is considered as a sample size using the Cochran's formula and a simple random method of 384 people. To assess the validity of the extracted indicators, face validity was used. For this purpose, a questionnaire in which the research indicators were designed was provided to 30 participants. For reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used. The test results obtained with a coefficient of 0.763 indicate the reliability and reliability of the questionnaire. In order to analyze the data and answer the research question, SPSS software and structural equation method and pls model were used.

The reliability of the indicators, convergent validity and divergent validity were used to measure the fit of the measurement model. Cronbach's alpha values ​​for all indices are greater than 0.7 and indicate acceptable reliability. Combined reliability criterion is another evaluation criterion for determining the reliability of structures in the partial least squares method. Given that a value above 0.7 is acceptable for this criterion, it can be concluded that the value of all indicators is acceptable and the proper fit of the measurement models is confirmed. Regarding the indicators of the present study, the values ​​of divergent validity criteria in the first row of the column of each index are higher than other values ​​obtained for the same index and the mean value of variance extracted for the index is above 0.5 and is acceptable. Therefore, divergent validity of indicators is also acceptable. In the present study, the coefficient of determination (R2) has been used to evaluate the structural model. The coefficient of determination for the indicators of consensus, efficiency, participation, justice, equality and transparency has been obtained with 0.577, 0.342, 0.538, 0.707, 0.677. This means that 0.577 percent of the changes in consensus and 0.342 percent of the changes in efficiency and 0.5388 of participation and 0.707 of justice and equality and finally 0.677 of transparency by other components of the model Structurally defined. This index is not calculated for exogenous components (in this study, the index of accountability and legality). The study of path coefficients shows that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of efficiency and effectiveness on governance with the coefficient of 0.839 has the highest score and indicates that it has the highest impact on the formation of governance. The orbital law index with a coefficient of 0.791 is in second place in terms of influencing the formation of governance. Participation with a coefficient of 0.770 of the third degree has the effect on the formation of governance and consensus index with 0.728, accountability index with 0.696, accountability index with 0.678, transparency index with 0.637 And the index of justice and equality with 0.604 have an effect on the occupation of governance, respectively. Finally, good governance with a coefficient of 0.745 will affect the performance of city managers.

The performance of urban management and its application in the level of management satisfaction can be evaluated by measuring the indicators of good urban governance such as participation, transparency, responsibility, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, rule of law, justice and equality, consensus. Achieving these principles can be used as a communication mechanism between citizens and managers and the organization's appropriate response to citizens and clients and ultimately satisfaction with the performance of city managers. Therefore, it can be said that one of the important components in improving the performance of urban management is to achieve citizen satisfaction.The results of the study of path coefficients show that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of efficiency and effectiveness on governance with the coefficient of 0.839 has the highest score and indicates that it has the highest impact on the formation of governance.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Caucasus became a zone of American and Israeli influence through the expansion of relations with Azerbaijan. This issue has affected Iran's relations with Azerbaijan. Therefore, the main question of the article, analytically-descriptively, is what effect have US and Israeli policies had on Iran-Azerbaijan relations? In response to the question, it has been hypothesized that the goals of US policy are to reduce Iran's mediating role, to promote secularism against the Islamic Iran model, to prevent Iran from joining energy networks, to prevent Iran-Azerbaijan cooperation, and to play a role. In reducing Iran-Azerbaijan relations, Israel includes reducing Iran's influence in the economic, cultural and political sectors and its impact on Iran's security in terms of increasing its influence in Azerbaijan.

According to Mackinder's theory, Central Asia has always been considered as one of the most important geopolitical regions in the world, which underwent extensive changes after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent states. In this regard, during the last decade, with the increasing influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the increasing political-economic influence of China in Central Asia, as well as the increasing intervention of the Russian Federation in these countries, the US interests in this region have always faced many challenges and problems. Considering the effects of US strategic influence in the Central Asian region and its effects on the national security interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical and applied method to explain the geopolitical strategic interests of the United States in the Central Asian region. The statistical population of the present study consists of all experts and experts in political geography, the sample size of which was estimated at 50 people based on the Cochran model. In order to analyze the research findings, descriptive statistics of mean, Friedman and binomial tests in SPSS software were used. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between Geo strategic, Geo economic and increasing US sphere of influence in the Central Asian region. In other areas, increasing military-espionage bases, breaking Russian-Chinese hegemony, and increasing US economic revenues are the most important interests and goals facing the United States in Central Asia over the period 2020-2022.

