محسن جان پرور

Globalization and entering the age of information and communication have caused geographic spaces to be mixed and the spatial links to be expanded to a significant extent. This increase has boosted significantly the communication functions of borders. However, with the spread of the corona virus, extensive changes were made, the links between geographical spaces were transformed, and the communication function of borders was greatly affected. Accordingly, in the current research, which was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method, an attempt was made to see what effects the spread of the corona virus had on the communication function of borders in Southwest Asia. The results showed that the spread of the corona virus has had a wide impact on the acquired functions of borders in such a way that it has greatly affected the communication function of borders in Southwest Asia and reduced the links between spaces to a great extent that in some cases it has been replaced by a barrier function. On the other hand, the nation-building, legitimizing and even economic functions of borders have been highlighted after the spread of the Covid-19. Although the virus disease was controlled and subsided to some extent, it seems that human societies will face many such diseases and problems in the future, which is necessary to pay attention to its impact. The results of this study can provide the basis for countries’ preparation and reduce the insecurities and challenges caused by such problems to a significant extent.

Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score.

Geopolitical relations are one of the types of relations between countries and political actors, which are formed based on the combination of elements of politics, power, and geography. Each of these three elements has its own role and function in the formation of geopolitical relations. The element of geography provides a platform for establishing a relationship between two or more political actors; The element of politics shapes the will of two political actors from the nature of the relationship, and finally, the element of power shows the form, pattern, nature, and attitude of the actors towards each other. What is influential and defining in geopolitical relations is the nature, quality, and how to achieve maximum benefits, which is always the goal of all political actors and the relations between them. Geopolitical relations between political actors follow different communication patterns and are formed from different forms such as interaction, competition, confrontation, conflict, dominance, and influence. These patterns are a function of how the elements of geography and politics combine and interact in the context of the time. In other words, geopolitical relations between the central, semi-peripheral, and peripheral players based on geographical sources of power or the scale and type of game are made and manifested. Therefore, the investigation of the effective components in the geopolitical relations between the power players has an important place, and in this research, the most important components and factors affecting the geopolitical relations of the actors have been calculated by using the theories and perspectives related to the geopolitical relations. And finally, a proposed model for geopolitical relations between power actors is presented.

The present study seeks to explain theoretically the factors affecting geopolitical relations between power actors. which is classified as basic research based on its purpose. Because in basic research, the goal is to discover the truth and increase human knowledge. This research provides the basis for this increase in knowledge by knowing the factors affecting geopolitical relations between power players. Identifying the factors affecting the relations of power players based on the study of 37 theories and 15 views in the fields of geopolitics, political science, and international relations have been extracted and presented. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is done using library sources. The method of data analysis is also qualitative. In order to get the opinions of the experts, the dimensions and components were counted in the form of a fuzzy Delphi panel, and an electronic questionnaire was sent to the experts using the chain collection method (snowball). The process of sending the questionnaire until reaching the agreement and theoretical saturation Three stages continued. Because the design objects in this research are large and using variables with definite values ​​is not effective in these cases; In the framework of the fuzzy Delphi method, the items reached experts' opinions through qualitative variables and then were used to convert verbal variables into triangular fuzzy numbers.

The examination of the theories and viewpoints that are effective in geopolitical relations shows that there is no complete and comprehensive view in this field despite many efforts, and in order to achieve indicators and factors that are effective in geopolitical relations Different sources and works should be put together in the form of a puzzle where each of the theories and viewpoints presented (37 theories and 15 viewpoints and a total of 52 theories and viewpoints) act as pieces of a puzzle and with understanding The main map by combining the pieces together, you can get the puzzle and the final map, which in this section is the achievement of the factors and components affecting geopolitical relations. The study of theories and approaches shows that some theories have emphasized the natural dimension of power sources, such as territorial location, etc. have mentioned Some others have considered a combination of natural and human dimensions of power sources as effective components of geopolitical relations, such as maintaining the balance of the region, etc. Some other components that are highlighted in the mentioned theories and are considered as the basis of geopolitical relations include man-made things such as obtaining special technologies, directing large news media, etc. In a way, it is possible to artificially give power to those geographical sources.

