مرتضی نورائی

Such events as the constitutional revolution and the World War I in the early 20th century imposed socio-political crises on the socio-political atmosphere of Qajar government. The most obvious consequence of the issues was more insecurity on the roads of Iran. The situation made it problematic for Iranian and foreigners who traveled through the roads and transported their goods. Moreover, the insecurity of Qaenat and Sistan, where colonial countries especially Britain had special attention to since the 19th century, made it more significant. Britain tried to dominate the eastern Iran due to its significant goals and interests in India. This way, it would have defended its precious colony against Russia, though faced new challenges as the consequence of the insecurity and banditry on the roads of the two regions. Qaenat and Sistan were especially important to the foreign forces’ decisions in this period as the cities were located on the most significant commercial roads of the southeast Iran. Focusing on the library resources and taking a descriptive-analytical method, this study tried to explore the insecurities and banditries on the exchanging roads between the regions and Britain’s reactions to them. The results showed that banditry had been always a threat to the Iranian and foreign caravans, causing major damages to the local people and foreigners. On the contrary, British army defended their nationals against attackers and bandits to secure the regions, though they had encouraged sometimes bandits to achieve their own goals. The study concludes that Britain had conflicting behaviors regarding the security in Qaenat and Sistan regions. That is, sometimes they suppressed bandits and in occasions supported them to achieve their desirable goals.

Examining the rearmament of the Jaf Javanrud's Jaf tribes in 1320 SH/1941 AD, their refusal to disarm during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the reasons for their disarmament by the central government in 1334 SH/1955 AD.

 This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner, relying on primary sources such as published documents, interviews, and library resources.

The findings of this research show that the Javanrud'sJaf tribes, due to the armed nature of Iranian and Iraqi tribes in proximity and fear of encroachment and looting of their territories by these tribes, was unwilling to accept disarmament. The central government, as the leaders of this tribe had repossessed their agricultural fields and former grazing lands, and were levying customs duties on imports and exports of goods in their border regions with Iraq, ultimately leading to their autonomy, decided to disarm this tribe. [1]. Ph.D. Student, Islamic History, Department of History, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Irankayomarth1353@gmail.com[2].  Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, (Corresponding author)mdehqannejad@yahoo.com [3] . Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iranm.nouraei@ltr.ui.ac.irCopyright © 2024, NLAI (National Library & Archives of I. R. Iran). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits others to download this work, share it with others and adapt the material for any purpose.

The present study surveys the spread and diversity of Waqf endowments in the Ottoman empire (10th-13th centuries A.H./16th-19th centuries A.D.) according to the documents found in the national archive of Bulgaria. The study aims at identifying the various types of Waqf, its distribution patterns, and the usages of Waqf revenues in the Ottoman empire during the specified time span. The documents studied in this research, in addition to the unpublished records, include 470 records related to Waqf in the Ottoman empire compiled by the Oriental Department at the St. Cyril and Methodius National Library and published as the Inventory of Ottoman Turkish Documents about Waqf Preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. The study’s main question is: What were the common types of Waqf and the usages of Waqf revenues in the Ottoman empire? In other words, the study sets to analyze the sources of Waqf income and its usages in the Ottoman empire according to the aforementioned documents and during 10th-13th centuries A.H./16th-19th centuries A.D. It is concluded that the highest frequency of Waqf income in 10th-13th centuries A.H./16th-19th centuries A.D. was from leasing endowed properties, while in the 11th century A.H./17th century A.D. it came from the Jizyah taxes in different cities. Additionally, the usage of Waqf revenues include instances such as paying salaries to the employees in endowed properties, maintaining the endowments, and providing food for the poor.

During the Timurid period (771–913 Lunar Hijri), Shiite teachings became more widely spread as a basis for the Safavids' recognition of Shiism in the next century. The Timurids' inclination towards Sufism, which is the doctrine of tolerance of their beliefs, has had a great impact on this approach, while the existence of Shiite poets has increased the growth of this phenomenon. The role of Shiite and Sunni poets in the emergence and spread of Shiite beliefs is the question of this historical research. Findings based on statistical analysis and analysis of poems of several Shiite and Sunni poets in the Timurid period identified that in this period, Shiite poets, by composing Poetical works full of Shiite beliefs, praise, and care of the Twelve Imams, observed politeness and tolerance towards Sunni beliefs and Sunni poets by composing many poems in praise of twelve imams and the minimal praise of three caliphs, having an influential role in the emergence and consolidation of Shiite beliefs and the spread of that religion. It seems that the writing of correct poetry by the Shiite elders was considered a sign of grace and lack of work in this regard, a sign of the poet's lack of skill, and it resulted in the general lack of popularity of the poems.

