فهرست مطالب محسن کاظمی

Here the advantages of employing a biorefinery approach in conjunction with optimization techniques were utilized to attain high overall process efficiency. Initially, an alkaline pH-shift process assisted by ultrasonic and its subsequent optimization were employed to maximize the extraction yield and whiteness index of muscle proteins isolated from lanternfish (B. pterotum). The optimal strategy was determined as follows: 6 mL g-1, pH1 (solubilization) 11.5, 310 W, and pH2 (precipitation) 5.8 with desirability of 0.84. Collagen hydrolysate was obtained from the connective tissue-containing sediment residue emerging during pH-shift process. The optimal isolated protein (OIP) was utilized to produce heat-set gels in combination with collagen hydrolysate. Breaking force and deformation of the OIP gel were measured at 123 (g) and 10.12 (mm) respectively. Collagen hydrolysate made breaking force (up to 2% w/w) and deformation (up to 10% w/w) improved and had positive effects on color characteristics (especially whiteness index) as well as water holding capacity. Hence, it can be concluded that the integration of a novel extraction technique such as ultrasonic with pH-shift process followed by optimization, as well as concurrent utilization of muscle and connective tissue proteins through a biorefinery approach; provides a significant advancement towards scaling up the extraction process.

Nanotechnology brings new solution for improving ruminal fermentation. Meta-analysis study of the effect of nanoparticles on ruminal fermentation can help to better understand how to manipulate ruminal fermentation. After searching and selecting appropriate articles, data related to ruminal fermentation parameters were extracted. Meta-analyses were carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis package, version 3. The effect sizes of across studies were calculated with fixed and random effect models. Possible publication bias was evaluated with funnel plot and statistical tests. The results of meta-analysis showed that the administration of nanoparticles in the diet, has a positive effect on gas production, total VFAs concentration and apparent dry matter digestibility. Addition of nanoparticles in the diet decrease N-NH3 concentration. The values of I2 for GP and TVFAs indicated moderate and values of I2 for N-NH3 concentration and apparent dry matter digestibility effect size indicated high heterogeneity, respectively. Administration of nanoparticles can improve ruminal fermentation process due to its positive effects on microbial growth, fiber degradation, DM digestibility, TVFAs concentration, and reduce the ratio of acetate to propionate and methane production.

The aim of this study was to increase the production efficiency of reared Great sturgeon (Huso huso) in the larval stage (after hatching until absorption of the yolk sac) under the corresponding influence of photoperiod and light intensity. In this study, the larvae from the after hatching to the complete absorption of the yolk sac were exposed to four light intensities (0-10; 70-100; 200-170 and 350-330lux) and five photoperiods (24L:00D; 16L:08D; 12L:12D; 08L: 16D and 00L: 24D) treatments and the control group. Each treatment and control group had three replications (70 g of larvae). At the end of the experiment, after sampling and biometry of the samples, growth factors including weight and final length, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), body weight increase (BWI), daily growth (ADG) and survival rate (SR) were done using special mathematical formula. Also, some enzymatic, immune and biochemical factors of body plasma were measured and analyzed statistically. The results showed that although all growth indices (WG, SGR, CF, BWI and ADG) in the treatment of photoperiod of 24L:00D and light intensity of 100lux were in the maximum growth (p<0.05), but the maximum survival percentage of larvae (65.32%) compared to other treatments, especially the maximum growth treatment (7.41%), was observed in the photoperiod of 08L:16D and light intensity of 100lux treatment (p<0.05). Also, enzymatic, biochemical and immune indices were desirable conditions in the larvae of optimal growth treatment (treatment 11) compared to many other treatments (p<0.05). In total, the most suitable photoperiod and light intensity to increase the production efficiency of larvae with a yolk sac of reared great sturgeon, was the treatment of 08L:16D and 100lux.

Oral history is in its quantitative heyday in Iran. However, this heyday is not parallel with theoretical and methodological discussions. This trend can undermine the creditability and status of oral history in the future. Ignoring the theoretical and methodological discussion and overgrown production of works under the title of ‘oral history’ in Iran will endanger this field in general. The questions of realm and approaches of oral history are among the neglected or at least not fully noted matters among oral historians. In the present study, it is assumed the readers know the identification of oral history and its differences with memories and oral tradition, and they are not mentioned to avoid repetition. The author has presented two subjects that can have effective approaches for the researchers and empower them by good knowledge in the field of oral history. In the present study, two questions are answered: How extended is the realm of oral history? And which people and subjects can be included in it? Then, three notable theoretical approaches are discussed. Oral history like many other fields of humanities is an interdisciplinary one. So, considering any discipline it will have different approaches. In this study, notable and compatible approaches with oral history are assessed.