Based on this, in general, it can be said that the geopolitical components of actors are formed in the form of four dimensions with natural, human, combined, and artificial bases. Meanwhile, the relations of geopolitical actors, which are in the form of various forms such as competition, cooperation, convergence, influence, dominance, and tension, are formed and emerge based on these components. From the perspective of the viewer, this form of relationship between actors at different levels can have different effects based on the position and position of each actor. In other words, based on the geopolitical weight of the sources of power geography, the actors take different positions, which is based on the performance of the sources of power geography or its relations. In this regard, the position of actors can be leveled in the form of focal and central positions based on geographical sources of power or relationships, semi-peripheral and peripheral positions. The noteworthy point is the different and dynamic leveling of actors in such a way that an actor can be in a focal position based on geographical sources of power, but in terms of relationships in a semi-peripheral or peripheral position (such as Iraq, which is one of the five largest producing countries) is an oil producer, but has low bargaining power and relationships). Or vice versa, a country can be in a peripheral position in terms of having geographical resources of power, but in terms of relationships, it can be in a focal position (like England, which is located in a peripheral position in terms of geographical resources of fossil power, but in terms of relationships around this the source is at the center of the issues); Therefore, it can be said that the position of actors based on the geopolitical weight of their resources and performance scale can follow different patterns.

In recent years, the crisis of dust storm has turned into a serious crisis in the Middle East region and has caused widespread feedback. Meantime, Iran has been widely affected by the effects of this phenomenon due to its geographical location. In this research, this phenomenon has been investigated in Sarpol Zahab city in two parts; First, identifying the process and its climatic analysis, and second examining the environmental, social, economic, political and defense-security consequences. The first part of this research was done by analyzing climatic data, and in the second part, after library research and interviews with experts, 5 indicators and 32 items related to the consequences of fine dust were calculated. Then, the calculated indicators and items were given to 18 experts. After confirming the indicators and items, a questionnaire was given to 350 citizens and the results were analyzed using the PLS structural equation model. The tracking of the Farin storm in April 2008 shows that it is a dust mass originating from the western regions of Iraq and eastern Syria, which enters the western regions of Iran with a relative northwest-southeast direction. Also, the results of the factor load of the items showed that the most important consequences of fine dust are the effect on the increase of illegal traffic from the border, the decrease of the greenness of plants, the increase of plant and animal pests, and the increase of street and urban protests and riots.

Developments in recent decades have caused wars to undergo extensive transformations and changes in terms of nature, corresponding to this change of governments, in order to face these developments and changes, it is necessary to change one's outlook and perception in designing strategy so, they can move in harmony with the evolution of the nature of wars and reduce the challenges and damages caused by it on their territory as much as possible. In the meantime for prevention of the strategy of defense of the territory according to the new nature of wars, it can have a prominent position. Because the land defense plan as one of the land plan approaches is trying to rationally organize the land according to its capacities and potentials with an emphasis on defense and security. In a way that can maintain the security and integrity of the land, guarantee the independence and protection of the people against any attack and threat of the enemy, insecurity, create gaps and faults, wise and appropriate distribution of vital places and sensitive centers and infrastructures, balanced distribution of defense forces- It provided security in the territory on according to the capacities and facilities of the territory. Based on this, the present research seeks to extract the effective components on the design of the defense strategy of the Middle East countries, so that based on it, they can reduce the insecurity and costs (financial and life) to the extent while maintaining their survival to reduce the space of the country.

The current research method is based on content analysis and library and field sources (interview) were used to collect information. In the library findings section, components have been extracted from past theories and works, and in the second step, the components have been confirmed by interviewing seven of the scientific-military elites and reaching theoretical saturation.