Take a cross-sectional Most contemporary social scientists subconsciously approach to the social world. But when social events and processes are separated from their temporal context, their meaning is distorted. Putting politics in the context of time - making moving images instead of cross-sectional images - can improve our understanding of complex social dynamics and the theories and methods we use to explain them. Politics in the context of time opens a new window to the temporal dimensions of the world of social sciences and humanities. The purpose of this article is to determine and explain the position of chronopolitical components and to identify a range of time processes that are common in political life. 

Given the theoretical nature of this study, it employs a qualitative-descriptive-analytic approach. In the stage of collecting data and information, methods such as documentary methods, libraries have been used. To study related sources and references, relevant rules and regulations, existing maps, statistics, books and sites related to the subject of historical approach. It has been studied in domestic and foreign policy studies.

The present study focuses on social mechanisms that have a powerful temporal dimension. This research revolves around three main topics:1) path dependence,2) timing and sequencing,3) issues related to institutional origins and institutional change. 

This paper indicates how certain views toward time and toward the nature of change lead to a form of “chronopolitics,” a term descriptive of the relation of time-perspectives to political decision-making. The present as a “time of transition” can be seen as a time during which epoch-making decisions which will lead a society to one of several alternate futures can be

The security and safety of metropolises today is the focus of men's government and urban diplomacy in all aspects of urban life. Also, one of the main components of the security threat is the environmental issue, including air pollution. The issue of air pollution and environmental crisis in metropolitan areas, especially the city of Tehran in recent years has become one of the main concerns of those in charge of the authorities that trying to identify aspects of this crisis along with influential factors has become very important. The present article aims to investigate the relationship between air pollution and security with the mediating role of nanotechnology in the metropolis of Tehran. The present research in terms of descriptive-survey implementation method is based on the purpose of applied research and random sampling method. The statistical population of this study, due to their infinity, a statistical sample based on Cochran's formula, 384 people who are activists and experts in the fields of urban management, political geography, nanotechnology, environment, were selected. According to the research results, the implementation of air pollution reduction policies has an effect on increasing security by using nanotechnology and reducing air pollution and security has a significant and positive relationship with the mediating role of nanotechnology. Also, reducing air pollution and increasing security, reducing air pollution and nanotechnology, nanotechnology and increasing security have a significant and positive relationship.

Land use planning, classification of human activity in geographical space, is a thinking that considers all aspects of a country's development, and is a strategic planning and a purely geographical solution for the sustainable development of countries. This issue is more important for Kermanshah province which is neighboring with Iraq, because the existence of a wide range of potential and actual threats in both Iraq and the Kurdistan region have led the implementation of any plan to be corresponded with the analysis of the security situation around the border. Achieving this requires recognizing geostrategic features, analyzing the environment, categorizing the types of threats and identifying their source and origin. This article also serves this purpose, namely presentation of indicators of military centers and bases in Kermanshah province using descriptive-analytic method. The data collection tool is based on documentary and library findings. For this purpose, the required data were collected from documents and written sources and content analysis method is used to analyze the data. The results showed that the arrangement of military centers and bases in Kermanshah province is not very comprehensive and efficient, and it has a traditional approach and has been done regardless of natural and human indicators and threat points, so it has little effect on the effectiveness of projects, decrease in vulnerabilities and increase in defensive capabilities. Also, it is faced with ignoring internal and external threats, unbalanced spatial organization in the manner of establishing and locating military centers, excessive concentration of political, administrative, demographic places and centers, important industries and facilities in the center of Kermanshah province, etc