Oral history, as a new phenomenon in historiography, has gone through a tortuous path for more than seven decades to reach its current state. In its ups and downs, it has passed through certain states and has treaded in numerous arenas. A history researcher needs to discern how far oral history has extended in terms of time, space, and topic. When it comes to speech and the quality of being oral, whether we like it or not, certain disciplines such as linguistics, anthropology, and psychology are also involved. In the face of different disciplines, oral history adapts to past and present theories in various situations. Awareness of the theoretical context and basic knowledge of sciences at any time tells us that oral history can relate to many of these theories and even strengthen them. Of course, oral history is not able to relate to all theories, but it sometimes borrows dimensions from them. The impromptu nature of oral history has allowed it to be weighed by different theories. It is interesting that sometimes in several opposite and contradictory theories, oral history can be defined. The present study is an attempt to see how far the scope and realm of oral history extends, and how it is related to the three approaches of functionalism, structuralism, and critical realism. Of course, it must be kept in mind that oral history and its question system determine in which theoretical school, strategy, approach, and method should be followed and which position should be obtained. 

In this descriptive study, the scope of oral history and three approaches of functionalism, structuralism, and critical realism in the face of oral history have been studied. 

The result of the present study indicates that the scope and realm of oral history are divided into three dimensions: 1) Temporal (encompassing two generations or 160 years), 2) Spatial (location of events), and 3) Topical (infinite number of topics, depending on the capacity of mind, memory, conditions of presence and action or witnessing events, happenings, and phenomena). In examining the functionalist approach and its relationship with oral history, it was determined that oral history, given its interdisciplinary nature, can have a reciprocal effect in the face of some other approaches in humanities. Functionalism is concerned with systemic and organic theory, but it has a positivist illusion and considers reasoning and mind as merely bodily functions of mankind. Oral history, therefore, is influenced by the mind and the dignity of human rationality is contrasted with functionalism. On the other hand, it considers functionalism of the society superior to man and considers man as a function of the society. The system of oral history, considering the inherent characteristics as well as the spiritual and psychological traits of human beings, does not reflect this superiority, and merely considers human beings and society as overlapping.Reflecting on the prevailing views of structuralism, it can be construed that society comprises various relationships, social ideas, and structures. In the field of history, structuralism sees phenomena as a coherent and interconnected whole, and because it reduces the fields of study of history, it kind of becomes a reductionist approach. Therefore, structuralism can be criticized in this regard. In oral history with a structuralist approach, human action, advantage, and consciousness are degrade and the networked relationships of structural elements are placed at the center of historical phenomena.In structuralist oral history research, attitudes, and explanations are based on the participants’ mental views, based on the narrator’s understanding of the relationships between phenomena. Research in such a situation is a bottom-up one. Narrators' narratives are the result of experience, interaction, and relationships between elements of society, and putting them together can even lead to a theory. By examining the critical realist approach, it can be considered that oral history is a window towards the real world, and can serve as a thread for the mental fabric. To reflect on the world and reality, perception is needed as a material that is only possible through oral history. Oral history seems to be fully analyzable from the perspective of critical realism.Given critical realism, oral history passes through the mind to discover the world and exploits language, thought, and perception en route. A multi-layered world is formed from complex and intertwined objective layers. Oral history enables critical reflection by counting data and retrieving sensory experiences from the world. Critical realism, then, brings oral history closer to gaining knowledge of the existence and deepening knowledge of the world and its surroundings.

 The anaerobic microbial fermentative digestion of feedstuffs in the rumen is not efficient. The gases are considered as waste products of rumen fermentation and also pollutants of the environment. Recent studies indicated that some metal nanoparticles (NPs) were toxic to rumen microbial population and inhibit methane production in anaerobic conditions. Plant extracts can be used to produce cost effective and eco-friendly green nanoparticles. Phlomis cancellata Bunge with Persian names Gushbarre sefid has high medicinal value and antibacterial properties and distributed dramatically in Khorasan, Mazandaran and Golestan. Hence, there is potential of using bio-synthesized nanoparticles in ruminant nutrition. However, there is not enough information regarding the effect of green nanoparticles on runminal condition. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract on rumen fermentation in vitro.

Synthesis of sliver nanoparticles was prepared by adding of 1 ml of the aqueous extract to 4.76 mM sliver nitrate solution (pH= 6.84) allowed to react at 77 °C for 24.79 min in the dark to minimize the photo activation of silver nitrate. The color change of solution from yellow to brown after 3 min of incubation is indicative of the bioreduction of Ag+ ions in the solution to Ag°. Effects of increasing the concentration of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract (0, 125 and 250 µg/ml) on rumen fermentation were evaluated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production volumes were recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation and then gas production kinetic was estimated. The obtained data from gas production at 24 h after incubation were used for estimation of digestible dry and organic matter, metabolisable energy, short chain fatty acids, partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and microbial biomass production efficiency.

 The increasing level of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract did not significantly affect in vitro potential of gas production and gas production rate. For the cumulative gas production, no significant difference was found among the treatments. The lowest and highest in vitro potential of gas production, gas production rate and cumulative gas production was recorded for treatments 3 and 1, respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibit unique bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. At the atomic level, silver has the ability to absorb oxygen and acts as an oxidation catalyst. Atomic oxygen absorbed on the silver surface reacts with the thiol groups surrounding the surface of bacteria and viruses and removes hydrogen atoms. The bacterium loses respiration ability by disruption of the so-called respiratory channel, which results in bacterial death. The apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility and true in vitro organic matter digestibility, were not significantly affected by addition of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract. Addition of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract failed to affect metabolisable energy, short chain fatty acids, partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and microbial biomass production efficiency. However, the lack of significant effect of the synthesized silver nanoparticles on the digestibility may be due to factors such as concentration, surface capacity, size, and other properties of silver nanoparticles. For treatment 1, the cumulative gas production over 24 and 48 h was negatively correlated apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. There was significant negative correlation between apparent in vitro organic matter digestibility and partitioning factor with cumulative gas production during hours of incubation for treatments 2. No significant correlation was found between apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility and partitioning factor with the volume of cumulative gas produced during different incubation hours in for treatments 3.