The studies conducted to extract the components affecting the defense of the Middle East countries show the absence of a comprehensive scientific theory and work in this field, and various theories and works have been used to extract the components. In this context, 12 theories and eight experiences of defense training of different countries have been examined and analyzed, and based on them, 130 components have been extracted and provided to experts and thinkers in this field. The field of theoretical saturation has been extracted with seven scientific-military elites. The results of the examination of the theories and approaches that have been collected in the field of topics related to the defense of the land, along with the interviews that have been conducted with related experts and thinkers, show that both parts are Various factors on the diversity and extent of 130 components have been effective in designing the defense strategy of the Middle East countries, which are given in the form of 15 dimensions in the form of the following table based on importance:Table 3: Distribution of research components in 15 dimensions derived from theories and approaches Row Dimensions Components 1 Economic dimension Income and its level; job and its type; economic interactions; amount and type of production; employment and unemployment; standard of living; economic justice; economic policy; Financial problems; Economic potential and capacities 2 Political dimension Power structure; political management of space; distribution of power; form of interaction; Law and political regulations; political planning; political divisions; The shape and composition of the nation; the political position of space; The level and manner of communication (transnational-transnational) 3 Geopolitical dimension Regional geopolitical structure; global geopolitical structure; Geostrategic position, status of water resources, position of countries with border rivers, degree of dependence on common water resources, common energy resources, location of energy resources, geopolitical behavior, transit position, common cultural identity, regional geopolitical position 4 Cultural dimension Customs; Religion; Language; ethnicity (race); culture of effort and employment; culture of participation; life style; social attitudes; Communication culture 5 Social dimension Social norms and anomalies; Community Relations; social gap; type and form of family; social form and structure; family and its relations; social boundaries; social organizations 6 Security dimension Border and demarcation (transnational); border (national); transnational threats; sanctions and boycotts and their effects; national unity and cohesion; ethnic and religious diversity; spatial distribution of ethnic and religious groups; The population density; political organization of space; Security technologies 7 Military dimension Military equipment; the efficiency of forces; defensive styles (strategies); the structure of forces; natural capacities and potentials; military shortcomings and limitations; number of enemies; the country's settlement region; location of military centers; military power and structure; War and its forms 8 Demographic dimension life expectancy; sexual ratio; education level; number of population; age structure; Growth rate; marital status; population density; Family size; Migration; Births and deaths 9 Scientific-health dimension Cyberspace; Bioterorism; Drug production capacity; Medical Equipment; treatment methods; the potential of elitism; the amount of scientific leap; Public health level

The results of the investigations carried out in this research show that the defense based on the transformations and developments that have taken place in different fields has undergone extensive changes and necessarily the governments in order to be able to face this changes that have taken place in the field of threats and technologies, etc., to update and make their defense strategies efficient, they should be able to take a comprehensive and up-to-date approach to the defense of the land. According to the findings of the present research, it shows that land defense as one of the forward strategies of the governments in an up-to-date and comprehensive manner includes 15 dimensions and 130 components that should be used in the design of the strategy should be considered.

In recent decades, geopolitical relations between countries have become relations based on economic components by moving towards economic issues. In the meantime, geopolitical relations between Islamic and neighboring countries are based on specific Islamic frameworks and spatial continuity, high impact and effectiveness, etc., are mostly influenced by economic geopolitical components. Considering this importance, the aim of this article is to understand the economic geopolitical components affecting the relations of two prominent countries in the Islamic world, Iran and Iraq. The current research, with a descriptive-analytical approach as well as taking advantage of library and survey findings, investigates the most important factors affecting the economic geopolitical relations of the two Islamic countries of Iraq and Iran in order to reduce tensions and challenges and increase cooperation and coordination in The world is Islam. According to the elite-oriented nature of the statistical research community, the method of analysis is structural equations with an emphasis on the partial least squares approach. The results of the field findings of the research showed that the geopolitical components of the primary economy in the fitting part of the structural model of the research in all 4 investigated indicators: T-statistic: 29.2, path coefficient, 0.510, determination coefficient, 0.891 and predictor fit with 0.335 of It has had a greater impact on the geopolitical relations of the economy of these two Islamic countries.

Water is the foundation of political-spatial units' emergence, sustainability, and efficiency. In recent decades, natural and human components such as climate change, population growth, urbanization, economic growth, development, etc., have made water one of the most important geopolitical issues. The importance of Hydropolitics in geopolitical issues in the last century due to the water shortage crisis is becoming more apparent daily. The present study, which is fundamental, has a new approach to the concept and dimensions of hydro politics using Descriptive-analytical methodology. The results showed that hydrolytically could be defined as knowledge, acquisition, productivity, and water conservation as a geographical source and related issues in transnational, national, regional, and global relations. Knowledge of designing and reviewing actors' strategies to achieve water-based interests and associated goals and problems as a geographical source of power. On the other hand, the dimensions discussed in hydro political studies are discussed in three sections: water as a geographical source of power, water-based relationships, and water-based strategies.