The lack of health and the lack of necessary facilities to deal with infectious diseases was one of the most important problems of the Qajar and Pahlavi governments. This issue was one of the reasons for high mortality and lack of population growth in Iran. At the beginning of the forties, shah, under the influence of internal and external factors, began to carry out social reforms, one of which was the issuance of the decree establishing the Health Corps on January 21, 1964.While taking a quick look at the background of the country's health situation, the present research is trying to answer the question of what role did the parliament play in approving the establishment of the Health Corps and the challenges in implementing the related approvals? The article has investigated the subject in a library method, relying on the parliament's deliberations, the press and documents, and in a descriptive and analytical way. The findings of the research show that the idea of forming the Health Corps was first suggested to the Shah by one of the MPs (Shafi Amin); Secondly, reflecting on the efforts of the representatives to smooth the progress of the health corps program, it can be said that the parliament has shown an active role and the health corps has also shown acceptable activities during the activity of the parliament. And at least by controlling mortality, it caused the country's population to grow significantly.

After the occupation of Iran by the Allies in August 1941 and the resignation of Reza Shah, the fourteenth National Consultative Assembly election took place in a completely different atmosphere. During this election, the Tudeh party managed to secure some parliamentary seats mainly from the northern region that were under the occupation of the Soviet Army. However, one Tudeh party candidates, Taghi Fadakar, stood out in Isfahan. Isfahan  Located at the center of the country, Isfahan was not within the infiltration zone of neighboring north. Moreover, it was unlikely for a leftist candidate to win in a constituency known for its traditional and conservative culture. Hence, a separate study is necessary to analyze the fourteenth parliamentary election in Isfahan.The current research investigates the factors that were linked to the Tudeh party candidate’s victory in this election and presents the hypothesis that the main factor behind the success of Taqi Fadakar was a fragile coalition with two other conservative candidates, who had strong conflicts with the Tudeh Party. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, by extracting data from the unpublished documents of the archive of the National Assembly, a statistical analysis of the vote counting results is presented. According to findings, despite the common belief, most of Taghi Fadakar’s votes comes from rural parts of the constituency, not labor society of Isfahan. Therefore, without the coalition and rural votes, Fadakar's success would have been almost impossible.

Malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic and infectious diseases for which, despite the progress of medical science, no definitive treatment has been discovered. This disease was one of the main causes of death in Iran until the Pahlavi period (1941- 1979) and its consequences threatened vulnerable groups such as farmers and workers and affected malaria-prone provinces. Environmental conditions, socio-economic and cultural issues along with climatic elements played an important role in the spread of this disease. Therefore, it is important to examine the performance of the government (1978-1941) as the governing body of society in the face of this epidemic and a problem that has affected the important aspects of people's lives, including the continuation of life and livelihood. One of the solutions of the government in dealing with this disease was the exchange of experience and consensus in advancing the steps that crystallized in the form of development plans. However, comparing the actions of the government and the program organization in different periods showed that the activities were not always successful. Therefore, examining the reasons for the success or failure of the government in controlling and curbing malaria in development programs is a question that is raised in the research. The results using the National Council negotiations and the reports of the program organized in a descriptive-analytical and post-event method showed that although there was a change in health policies by the planners and the government, with the beginning of the development programs in 1948 and with a focus On the causes of disease outbreaks, it was effective in reducing pathogens and reducing the number of patients, changes such as allocation of funds, equipment, and global aid would clarify the reasons for success or failure.