 Supplementing of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract could modify the characteristics of gas production and fermentation parameters basal diet and reduce the side effects of the anaerobic microbial fermentation. However, additional microbial studies with different level of green silver nanoparticles are necessary to determine the mode of action. Additionally, further in vivo work is needed to assess the effect of green silver nanoparticles inclusion on animal performance when cattle are fed ingredients commonly used in beef feedlot or dairy diets.

As is already known, urea transport across the ruminant wall is mediated via urea transporters in the epithelium membrane. Facilitative urea transporters are derived from the UT-A and UT-B genes. UT-B mRNA or protein expressions have been characterized in the rumen epithelium (Ludden et al 2009; Marini and Van Amburgh 2003; Marini et al 2004; Stewart et al 2005). Gene transcript abundance for UT-B was observed to be significantly correlated with the ruminal serosal to mucosal urea fluxes. However, the mechanism by which the increased gene expression occurred is unclear (Jin et al 2018). Transcriptome analysis has been used to analyze the rumen epithelium metabolic pathway changes under various conditions (Baldwin et al 2012; Dionissopoulos et al 2014; Naeem et al 2014), and this approach may provide a better means to understand the regulation of these urea transport mechanisms across the rumen wall.

A literature search was initially conducted using various data bases and investigated references in the papers. It was also based on the following key words: carbohydrate, dietary, protein and urea transporter. Then 11 studies were included in current meta-analysis; and prepared comparisons for pH, VFAS, N-NH3 and UT-B expression. Meta-analyses were carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis package, version 3. The effect sizes of across studies were calculated with fixed and random effect models. The presence of true heterogeneity among studies was identified with Cochran’s Q–tests and quantification of the degree of heterogeneity was done with the I2 index. Possible publication bias was evaluated with funnel plot and statistical tests (Vesterinen et al 2014).

The results of current meta-analysis showed that different levels of CP in diet, has a positive effects on ruminal N-NH3 concentration and UT-B expression (<0.05). However, dietary CP different levels had no significant effects on ruminal pH and VFAS concentration. The values of I2 and Q for ruminal N-NH3 concentration and UT-B expression effect size indicated high and moderate heterogeneity, respectively. Marini and Van Amburgh (2003) noticed expression of ruminal UT-B was changed by nitrogen intake levels. Marini and Van Amburgh (2003) observed greater expression of UT-B (based upon visual evaluation) in ruminal papillae collected from the ventral sac of the rumen in dairy heifers fed high-N diets (2.97 to 3.4% N) compared with low-N diets (1.45 to 1.89% N). Marini and Van Amburgh (2003) suggested that when a high-N diet is fed and ruminal ammonia is high, urea diffuses into the gastrointestinal tract via the paracellular space. Urease activity is known to be reduced by high ammonia concentrations (Bunting et al. 1989), a condition that arises when high-N diets are fed. Therefore, it is possible that the amount of crude protein increase UT-B abundance in the ventral rumen (Ludden et al. 2009). Also, Lu et al (2014) reported that by increasing nitrogen intake levels and increasing the blood urea nitrogen concentration to more than 5 mmol/l, the return of urea to the rumen and stimulate the expression of urea transporter B increase, linearly. Different levels of NFC in diet increase ruminal VFAS concentration and UT-B expression (<0.05). Dietary NFC different levels decrease ruminal pH (<0.05). Ruminal N-NH3 concentration was not influenced by Dietary NFC different levels. The values of I2 and Q for pH and UT-B expression effect size indicated high heterogeneity. Lu et al (2019) reported that the NFC-rich diet caused a reduction of urinal urea-N excretion by about 37%. Ma et al (2015) observed that, in lamb receiving a MNFC diet, the urinary N declined, but that fecal N did not change (Ma et al., 2015). Similarly, in growing steers, dietary carbohydrate facilitated urea being transferred from the blood directly to the rumen (Huntington, 1989; Younes et al., 2001). Lu et al (2019) observed that, in goats consuming an NFC-rich diet, the concentration of ruminal NH3-N was enhanced significantly, together with a significantly reduced urinal urea-N excretion. These data indicate that more urea-N was transferred into the rumen. This findings suggest that adequate dietary NFC feeding can improve nitrogen salvage in ruminant animals (Lu et al., 2019). The effect of dietary NFC on serum urea-N is associated with rumen microbes, which use plant carbohydrate as a fermentation substrate to obtain energy for microbial growth and as an indirect supply to host animals. Among the composition of plant carbohydrate, lignin is known to be non-degradable in anaerobic environments (Triolo et al., 2012). Dietary NFC, namely a fraction of easily-fermentable carbohydrate that includes starches, sugars, pectins, and glucans (Van Soest et al., 1991), leads to the rapid production of microbial metabolites, which are mainly SCFA (Hoover and Stokes, 1991). Previous studies have demonstrated that SCFA regulates blood urea entry into the rumen (Harmeyer and Martens, 1980; Remond et al., 2003). Remond et al. (2003) have reported that the highest rates of urea influx into the rumen and the highest NH3- N concentration in the rumen appears postprandially, when fermentation processes lead to a raise of SCFA in the rumen. Ruminal SCFA rapidly promotes blood urea across the rumen epithelium. A decrease of pH from 7.4 to 6.6 in the mucosal buffer exerted the same effect on flux Jsm urea as SCFA did (Lu et al., 2014). These data are in good agreement with another previous ex vivo study (Abdoun et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2014) providing supporting evidence that SCFA and pH stimulate blood urea entry into the rumen (Lu et al., 2019). According to the results of current meta-analysis, both dietary CP and NFC increase UT-B expression. It seems however that the NFC have a greater effect on increasing UT-B expression than CP.