Assessing the effects of residents of border villages are among the primary actors of border areas with a limited role in border control. With the changes that have taken place in recent decades, especially globalization and increased movement of people and goods, the control of the borders of the countries has become significantly more difficult and the life and financial costs imposed on the governments have increased significantly. Since national security, interests and identity are closely related to the security of borders and border areas and their optimal control, governments try in different ways to improve their border control by adopting strategies. One of the leading strategies in this field is the cultural development of residents of border villages. Based on this, the present article tries to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between the cultural development of border village residents and the improvement of border control with the descriptive-analytical method and based on library and field findings. To answer this question, indicators of cultural development were extracted from different theories and perspectives and 30 relevant indicators were considered using statistical analysis methods in the SPSS software environment. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the indicators of cultural development and the improvement of border control. Based on this, in general, it can be said that the cultural development strategy of residents of border villages has the necessary efficiency to improve border control, and it can also provide the basis for reducing life and financial costs along the borders. Based on this, this strategy has been approved and it is suggested to be used by the authorities to improve the control of the country's borders.great-oriented management on sustainable security Case study: border villages of Marivan and Sarovabad counties 

Border diplomacy is one of the subsections of the topic of Para diplomacy (parallel diplomacy) which has been highlighted in recent decades in accordance with the increase in the link between geographical spaces and actors. The goal in preventing border diplomacy is to increase positive actions in the border area based on the local capacities of these spaces in order to improve the conditions of the border areas and their development. In order to achieve active diplomacy, in the first step, one must be able to know the parameters that affect them, and in the second step, one must be able to use them according to the time and place conditions, needs and approaches, and most importantly, based on their value for the connected actors; Based on this, the present research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method based on library data and a questionnaire with Friedman's method, correlation and regression. Using Friedman's test, the parameters of 6 out of 10 dimensions have been investigated in the studied area. In the following, correlation and regression tests are used to show the degree and importance of the parameters, and the detailed results of each are fully mentioned in the research. It should be noted that border parameters have a direct and highly effective relationship with border diplomacy and play a significant role in the development and optimization of border spaces.

Iran Due to its long borders and multiplicity of neighbors, Iran has always had issues related to border control in border issues. An overview of the border areas of the country shows several factors that challenge the control of the country's borders and provide the basis for many problems that by better understanding and understanding them can be a step to reduce these problems and better improve the country's borders. Controlled. The present study aims to apply the factors affecting border control in Khorasan Razavi province with Afghanistan with the purpose of application and descriptive-analytical method. Two sections of library and survey have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the study consisted of 55 experts in the fields of political geography, political science and border guards. In the next section, SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the findings of the questionnaire. The results of field findings in the T-test section showed that the overall border control index based on the dimensions formed with an average score of 3.55 showed a positive effect of the proposed dimensions on border control in the study area. In the findings related to the partial least squares (PLS) method, the path coefficients for economic and social dimensions with 0.248 and 0.244 scores have the highest correlation and for demographic and political dimensions with 0.178 and 0.191 scores, respectively. With border control.

Cities as geographic phenomena during recent decades through changes in globalization and enter the information age have become one of the leading elements of human life. So that urban development can be considered one of the most complex social developments in half a century. This development has brought with a series of problems such as marginalization, major cities etc. One of the most important issues in the uneven development in urban space and formation and development of class boundaries, especially in large cities of Third World such as Tehran, which affects the different organizing of the city and produce difficulty. On this basis, this paper has worked with the analytical method investigated the effects of development on the organizing of class boundaries in Tehran. Surveys indicate that the space in Tehran can be simply observed class boundaries such as income levels, access to facilities, access to green space, etc. These class boundaries in the city such gaps have fragmented the city. The results of this study indicate that existence of class boundaries in Tehran and its development has created different spaces that act as a barrier to organizing in Tehran.

Economic exchanges are one of the most important ways to transform changes in function, body, employment for cities and border areas, and consequently create lasting security. Economic sustainability is the creation of income and its stability for members of society without the decline of capitals and reserves. This study was conducted to measure the economic stability of the border city of Sardasht and its effective components. For applying descriptive-analytical method, the Cochran volume determination formula was used and  the 383 people  isselected as sample. In order to analyze the results of the questionnaire, SPSS software and statistical tests (T-test, Spearman correlation, simple linear regression) were used. The results showed that Sardasht city has poor economic stability. The degree of stability of this city was evaluated as 2.8, which was lower than the theoretical average. The results of correlation test showed a strong correlation between scale and entrepreneurship variables with 0.894 at the significance level was 0.05, and the results of regression test showed the high impact of the entrepreneurship component on economic stability in Sardasht city.