The interactions of the executive and legislative powers (1327-1356 AH/1948-1977 AD) in the advancement of the development programs showed that construction is a costly, time-consuming and challenging process, and planning is realized as a political-economic process in the light of legislation. Therefore, the evaluation of the deliberations of the National Council shows a new narrative of how to realize the development plans and the discourse governing these institutions. This article seeks to answer this question, “what was the role of the legislature in the formulation and policy making process of the development programs during the period of Mohammad Reza Shah? In order to find an answer, it is necessary to find out at what levels the convergence of the mentioned institutions was significant in the progress of the development programs and changes in the program organization?  What factors caused their divergence towards programs to increase or decrease?  How much flexibility did the parliament show in considering the economic conditions? The role of the program commission in the internal structure of the parliament and the creation of the program supervision board is also examined. The findings show that the alignment and difference between these institutions can be seen in the planning and creating the necessary infrastructures at several levels. First, the convergence of the institutions could be observed in the country's need for economic-social planning and the approval of key laws, cooperation in the creation of the program organization. The differences appeared in issues such as the allocation of credits and expenditure, decentralization, regional development and government downsizing. This research evaluates these issues in a causal-comparative way, using parliament's deliberations, documents and library resources.

Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh was born in 1309 AH It is in Isfahan. During his 106 years of life, he has written many works such as books, articles, plays, translations, reviews and memoirs. In his works, the concern of knowing Iran and contributing to the progress and perfection of Iranian literature is evident. Jamalzadeh was a pioneer in contemporary literature and had an influence on many contemporary and later writers. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the various aspects of the content of Jamalzadeh's works and to categorize and extract the position of Iranian studies in them. Also, the present research tries to rewrite the model of native Iranian studies in the content of Jamalzadeh's works. Also, this article intends to answer the question why Jamalzadeh's style is known as "literary democracy"? It seems that Jamalzadeh's folk literature contains a special attraction, and in addition to familiarizing the audience with contemporary language and literature, it is also used to convey the topics of Iranian studies or Iranian studies, especially historical geography and anthropology. Investigations showed that Jamalzadeh's special attitude towards various topics related to Iranian culture in the form of Iranian studies and including his works in various economic, cultural, social dimensions, customs and traditions, made him works the encyclopedia of Iranian studies. The research method in this review is the usual historical method based on description and analysis and using library sources.  Introduction      Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh was born in Isfahan. His father Seyyed Jamaluddin Vaez Esfahani was one of the constitutional defenders. After finishing high school in Lebanon, Jamalzadeh first went to Switzerland and then to France and studied law. In 1293 AH / 1915 AD, at the same time as the First World War, he joined the Iranian Millions Committee (nationalists) in Germany and was sent to Baghdad and Kermanshah to carry out a mission. And with the continuation of the British conquests, he was forced to return to Berlin and cooperate with Kaveh newspaper. the payment. After Kaveh was closed and in 1302 AH. He was responsible for Iranian students at the Iranian Embassy in Berlin for 8 years and then went to Geneva, Switzerland. From the same year, Jamalzadeh taught Persian language and literature at the University of Geneva, and at the same time, he worked in the International Labor Organization and lived in Geneva until the end of his life. Therefore, this claim is true that the beginning of Jamalzadeh's social, political and cultural activities started in Berlin. He wrote the book Ganj Shaygan or the economic situation of Iran in 1297 AH more or less in simple language and participated in the Wednesday night meetings of the Million Committee (nationalists). With the encouragement of the people present in that gathering, especially Mohammad Qazvini, he entered the field of literature and story writing. After the closure of Kaveh due to financial problems, he took over the magazine "Science and Art" which was published in Berlin in the years 1307-1308 AH by the efforts of Abulqasem Wathouq.Iraj Afshar has categorized Jamalzadeh's works into several groups: A. Research writings B. Narrative C. Socio-political D: Translation.E: Tafanni's writings, F: Criticism and introduction of the book. In this article, we want to examine the topic of Iranian studies in Jamalzadeh's opinions and writings. Material & MethodsBy reviewing Jamalzadeh's works, he can be introduced as an encyclopedia of Iranian studies, because he paid attention to issues related to Iran and knowledge of Iran with a critical view, and his most important tool for knowledge of Iran is the use of simple, fluent, popular and understandable Persian literature, which can be considered as an introduction to 20th century Iranian studies. He used the most obvious tools or mechanisms in Iranian studies, which is the Persian language and literature, and invented an easy method for Iranian studies. He founded a literature that was understandable to both Iranians and non-Iranians. He considered literature to be the solution and gateway to the knowledge of Iran. Also, he paid attention to the eight classes of Iranian studies, which included culture, society, economy, politics, customs, art and architecture, urban planning, health and education, and he worked on them in a continuous and purposeful manner. Hence Jamalzadeh was considered the history, culture and geography of Iran itself. Since he observed the constitutional revolution in his youth, the First and Second World War in his middle age, the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the developments after the 1357 Iranian Revolution outside of Iran, he searched for the root of many events inside the country. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to examine Jamalzadeh's works and introduce his Iranological indicators with the method of historical criticism  Discussion of Results & Conclusions Studies have shown that Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh is known as the father of modern Iranian story writing. Because by using common language and common people, he established a simple writing method. Ordinary and average people became interested in Jamalzadeh's works through simple and understandable writing and topics that existed in their daily life.Investigations showed that Jamalzadeh, who was a prolific writer in many fields of story writing, essays, translation, etc., tried to show the people, customs, culture, community, ethics, various economic and social corruptions, and the issues Let the people of Iran know the simple and then make them think. Investigations showed that Jamalzadeh even proposes a comprehensible and vernacular way of expression and the so-called localization for translation, which is a continuation of his special attitude towards the middle class and ordinary people. Of course, Jamalzadeh had an elite view of society, events and ethics. In addition to intelligently choosing the type of language for his audience, using language, the most basic and accessible tool of Iranian studies, he has expressed its examples in his numerous works.Investigations showed that Jamalzadeh, who was a prolific writer in many fields of story writing, essays, translation, etc., tried to show people customs, culture, community, ethics, various economic and social corruptions. and make them think.Investigations showed that Jamal Zadeh even suggests an understandable and native way of expression and the so-called localization for translation, which is in continuation of his special attitude towards the middle class and ordinary people.Of course, Jamalzadeh had an elite view of society. In addition to intelligently choosing the type of language for his audience, using language, the most basic and accessible tool of Iranian studies, he has expressed examples of it in his numerous works.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the role of teenagers as an important social group, their movement and its effectiveness in publicizing the Islamic Revolution.