Being democratic is one of the most outstanding features of oral history, so it can cover ‎the concerns of all walks of society. Also, since oral history does not suffer from the ‎bottlenecks of other historical disciplines regarding coverage of a phenomenon, it can be ‎decentralized from historiography and be extended to ordinary people. Until the second ‎decade of the twentieth century and the active emergence of the Annales school, ‎historiography would often overlook ordinary people and lower classes of society. Since then, ‎especially over the past seven decades, oral history, combined with other modern styles, has ‎made great efforts to steer historiography from elitism and centralism to multiple social ‎aspects.‎The purpose of this study is to expose the place and status of oral history in social history, ‎therefore, it has addressed two basic questions: 1) Why should the lower classes and the ‎neglected or less seen groups of society be brought back into the spotlight of history? 2) How ‎can oral history materialize the process of democratization and decentralizing history? For ‎this purpose, the present study has touched upon a number of these neglected classes in ‎history and examined and evaluated their conditions and the way in which oral history ‎interacts with them.‎

According to the principle of the necessity of the contract, whenever a person undertakes to do something, it is his social, legal and moral duty to perform it. Of course, according to the subject of the research, the objection in the implementation of the contract is exceptional on this principle. Commitments are affected by voluntary and involuntary issues that stop the performance of obligations. Matters such as war, natural disasters and disease, death and hardship are among the most important cases of termination of contractual obligations. The purpose of this study is to identify the cases of objections that as a result of the elimination of these cases, business relations flourish. Considering the principle of necessity of contracts, resorting to accepting the objection of the contracting party will not be accepted. The parties are not allowed to change the terms of the contract unilaterally. In this study, it has been investigated that in case of incidents that lead to the suspension of the obligation, it will cause the obligation to be revoked, which has been studied comparatively with British law.

With the advent of morphing airfoils, the aerodynamics of wind turbines and wings underwent many changes. In this study, the aerodynamic coefficients of morphing airfoil based on NACA 0015 are optimized in the range of Reynolds number 105 to 106 and the angle of attack 0 to 12 degrees using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm(GA). First, the airfoils were created in MATLAB software by random control points and mesh generated in Gambit software, then in two-dimensional Ansys software were simulated. The simulation results, including lift and drag coefficients, separation point and pressure center, with control points were used to train the Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The trained function is given as an input function to the Genetic Algorithm(GA) to optimize the desired coefficients.Lift coefficient, the center of pressure, separation point and lift to drag ratio were optimized as a single objective, In single-objective optimization, the lift coefficient was increased by 18% using the morphing airfoil. Also, the lift coefficient and the center of pressure, the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient were optimized as the dual-objectives optimization. In the optimization of the dual objectives, lift and drag coefficients were controlled by 0.8 and 0.03, respectively, by the morphing airfoils.

With the advent of smart materials in recent years, the aviation industry and airfoils have undergone many changes. Research into the use of smart materials in aircraft wings to increase their performance and then the use of smart materials in wind turbine airfoils has begun. In this study, computational fluid dynamics and URANS equations for a three-bladed Darrieus wind turbine equipped with a morphing airfoil was used to determine the optimum blade cross-section. 250 airfoils were generated by random control points, in Gambit software, they were unstructured and generated as a sliding mesh then they were simulated in 2D Ansys using the k-ω SST turbulence model and PISO algorithm. Control points and power coefficient were used for Artificial Neural Network (ANN)training and the Genetic Algorithm(GA) was used to optimize the power coefficient. In this study, the base airfoil is NACA0015. The results of that have been very effective. For the first case (Determine the optimal cross-section of the turbine at a full round) the power coefficient of Darrieus wind turbine with the optimal cross-section increased by 42%, and the blade section(airfoil) was also drawn. For the second case(Determine the optimal cross-section in each of the four zones of the rotor), the most efficient sections(airfoils) in four-zone were obtained, increasing the turbine power coefficient by 60% was the result of this optimization.