The boundaries are completely complex spatial-geographical phenomena that include several dimensions and parameters. This spatial-geographic phenomena has become the focus of governments due to their importance and position in order to establish order and security within the country and to protect national interests and different efforts are done to protect them. To achieve this, the first and basic step is to know the dimensions and parameters that form and affect the borders. This research tries to determine these dimensions and parameters and their impact on urban development of Javanrood city. Accordingly, a questionnaire consisting of parameters and components affecting the development of border areas based on nine dimensions (territorial, socio-cultural, economic, political-governance, geopolitical, defense-security, historical, legal-structural and technological) is projected. The present study is descriptive- analytic in terms of it's practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection. Since the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of security parameters on the development of border cities, the research is a descriptive correlational study. The results showed that among the components of the territorial dimension, environmental resilience; among the components of the socio-cultural dimension, the existence or absence of social capital in the border city; among the components of the economic dimension, the dependence of border residents on economic interaction with border; among the components of political dimension, level of freedom of action of local governments on both sides of border; among geopolitical components, geoeconomic position of border; among the defense-security components, intervention of local players; among the historical components, human and physical commonality between the two sides of the border; among the components of the legal and structural dimension, the government's attitude towards the people and the border; and among the components of technology, border infrastructure and technologies are as the most important and influential factors influencing the border development of Javanrood city.

The need for technological progress and the lack of socio-cultural development necessary to use this new technology is the basis for the destruction of the existing environment and the rate of its destruction is much more severe than the tolerance of the environment and it is hard to repair it. Therefore, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the issue of the environment. Considering that the first step to preserve the environment is to know it, in this research, the phenomenon of the environment and what it is is explained, The history, importance, principles, approaches and environmental crises are described. By presenting the relationship between the environment and some concepts of political geography, including international laws and policies, environmental security, environmental governance, government and the environment, power and the environment, efforts have been made not to recognize the environment as a phenomenon independent of other phenomena. And secondly, to reveal how some issues of political geography are affected by the environment.

Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related.

Border regions have characteristics such as geographic isolation, distance from the poles of economic, industrial growth, marginalization as well as underdeveloped social, political, economic and cultural dimensions compared to the central regions of countries. One of the ways to develop and regulate these areas is the construction of border markets by governments. Border markets due to the contact of these areas with the external environment have caused spatial exchanges and links across borders and reduced vulnerability and threats in these areas. Therefore, the attention to the cross-border market has been of great importance to scholars of various sciences. Extensive research has been done to investigate the characteristics and dimensions of these markets. This article is a meta-analysis approach to review articles and theses published in pesion until 2018. Meta-analysis is used as a way to integrate the results of diffuse research into a new perspective for the development of human knowledge. Therefore, the findings of the study show that tourism, socio-economic development, economic-physical, political-security, regional sustainable development of the use of composite indicators are the strengths of the researches and lack of attention. The development of the areas, the increasing attention to the security aspects of the border areas, and the lack of reflective validity and reliability of the research method, are the weaknesses of the research. On the other hand, all research has only been theoretically concerned, and so far no practical view has been put forward by experts to strengthen the national border market.

Conceptual models are representations of a system that easily show us the abstract concepts of the relationships between objects in the system. In fact, no matter how systematic and meaningful the drawing of models in the field of science, can improve the understanding of issues and topics. Meanwhile, the region of Southwest Asia is of special geopolitical importance due to its privileged geographical facilities and locations, as well as its rich resources. But the developments in this region have caused the involvement of various actors. These actors, with different and even contradictory goals, ideologies, and behaviors, have caused the crisis in the region to continue. In other words, no matter how much the geographical source of power is geopolitically appropriate if there is a basis for more attractiveness to log in and the role of actors too large and large. If you are currently presenting a new tariff on geopolitics and dividing geopolitical actors into three groups: main and focal actors, semi-peripheral actors, and peripheral actors, in the next step you have tried to systematically present the geopolitical relations of Southwest Asia by presenting a conceptual model. Because accurate knowledge of the geopolitical relations between these actors allows geopoliticians to formulate the best strategy for the volatile region of Southwest Asia.