Method and Research Design: 

Archival records and Oral history of Isfahan from1972 to 1979 were investigated.

The role of secondary school students of Isfahan in publicizing the revolution and the participation of various citizens of the city were fundamental and very effective in the final stage of the movement. Students played the main role in bringing people to the streets, especially since November 1978, and thus were the leaders in the final process of street struggles.

Iran became affiliated with the International Federation of Red cross and founded its Lion and Sun Society in 1923. Afterwards this society gradually expanded and established its branches in Tehran and other cities of Iran. One of these branches was opened in Isfahan in 1930. Lion and Sun Society of Isfahan had significant effects on Isfahan society. Therefore, this study by employing the archival documents and historical sources with descriptive- analytical approach tries to answer this question: How did Red Lion and Sun Society of Isfahan effect on the lives of orphans and underprivileged children in Isfahan under the reign of Reza shah? The outcomes of the study indicate that the foundation and performance of Isfahan Lion and Sun Society during Pahlavi I period could be influential in the future of orphans and underprivileged children and even some middle-class children in Isfahan society by providing shelters and services for them.

Oral history is in its quantitative heyday in Iran. However, this heyday is not parallel with theoretical and methodological discussions. This trend can undermine the creditability and status of oral history in the future. Ignoring the theoretical and methodological discussion and overgrown production of works under the title of ‘oral history’ in Iran will endanger this field in general. The questions of realm and approaches of oral history are among the neglected or at least not fully noted matters among oral historians. In the present study, it is assumed the readers know the identification of oral history and its differences with memories and oral tradition, and they are not mentioned to avoid repetition. The author has presented two subjects that can have effective approaches for the researchers and empower them by good knowledge in the field of oral history. In the present study, two questions are answered: How extended is the realm of oral history? And which people and subjects can be included in it? Then, three notable theoretical approaches are discussed. Oral history like many other fields of humanities is an interdisciplinary one. So, considering any discipline it will have different approaches. In this study, notable and compatible approaches with oral history are assessed.