Oral history as an interdisciplinary field has made the pragmatics and theoretical functions of other disciplines ‎of humanities, particularly social sciences, being noted in this kind of historiography. There are several approaches ‎for sociological studies; such as linguistics and anthropology. These days linguistics is a totally apprehensive ‎discipline that is in search of constructing and finding deeper signs, meanings and concepts of human, and the ‎thought, behavior, act and sensation of his/her. A human with his unknown labyrinth that anthropology might ‎reveal some (a bit) knowledge of his/her inner and outer world. ‎Oral history as a phenomenon related to human, about human and his/her world; is about to find a way to ‎transfer his/her messages, concepts and narratives that pass through the language. Human owns the language and ‎language as a thought plays its role in the structure of society and human institutions. Human is surrounded by ‎his/her believes, costumes, folklores and the sociocultural institutions. Identifying this human needs a language, ‎meanings, signs and symbols that can attained to some degree through linguistic and anthropological studies. ‎Studying some functions and linguistic concepts beside anthropological ideas and theories can reveal more aspects ‎of oral history. This paper tries represent a way for hesitation on unknown aspects of oral history based on ‎perceptive and explanatory methodology and presenting introductory discussions on linguistics and anthropology. ‎

This study aimed to compare and determine the nutritional value of leaves collected from five forest tree species including Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus eldarica, Crataegus azarolus, Morus alba, and Salix alba. Some chemical-mineral compounds, gas production parameters, buffering capacity as well as some fermentation parameters were determined according to the standard laboratory methods. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. A significant difference was observed among all measured parameters (p < 0.05). The crude protein contents of leaves ranged from 8.30% for P. eldarica to 18.50% for M. alba. The contents of NDF (53.03%), ADF (38.48%), ADL (16.67%), and CF (35.01%) were highest in P. eldarica (p < 0.05). M. alba had the highest ash, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sodium, while S. alba had the highest Zinc (p < 0.05). The gas production parameters (exception constant rate of gas production), true organic matter and dry matter digestibility, DMI, metabolism energy, short-chain fatty acids, titrable acidity, and pH belonged to each leaf, were highest in M. alba (p < 0.05). P. eldarica also had the highest (p < 0.05) acid-base buffering capacity (206.23 meq×10-3). The each of leaves has been revealed to contain an appreciable amount of nutrients which can be included in the diets of small ruminants to meet their daily nutrient requirements.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a weed forage that can grow in most parts of Iran; however, the nutritional value of this plant has been less considered. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation parameters of fresh and ensiled portulaca oleracea with or without wheat bran. Purslane was harvested during the flowering stage and ensiled in polyethylene containers for 60 days. Experimental treatments included: 1) fresh purslane, 2) purslane silage without additive, 3) purslane silage+16% wheat bran (fresh weight), and 4) purslane silage+32% wheat bran (fresh weight). The crude protein of the four treatments ranged from 19.27% to 26.86%. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen (10.85% of total nitrogen) and pH (4.72) of silage extract were observed in silage without additive, but the concentrations of lactic acid and total volatile fatty acids were highest in the silages containing wheat bran (P<0.05). After ensiling, the true digestibility of organic matter (71.03%) and dry matter (70.05%), as well as potential gas production (28.90 mL), showed a significant decrease compared to fresh purslane (P<0.05). In general, purslane had a favorite protein content and digestibility in animal feeding. Although the nutritional value of fresh purslane was higher in comparison with silage, ensiling can reduce the problems of drying. Purslane silage without additive had low dry matter content and contained mildew, but the quality of purslane was improved when wheat bran was added to the silage.

The function and the concept of law in trials and adjudication has ambiguity. Based on the soul and the evolutionary process of law, the intent of Sharia (Arabic: شرع Islamic law) in the current rules is an independent concept from law, public order and good morality (desired virtuous values) but sometimes this term in the rules has not been used right (accurate). From functioning aspect, after realizing the illicitness of the claim (case), it should not be trusted in the appearance of law i.e. Article 89 of civil procedure code of Iran indicating issuing the abatement. Also referring to the Islamic law from both parties, court of appeal and supreme court of Iran in appealing to the initial judgment limits to the decisions that issuing of the initial decision depends on the silence of law and with referring to Islamic law has been issued. The ambiguity originated from the concept of Sharia (شرع) in the rules, it is possible to study in the area of the adjudication. In this paper it has been surveyed the duty of the adjudicator to the Islamic law and the duty of the court on adjudicating the appeal against the decision of the court (dispute) from the point of view of being in contrast to the Islamic law principles.