Transformation and dynamics in different scientific concepts are one of the main factors in science development. In the meantime, the field of cross-border studies, which is one of the major areas studied in the field of political geography and other related fields such as political science, international relations, etc., is no exception and the movement and dynamics caused introduction of new concepts or highlighting or diminishing of concepts, redefinition etc. in this field of study according to changes and developments. Understanding these changes in the field of frontier studies and in any other field is a matter of scientific necessity, though there are numerous shortcomings and deficiencies in this area. One of the concepts in the field of border studies is the concept of border area. The present study attempts to analyze this important issue as far as possible and to provide more understandable conceptualization and acceptable parameters for the border region.

The present study is applied and the method of study is descriptive-analytic. In the present study, it has been attempted to recognize the concept of boundary zone and to identify and analyze its shaping parameters for future studies. For this purpose, by referring to library data (books, articles and journals related to the subject), the conceptualization of the boundary zone has been investigated and in the second step the parameters affecting the concept of boundary zone have been summarized in 8 dimensions (defense-security, legal-structural, actors, historical, political-sovereign, cultural-social, economic, territorial), and in order to prioritize the criteria and sub- ANP Hierarchical Analysis Model is used.

Border regions are one of the strategic points of each country, with increasing emphasis on the interplay between actors and geographical linkages. Since there is no single definition of border area and most people confuse the concept of border area with the border line, the first step of the research is to try to conceptualize the border area correctly. In simple terms, the border area is the immediate geographical space of the border varying extent that is directly affected by the borders. It should be noted that the width of the border areas varies or decreases depending on the condition and performance of the borders and the surrounding environment. In general, however, with the increasing impact of border area through developments in various technologies and the expansion of the field of goods and human mobility increases, because these changes expand direct impacts and geographic spaces across borders.

Conclusions and Suggestions:

From parameters that form the border area from the views and theories related to the border areas, 32 parameters extracted for better understanding and are classified into 8 dimensions. Then, in order to prioritize the effective parameters in forming border areas, ANP method is used. The prioritization results indicated that the defense-security dimension is more important than any other dimension in shaping the border region. The most important parameters of each dimension are as follows: having a natural link with the cross-border in the territorial dimension, low investment in the region (for security reasons, etc.) in the economic dimension, having an ethnic link with the cross-border in the socio-cultural dimension, the influence of communication policy towards the bordering country in the political-sovereignty dimension, with historical links beyond the historical dimension, the interplay of actors, an agreed-upon and legal area of ​​legal-structural dimension, and finally being at the forefront of attack and war later. Defense-security is the most effective parameters in shaping the border region

Developments in various fields have led to the emergence of new topics in the field of study in urban areas as spatial-geographic phenomena. Although cities have already had a prominent place in the past, changes in power and levels of power have increased the role of subordinate actors that have shaped geopolitical debates on cities. The purpose of this paper is to understand and understand the general history, philosophical nature, reason, and definitions of urban geopolitics as a new and expanding issue. Therefore, in this paper for analyzing the information, content analysis method has been used. By examining the history of the formation of the city's geopolitical concept and its existing definitions, it became clear that the concept and nature of urban geopolitics are not well defined, as is necessary and desirable. Thus, the authors consider the geopolitical philosophical nature of the city to be the geographic resources of power, with emphasis on the city, the space of cities and their sphere of influence, and its relations at the levels (local, national, regional, global). The results of the general survey of urban geopolitical conceptualizations in the researches show that proper conceptualization of urban geopolitics is not necessary. Based on this, one can consider urban geopolitics in terms of four dimensions (location, actors, function, and discourse).