Waste management policy is a system that policies and manages the flow and methods of waste collection, recycling and disposal in interaction with each other, so that the desired environmental, social and economic goals are achieved in a specific area. . The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective components on waste management policy in rural areas of Kan Bakhsh in Tehran province. The present research is of strategic type in terms of applied development goal and is of survey type in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study includes 1590 heads of families living in the villages of Kan district and the sample size was determined to be 202 using Cochran's formula. The method of this research is survey and semi-structured interviews with respondents and completing questionnaires. The Delphi technique (expert survey) was used to determine the validity and to validate the content of the research questionnaires. Also, the reliability or reliability of the questionnaire was measured by comparing the two ratios. In this study, in order to study waste management in the studied rural areas, three components of leadership combined with innovation, correct use of resources and planning and organization have been used and their impact on policy-making in this field of study has been investigated. The results of this study using Chi-square test showed that the three components of leadership combined with innovation, proper use of resources and planning and organizing with waste management policy

Presenting a model of social participation model in sustainable development of urban neighborhoods (Case study of Tehran's District 6) One of the main factors of economic, political, social and cultural growth and development is social capital. Social capital is a multidimensional, multi-layered concept, in recent years, it has been discussed in various fields of social sciences, economics and political science. Given that social capital is a requirement of development (social and political) and the creation and promotion of social capital also requires trust and awareness and social participation. Based on this approach, it has been established that in this research, the participatory dimension of social capital has been analyzed and evaluated and the role and impact of urban management as the most tangible and closest component of governance to people's lives in attracting citizens' satisfaction with the services provided by urban management to them and in general, the outcome of the performance of urban management in creating and creating social participation in order to promote social capital and, consequently, the creation and development of development. In this regard, the importance of municipalities as a powerful and executive arm of urban management in the process of attracting participation and creating social capital for development should be emphasized. In this regard, while defining the characteristics of participation, social capital and development, she explains the relationship between social participation and its creation and promotion and impact on social capital, and also considers social capital as an influential factor on its development and sustainability.

The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has mainly been in regional interactions in the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, as attention to the Islamic world as well as territorial interests has been the main axis of this foreign policy. But the necessity of development in the extra-peripheral regions as well as the formation of national powers based on liberation theology in Latin America caused attention to Latin American countries to become a serious issue in foreign policy since a decade ago. The importance of this region was doubled especially due to being in the backyard of the United States and also with the expansion of the pressure of Western countries on Iran in the nuclear issue. In this article, an attempt is made to provide a comprehensive description of the dimensions of Iran's presence in Latin American countries in the first step, so that in the second step, a framework of national interests and strategic goals of the country in interaction with this region will be recognized. In the third step, the effects of this relationship on the position of the United States should be examined. As a result, the regional and international capacities of the Latin American region will be mentioned for the continuation of Iran's presence, which seems to be one of the necessities of the political and economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic.

Neighborhoods, as the smallest unit of urban divisions and cells that form the urban fabric, always play a special role in the urban planning system. Because neighborhoods together give meaning and identity to the city, many cities today face neighborhood crises and problems. District 6 of Tehran, with its characteristics such as the age of the area, business situation and physical and managerial problems, is facing different problems, and therefore the approach of citizen participation in the development of neighborhoods is one of the processes that can have significant effects. Play in the growth and improvement of neighborhoods. In this regard, the present study uses descriptive-analytical and applied methods to analyze and evaluate people's participation in neighborhood development using the Topsis model in District 6 of Tehran. The statistical population of the present study consists of experts in the fields of political geography of urban management with a sample size of 35 people. In the present study, five criteria were examined: the level of participation in the management of neighborhood affairs, participation in maintaining the green space of the neighborhood, participation in urban decisions, informing the managers of neighborhood problems and the level of neighborhood development. The results showed that areas 1, 2 and 6 have almost the same and high participation rate and in the meantime, District 4 and then District 5 have the lowest level of participation in District 6 of Tehran.