Today, the significant impact of information on the national security of countries has led governments to create secure native infrastructure, while providing reliable, stable and appropriate services, preventing the outflow of information from the country and preventing the exploitation of other organizations and countries. Designing and implementing national infrastructures that can meet the communication needs of other infrastructures is one of the solutions that can achieve the above goals.Given the importance of security for such vital infrastructure, the development of a secure national information network as a key strategy in exercising sovereignty over cyberspace and providing services on this platform is on the agenda of governments. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to identify and rank the factors affecting the national secure information network of the Islamic Republic of Iran.   Based on library resources and field research, this research seeks to answer the question of what are the factors affecting the security of the National information Network of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and what is their significance in terms of importance? Based on this, first in the library studies section and referring to reliable sources, the most important indicators and effective variables in the national information network of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the qualitative method of content analysis were extracted and according to their nature and role, these factors in dimensions Security, technology and management were classified. Then, using the tools of the questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by the expert group, the judgment of experts, pundits and experts in the field of national information network was used. Using quantitative methods to analyze the results, the main security, technological and managerial factors were confirmed. Based on the analysis of the questionnaires, the determination of the weight of the indicators and the use of the Friedman test, the ranking of the factors affecting the design of the National Secure Information Network was done. The findings indicate that the ranking of factors affecting the national secure information network has almost the same effect in terms of average and do not differ significantly from each other.

There are many medicinal plants in Iran that can be grazed by livestock. Due to lack of information about the nutritional value of some medicinal plants, this study aimed to investigate the chemical-mineral composition, buffering capacity and some digestive-fermentation parameters of medicinal species including Artemisia aucheri Boiss, Salvia leriifolia Benth, Achilea santolina and Nepeta glumerulosa by in vitro procedures. N. glumerulosa had the highest ADF (30.03%), NDF (46.46%), ADL (16.79%) and CF (32.87%) contents(p < 0.05). The highest crude protein (22.19%) and non-fiber carbohydrates (36.96%) were also related to A. santolina (p < 0.05). The calcium ranged from a high of 44.06 g/kgDM in S. leriifolia Benth to a low of 4.39 g/kgDM in A. santolina. The plants containing A. santolina (48.04 ml) and S. leriifolia Benth (39.72) also showed high potential gas production, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest dry matter digestibility (60%) belonged to A. santolina (p < 0.05). The range of metabolizable energy differed from 4.65 MJ/kg DM for A. aucheri Boiss to 7.29 MJ/kg DM for A. santolina. The ammonia nitrogen concentration (28.06-29.62 mg/dL) was not affected by the experimental treatments. The highest amount of pH (5.98) correlated to plant and acid-buffering capacity (212.12 mEq×10 -3 ) was observed in A. aucheri Boiss and S. leriifolia Benth species, respectively (p < 0.05). According to the available results, A. santolina had a higher nutritional value.

In this paper, optimal participation of the grid-connected energy hubs in the day-ahead energy and reserve markets is presented. The proposed scheme includes objective function that is minimized the difference between flexibility cost of hubs and their revenue in these markets. Also, this problem is constrained to power flow equations in the electrical, gas and heating networks, technical and reserve limits of these networks, and operation model of hubs including different sources and active loads. In the following, the stochastic programming is used to model the uncertainties of load, market price, networks reserve demand, renewable generation power, and energy demand of mobile active loads. Finally, by implement of the proposed scheme on the standard test network, the obtained numerical results confirms the capabilities of this scheme in the improvement of economic and flexibility situation of energy hubs, and improving the operation situation of the energy networks.

Khorasan Razavi province has several rangeland species that their nutritive value is still unknown for the animal husbandman. Hence, this experiment was conducted to determine the nutritional potential of some range species containing Carthamus oxyacantha, Echinops ilicifolius, Silybum marianum, and Eremurus luteus (at the flowering stage) with a completely randomized design in 2019. The chemical-mineral compositions, gas production parameters, buffering capacity, and some ruminal fermentation parameters were determined in vitro. The lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 16.41%), acid detergent fiber (ADF, 12.82%), acid detergent lignin (ADL, 5.52%), and crude fiber (CF, 17.63%) contents were obtained in Eremurus luteus (p < 0.0001). The highest crude protein (CP, 19.88%) and ash (21.69%) contents were observed in Silybum marianum (p < 0.0001). Higher calcium (Ca, 30.42 g/kg DM) content was observed in Eremurus luteus (p < 0.0001). The highest contents of nitrogen, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and cobalt were related to Silybum marianum (p < 0.0001). Metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 6.48 for Carthamus oxyacantha to 9.84 MJ/kg DM for Eremurus luteus. Eremurus luteus exhibited the highest (p < 0.0001) dry matter digestibility (DMD, 73.15%) and acid-base buffering capacity (213.05 mEq×10-3). The pH of the plant also ranged from 5.36 for Eremurus luteus to 6.05 for Echinops ilicifolius. The present study showed that each of the four rangeland species can easily meet part of the maintenance requirements of ruminants for nutrients and minerals. According to the measured parameters, Eremurus luteus had the highest nutritive value compared to the other plants.