The Islamic world is a vast expanse of countries with numerous and diverse populations. Having human population as well as geographical sources of power has caused many crises between different actors in this area. Meanwhile, geopolitical crises are not easily solvable due to their stability and continuity, so they are considered long-term crises and often cause many conflicts and tensions between human and space structures.. This article has been written with the aim of investigating the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world by descriptive-analytical research method and the required information has been collected using the library method and referring to authoritative sources, books or articles. The research findings show that the geopolitical crisis in the Islamic world region is a situation in which the geographical sources of power is considered as the main source of conflict, conflict, etc. between the actors in transnational, national, regional and regional relations. It is universal. In other words, the geopolitical crisis in this region arises when the actors in their transnational, national, regional and global relations differ from each other on one or more geographical sources of power and as a result, compete with each other. Finally, the results show that in general, the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world are due to political relations between the actors and also affect the geographical sources of power. Keywords: Crisis, Geopolitical Crisis, Islamic World, Relations Between Actors  Introduction Islam is the second largest religion in the world in terms of number of followers. The Islamic world is a vast expanse of land whose main shape begins in a rectangular shape from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean and extends to the southwest and northeast of Central Asia, and in total covers most of Asia and Africa and part of Europe. This vast region, which is about 170 degrees west and east longitude and less than 70 degrees north and south latitudes of the planet, covers about 22% of the earth's land and geographical space, and forms the structure. Spatial-geographical is a special feature that distinguishes it from other spatial-geographical structures in the world, such as the structure of Buddhism, Western, etc. The Islamic world is the so-called lands where the majority of its people follow the religion of Islam. The Islamic world now includes a land with a diverse composition in terms of human characteristics and natural contexts and conditions. The religion of Islam before the eleventh century, however, has succeeded; Uniform geography in terms of culture, history and territorial importance in all parts of the world. however, from this century onwards, it was the geopolitical tragedy of the Islamic world; because the lack of unity among Muslims caused divisions, and these divisions gradually became associated with geographical factors and deepened the differences. The Islamic world is currently suffering from various tensions and crises, and we would not be exaggerating if we consider the dominant strategic environment in the Islamic world to be unstable, insecure and unsuitable in terms of sustainable development indicators. A crisis in a geographical area can be rooted in various causes, from some cases and characteristics imposed on that area to some intrinsic features of a geographical area, all and sundry can pave the way for the formation of a crisis in the area to be considered. On this basis, it can be argued that the geopolitics of a region will also lead to a crisis. Considering that the Islamic world covers a large part of the lands that are of strategic, geo-economics, etc. importance, and to some extent, the relations between Islamic countries and the Islamic Republic can be observed and studied in the Islamic world region. It is very important to pay attention to the types of crises in this region. Therefore, studying and rooting out the crises of the Islamic world and recognizing the most important causes and contexts of conflict in the Islamic world at different scales and patterns is an important step in reducing such conflicts and resolving them with a peace-building approach. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world, which is of greater geopolitical importance and geopolitical crises of many internal and external origins have occurred in this region.   Research methodology The prevailing paradigm in this research is based on a descriptive perspective in which it describes and analyzes the geopolitical crises in the Islamic world. Therefore, the research method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The required information has been collected using the library method and by referring to authoritative sources, books or articles. This study seeks to explain the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world based on a new approach to geopolitical knowledge. Based on the present study, by presenting a new model, it tries to study and analyze the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world based on two cycles of geopolitical knowledge (sources of geography of power) and (political relations between actors). Conclusion The changes and developments that have taken place in recent decades have provided the ground for extensive changes in the field of geopolitical knowledge and in various ways have helped to increase its fields of study in the form of emerging trends. Geopolitics has gained prominence in recent decades. Because, the extensive changes that have taken place in the contemporary world, such as globalization and consequently the dramatic growth of content related to different cultures and religions, as well as increasing inclination to Islam around the world, the level of acting in Islam has been at different levels. In other words, the Islamic world has a prominent geopolitical position due to its strategic location, underground resources, large population and the progress of Islam compared to other religions. However, despite these geographical sources of power, due to the existence of various geopolitical crises among the members of the Islamic world, it has caused a decline in the position and lack of proper use of the geographical capabilities of the Islamic world. The research has tried to analyze the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world with a new approach. Geopolitical crisis is a situation in which the geographical sources of power are the main source of conflict, debate, discord, etc. between the actors in transnational, national, regional and global relations. In other words, a geopolitical crisis arises when actors in their transnational, national, regional, and global relations differ and compete with each other on one or more geographical sources of power. The geopolitical crises in the Islamic world are generally based on two parts: the geographical sources of power and the political relations between the actors. In other words, part of the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world are based on the primary cycle (conflict over ownership or use of geographical sources of power) and overshadow the secondary cycle (relations between actors). Another part of the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world is based on the relations between the actors and based on these relations, the geographical sources of power are affected. Based on the initial cycle of geopolitical knowledge (geographical sources of power), geopolitical crises were classified into four dimensions of recognizing, acquiring, productivity and preserving the geographical sources of power, and for each of them, examples from the Islamic world were given. Also, according to the second cycle of geopolitical knowledge (political relations of actors), geopolitical crises were classified into four dimensions: scale of relations, form of relations, level of power and role-playing of actors and strategies of actors, and for each dimension, examples of the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world were brought. In general, the results showed that the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world are due to political relations between the actors and also affect the geographical sources of power.