Oral history, as a new phenomenon in historiography, has gone through a tortuous path for more than seven decades to reach its current state. In its ups and downs, it has passed through certain states and has treaded in numerous arenas. A history researcher needs to discern how far oral history has extended in terms of time, space, and topic. When it comes to speech and the quality of being oral, whether we like it or not, certain disciplines such as linguistics, anthropology, and psychology are also involved. In the face of different disciplines, oral history adapts to past and present theories in various situations. Awareness of the theoretical context and basic knowledge of sciences at any time tells us that oral history can relate to many of these theories and even strengthen them. Of course, oral history is not able to relate to all theories, but it sometimes borrows dimensions from them. The impromptu nature of oral history has allowed it to be weighed by different theories. It is interesting that sometimes in several opposite and contradictory theories, oral history can be defined. The present study is an attempt to see how far the scope and realm of oral history extends, and how it is related to the three approaches of functionalism, structuralism, and critical realism. Of course, it must be kept in mind that oral history and its question system determine in which theoretical school, strategy, approach, and method should be followed and which position should be obtained. 

In this descriptive study, the scope of oral history and three approaches of functionalism, structuralism, and critical realism in the face of oral history have been studied. 

The result of the present study indicates that the scope and realm of oral history are divided into three dimensions: 1) Temporal (encompassing two generations or 160 years), 2) Spatial (location of events), and 3) Topical (infinite number of topics, depending on the capacity of mind, memory, conditions of presence and action or witnessing events, happenings, and phenomena). In examining the functionalist approach and its relationship with oral history, it was determined that oral history, given its interdisciplinary nature, can have a reciprocal effect in the face of some other approaches in humanities. Functionalism is concerned with systemic and organic theory, but it has a positivist illusion and considers reasoning and mind as merely bodily functions of mankind. Oral history, therefore, is influenced by the mind and the dignity of human rationality is contrasted with functionalism. On the other hand, it considers functionalism of the society superior to man and considers man as a function of the society. The system of oral history, considering the inherent characteristics as well as the spiritual and psychological traits of human beings, does not reflect this superiority, and merely considers human beings and society as overlapping.Reflecting on the prevailing views of structuralism, it can be construed that society comprises various relationships, social ideas, and structures. In the field of history, structuralism sees phenomena as a coherent and interconnected whole, and because it reduces the fields of study of history, it kind of becomes a reductionist approach. Therefore, structuralism can be criticized in this regard. In oral history with a structuralist approach, human action, advantage, and consciousness are degrade and the networked relationships of structural elements are placed at the center of historical phenomena.In structuralist oral history research, attitudes, and explanations are based on the participants’ mental views, based on the narrator’s understanding of the relationships between phenomena. Research in such a situation is a bottom-up one. Narrators' narratives are the result of experience, interaction, and relationships between elements of society, and putting them together can even lead to a theory. By examining the critical realist approach, it can be considered that oral history is a window towards the real world, and can serve as a thread for the mental fabric. To reflect on the world and reality, perception is needed as a material that is only possible through oral history. Oral history seems to be fully analyzable from the perspective of critical realism.Given critical realism, oral history passes through the mind to discover the world and exploits language, thought, and perception en route. A multi-layered world is formed from complex and intertwined objective layers. Oral history enables critical reflection by counting data and retrieving sensory experiences from the world. Critical realism, then, brings oral history closer to gaining knowledge of the existence and deepening knowledge of the world and its surroundings.

The purpose of this study is to study women's health.To better focus on the topic of discussion, Isfahan has been selected as another important city in the country for research.The family has been a fundamental unit in all societies And this shows the importance of the role of women in family health and the promotion of community health.With the formation of the Pahlavi government,activities were carried out in the field of health affairs,which included matters related to women,such as the establishment of specialized hospitals and the training of specialized staff.With the formation of the Health Corps,women's health was also considered in the public health subdivision,and women's wards and maternal and child health centers were established in hospitals.Specialized women's departments were formed in universities,and meetings were held to technically review women's health and introduce their progress.Therefore,the main issue is the developments that occurred in the field of women's health and,consequently,the main question is how to develop women's health,factors of women's interest in personal health and the role of women's advocacy bodies in this development. based on archival documents, magazines,newspapers and interviews,this issue has been studied by descriptive-analytical method.The results obtained show that in order to ensure public health,it was necessary to thoroughly investigate women's health problems; Because women,as one of the main pillars of the family,have taken on the task of ensuring the health and well-being of other members.In fact,the main outcome revealed that women's education and health is one of the medical strategies in prevention.