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, silage characteristics, digestibility, and in vitro gas production parameters of saffron waste (including petals and stamen) before and after ensiling. Experimental treatments (4 replicates) contained: 1) Saffron wastes before ensiling: SWBE; 2) Saffron wastes after ensiling: SWAE; 3) 96.88% Saffron wastes after ensiling+3.12% wheat bran: 96.88%SWAE+3.12%WB (fresh weight); 4) 93.75% Saffron wastes after ensiling+6.25% wheat bran: 93.75%SWAE+6.25%WB (fresh weight); 5) 87.5% Saffron wastes after ensiling+12.5% wheat bran: 87.5%SWAE+12.5%WB (fresh weight); 6) 75% Saffron wastes after ensiling+25% wheat bran: 75%SWAE+25%WB (fresh weight); 7) 50% Saffron wastes after ensiling+50% wheat bran: 50%SWAE+50%WB (fresh weight). Statistical analysis of the data was performed in a completely randomized design. Treatment 2 did not have good quality and odor due to high moldy and adhesion characteristics, but the addition of wheat bran, especially at higher levels (treatment 4, 5, 6) led to an increase in the silage quality. Chemical composition of the experimental treatments (dry matter 10.40-54.37% of fresh weight, neutral detergent fiber 12.83-27.35%, acid detergent fiber 7.23.11.45%, crude protein 14.88-15.67%, ether extract 5.43-5.77% and ash was 5.89-11.12% of dry weight) was different. Among the experimental treatments, the highest neutral and acid detergent fibers were observed (27.35% and 11.45%, respectively) in treatment 7. The lowest pH as well as the highest concentrations of lactic and acetic acids, gas production at 12 and 24 h incubation, and constant rate of gas production were observed in treatment 7. True dry matter digestibility differed from 76.30% for treatment 2 to 79.95% for treatment 1. Overall, saffron waste had good nutritional value before being ensilaged, and ensiling without additives reduced its quality. However, it was possible to ensilage saffron wastes with wheat bran as a moisture-absorbing material without adverse effects on some nutritional parameters. In terms of appearance quality, odor, non-molding, and fermentation characteristics of the silo environment, the best conditions were observed in treatment 7.

Today, all world's aviation organizations, including ICAO, are looking for solutions to airspace shortage, growth of global air traffic, and safety of flights. Performance based navigation (PBN), which is a transition from System-Base to Performance-Base Navigation is a solution that can improve the problems caused by an increase in the number of flights and complexity of air routes. PBN flight plans are implemented through RNP and RNAV. To use these designs, FMS receivers have several input sensors. The most important GNSS input sensor continuously supports PBN operations. However, GNSS services are disable due to atmospheric effects and human-made noise. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with use of DME as an alternative source for positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) in the absence of GNSS services.

Nowadays, using antibiotics in ruminant feeding as growth promoters has been restricted due to the appearance of multi-drug resistant bacteria which may be a risk to human health. Recently, many efforts have been allocated to develop secure and safe alternatives to antibiotics. On the other hand, the identity of molecules that modulate rumen fermentation to enhance the efficiency of feed conversion ratio is an important objective of ruminant nutrition research. The manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to increase the efficiency of nutrients used by the animal has long been a goal for rumen microbiologists and nutritionists. Essential oils are aromatic oily fluids collected from plants, which can be used as natural additives in animal feeds because of their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant aspects (Cowan 1999). The essential oils are volatile mixtures composed of secondary metabolites of plant material which are characterized by diverse compositions and activities (Benchaar et al. 2008). It is reported that many essential oils affect rumen fermentation (Hart et al. 2008) and they are currently being studied as rumen modifiers in ruminants. The antimicrobial effects of common essential oils extracted from medicinal plants have been proved, previously (Castillejos et al. 2006). Castillejos et al. (2005) showed that the addition of some essential oils into two different diets (high forage or high concentrate) in a continuous culture fermentation system during eight days increased TVFA concentration, but nitrogen metabolism did not differ. Therefore, the effect of using different levels of Lallemantia royleana essential oil (LREO) on some of the fermentative-microbial parameters, in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability, gas production parameters, protozoa population, and methane emissions of a sheep's diet were investigated in an in vitro batch culture.

The whole samples of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) were collected from the mountainous areas (Revenj village) of Torbat-e Jam at the flowering stage. The essential oil from whole parts of this plant was extracted by Clevenger's hydro-distillation apparatus. An in vitro batch culture was used to evaluate the effects of different levels of essential oil (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/L) in the laboratory. The cumulative gas production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation was measured and recorded. The in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibilities were measured according to standard methods after 96 h of incubation. Some of the fermentative-microbial parameters [including pH, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), microbial mass yield (MMY), partitioning factor (PF), and efficiency of microbial mass synthesis (EMMS)], methane emissions, and protozoa population were also determined in an in vitro batch culture similar to that used for gas production test according to standard methods.

No changes were observed in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and protozoal population of the culture medium due to the addition of LREO, but pH (linear, P=0.02) and TVFA significantly decreased and increased, respectively compared with the control group. With increasing LREO in the culture medium, most gas production parameters (potential gas production and gas production at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation) significantly increased as linear and quadratic; however, methane emissions did not change. Although IVDMDandIVOMD showed a significant increase (linear and quadratic) due to the addition of LREO; in contrast, the PF, MMY, and EMMS significantly decreased (linear and quadratic) compared with the control group. Supplementation of 5 mg/l of some essential oils increased by 8% the concentration of total VFA (Castillejos et al. 2007). Evans and Martin (2000) reported that thymol (400 mg/l) decreased the total VFA concentration, suggesting that the used dose was toxic to rumen bacteria. Previous studies (Molero et al. 2004 and Newbold et al. 2004) demonstrated that a blend of essential oils inhibited proteolysis and amino acid deamination. Recent studies showed that most essential oils tested at high concentrations (i.e., 3000 and 5000 mg/l) inhibited rumen microbial fermentation and reduced total VFA concentration, which demonstrates their antimicrobial activity (Cardozo et al. 2005, Busquet et al. 2006, Castillejos et al. 2006 ).