With the globalization of the economy and the transfer of power from competitive concepts to economic power, access to natural resources is facing another power. Because economic development and industrial development depend on natural resources, ownership or easy access to valuable natural resources is considered as another indicator of conservation and power. If you have access to the natural resources of water trust, one of the sources of power will change. Suitable for the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey as two important geographical areas and proven in the region, are affected by different environments, the most important of which can be referred to water resources. The fact is that these two actors in the arid and semi-arid region of the world were created on the basis of another issue and caused challenges and conflicts for the actor. In this research, which is descriptive and analytical in terms of applied type and in terms of general research method, using library resources including scientific articles, books and reputable websites, seeks to answer the question of how water resources and through what parameters for Are the adaptations of Iran and Turkey effective? The results showed that the existence of rivers originating in Turkey, dams and dams, groundwater resources, acid rain, control of river sources in the upstream country, contamination of water sources with sewage and other materials, unique construction of river waterways. There is competition for the use and allocation of water resources due to the development of agriculture, industry and urbanization, differences over the share of use of the border river, diversion of the natural course of the border river, lack of dredging, effective parameters for water adaptation of Iran and Turkey.

Cross-border cooperation brings together communities on both sides of the border, and this can potentially help transform them into developed communities. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the continuation of border cooperation between Iran and the Kurdistan region of this region. It is necessary to pay attention to this issue, as the Kurds can be effective in the geopolitical future of the region and can be used as a force for the political balance of the region. The methodology of the present study is based on a positive paradigm and a quantitative method and seeks to identify the most important factors and variables affecting the continuation of border cooperation between the Iraqi Kurdistan region and Iran. For this purpose, the most important factors affecting the continuity of cross-border cooperation in 6 dimensions (territorial, geopolitical, political, social and cultural, economic and defense-military) were selected. The field findings of the present study, which were taken from the opinions of elites and experts related to border issues, showed that the 6 variables of natural border continuity between two countries, ideologies and strategies of two neighboring countries, common border resources, common language between residents Border crossings, international terrorism, etc. are among the most important variables affecting the stability of border cooperation between the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran. Finally, it can be said that in order to improve the cooperation between the two regions, strategies and policies should be developed in accordance with the conditions of both regions in order to achieve stability in border cooperation and improve the situation in the region

Given that infectious diseases are often associated with the geographical area of ​​countries, this factor can be studied under the title of political geography; Because geographical space and human actions are among the most important components of this science, Quaid 19 disease is also directly related to these two factors and has had a high impact on geographical spaces from the perspective of domestic and foreign policy. The present article examines the consequences and future effects of the corona outbreak on the status of political systems and the strategies for advancing actors in the face of different scenarios. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and type of research method. The method of collecting data and information is library, documentary and survey; In which the opinions of 10 experts in political geography, geopolitics and political science have been used. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques, including interaction analysis. In this study, for 5 key factors, a total of 25 cases (uncertainty) have been considered. The results obtained from the Wizard Scenario software show that there are 7 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 386 scenarios with poor compatibility and 96 inconsistent scenarios of future progress. Have had. Out of 7 possible scenarios, scenarios 6 and 7 had favorable status, scenarios 1, 2 had unfavorable status and scenarios 5.4.3 also had intermediate status. In the last part, the proposed strategies for the actors for the leading situations and scenarios were: improving and strengthening the political structures and internal and external relations of the actors for a favorable future, adjusting the responsibilities of the actors and their internal and external relations for Semi-critical situation, change and replacement of the new political system in case of critical situation.