The overall results showed that LREO can alter the fermentation pattern in the medium by improving some of the parameters (increasing in gas yield, TVFA, IVDMD, and IVOMD), and it seems that the level of 450 mg of LREO/L has more effect on these parameters. The addition of LREO can also decrease the microbial mass yield in the rumen, modify the production of VFA without any change in ammonia nitrogen. Effects of LREO on in vivo rumen fermentation and animal performance require further researches.

This article study how to implement FRTO Module of ASBU Master Plan (the latest and most recent ICAO aviation document) to help meet the future needs of aeronautical industry and to increase operational capacity with the aim of increasing safety, cost-effectiveness, and airways capacity. The purpose of this module is to optimally use the airspace of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Middle East region. Therefore, in the second part of this study, the navigational infrastructure required is described and the steps for the implementation of this module from the perspective of PBN in Tehran's TMA have been investigated.

Teucrium polium L. is a plant from the Lamiaceae family which is very important in Folk Medicine, however, its effects on fermentation characteristics are still unknown. In this experiment, the effect of hexane oil extracted of Teucrium polium L. by soxhlet device was investigated on some fermentation activities of ruminal microorganism (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) with a balanced ration, in vitro. The hexane extract of Teucrium polium L. was added to a culture medium prepared from sheep's rumen fluid and artificial saliva (ratio of 1 to 2) with proportions of 0, 150, 300, and 450 ppm, and some fermentation parameters were finally measured. With an increase in the extract level from 0 to 450 ppm, NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) showed a significant increase (linear) compared to the control, but other parameters such as pH, gas production parameters (24 and 48 h gas, potential and constant rate of gas production), degradability of dry matter and organic matter were not differ. The partitioning factor (PF), microbial mass yield, and efficiency of microbial mass yield were lowest at 450 ppm. The overall results showed that the hexane extract of Teucrium polium L. was able to modify and improve some of the fermentation parameters in the culture medium (e.g. increase in ammonia nitrogen and TVFA. Also, the highest changes were observed at 450 ppm. It also seems that levels of less than 450 ppm are not able to significantly change the studied fermentation parameters compared to control.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and some fermentation parameters of whole-crop corn forage (WCCF, Single cross 704 cultivar) collected at the dent stage, before and after ensiling. A whole sample of forage corn was ensiled in multi-layer plastic bags for 60 and 120 days, and one sample was considered as control (without ensiling). Some chemical compounds, gas production parameters and fermentation parameters in the media and silage environment were determined using common laboratory methods. The chemical compounds (including CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, CF, EE, NFC, and OM), metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, and gas production parameters of WCCF were not affected by the ensiling. However, by ensiling, the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and ammonia nitrogen in the culture medium were significantly increased compared to the control group. Also, lactic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen showed a significant increase in the silage environment when WCCF ensiled, but in contrast, water-soluble carbohydrates and pH decreased significantly. The overall results showed that ensiling had no negative effect on the chemical compounds of WCCF, but increasing in some parameters (such as increasing TVFA in the medium and increasing the acetic acid and lactic acid) could have represented an effect on the fermentation process of WCCF after ensiling. No difference was found between the experimental results for corn silage, 60 and 120 days after ensiling. Therefore, WCCF (single cross 704) can be ensiled at dent stage with acceptable quality.

Nowadays, the nutritional dimensions of some range and mountain plants for livestock are somewhat unclear, while awareness of the nutritional value of these plants can help the animal husbandries to provide an ideal diet. Hence, some chemical compounds, minerals, gas production parameters and other fermentation parameters of two plant species (including Salvia hydrangea and Sophora alopecuroides) growable in rangelands of Torbat-e Jam (spring 2018) were determined in two phenological growth stages (vegetative and flowering) and then they were compared in a completely randomized design using SAS software. Different chemical and mineral compounds were observed between the two plants and their two different growth stages. The highest amount of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber (42.40 and 30.60%, respectively) and acid detergent lignin (11.88%) were related to Sophora alopecuroides in flowering phase and the highest amount of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium was observed in the vegetative phase. Gas production parameters and other fermentation parameters were also different between two plants, so that the highest amount of gas production after 12, 24 and 48 h incubation (40.76, 51.25, 53.98 ml), potential gas production (57.19 ml), organic matter and dry matter digestibility (65.90 and 69.30%, respectively), metabolizable energy (9.29 MJ/kg DM), net energy for lactation (5.54 MJ/kg DM), and total volatile fatty acids (56.85 mmol/L) were observed in vegetative stage of Salvia hydrangea. Both two studied plants, especially in the vegetative stage, have a fairly good nutritional value, but according to the laboratory results, Salvia hydrangea seems to have a higher nutritional potential.