Being democratic is one of the most outstanding features of oral history, so it can cover ‎the concerns of all walks of society. Also, since oral history does not suffer from the ‎bottlenecks of other historical disciplines regarding coverage of a phenomenon, it can be ‎decentralized from historiography and be extended to ordinary people. Until the second ‎decade of the twentieth century and the active emergence of the Annales school, ‎historiography would often overlook ordinary people and lower classes of society. Since then, ‎especially over the past seven decades, oral history, combined with other modern styles, has ‎made great efforts to steer historiography from elitism and centralism to multiple social ‎aspects.‎The purpose of this study is to expose the place and status of oral history in social history, ‎therefore, it has addressed two basic questions: 1) Why should the lower classes and the ‎neglected or less seen groups of society be brought back into the spotlight of history? 2) How ‎can oral history materialize the process of democratization and decentralizing history? For ‎this purpose, the present study has touched upon a number of these neglected classes in ‎history and examined and evaluated their conditions and the way in which oral history ‎interacts with them.‎

Regarding Nader Shah and his actions, historians have provided various and conflicting evaluations, yet the history of Nader Shah and his actions depict the picture of the temperaments and characteristics of the Iranian society inherited from from the Safavid period. There is no doubt that Nader Shah, as one of the most powerful generals of the war, was able to restore the Safavid Empire by the force of the sword and in the light of his military genius. Although Nader Shah's inevitable wars to expel the aliens and ensure security resulted in casualties to manpower and economic expenses, he ambitiously continued his conquests after punishing and expelling the aggressors. The twenty-one-year wars lead by him (1139-1160) with the Afghans, Ottomans, Indians, Bukhara Khanates, Khwarezm, and the internal arrogance destroyed human capital, ruined the country's wealth as well as destroying the trade centers, agricultural lands, economic centers and causing the spread of poverty. In fact, instead of devoting himself to improving agricultural infrastructure, developing business centers and increasing economic revenues to cover the costs of his wars, Nader undertook discrete institutional reformations in the Safavid institutions that increased governmental dominance over economic resources. This descriptive-analytical method, using the theory of institutionalism by Douglas North, evaluates the changes that Nader Shah made in the institutions left from the Safavid era and shows how his institutional changes affected the economic performance of the Afshari period. On the other hand, it examines the consequences of Nader Shah's policies on the agricultural and commercial situation of the Afshari era and explains the conditions of the economic activists of this period.

After the Safavid Government, the importance of the city of Isfahan diminished and many buildings were abandoned due to the transfer of the government center and the government compound fell into ruin. After the beginning of the Qajar dynasty and the efforts of the ruler of Isfahan Mirza Hosein Khan Sadr Isfahani, Isfahan began flourishing again and wealthy families of merchants and landlords were formed. As a result, the construction of houses with common architecture and influenced by the social status of its owners began. This research has been done with the method of historical interpretive research. The required data have been collected and analyzed from documentary sources, field studies, annexes and oral histories. Findings show that the meaning of social status is manifested through spatial characteristics in three scales: micro (home), medium (neighborhood) and macro (district).

Shah Abbas of Safavid dynasty, with a powerful government as the result of the sharing of slaves in power, and giving them military posts; suppressed the force and elements of violence, and gradually strengthened security throughout his realm; roads were fairly safe , theft , killing and robbery was reduced and Trade and transport prospered. Accordingly, some historians describe Abbaschr('39')s era as golden age and the economic flowering of the Safavid period. this conception is directed towards the institutional changes of shah abbas in the political and Social sphere which led to political centrality, road security, construction of Caravanserais and markets, the creation of cities and the establishment of trade relations with foreign countries. although these measures were favourable to the development of trade, and as a result of the reforms, great development occurred in business and The trade boom followed in the short - term but, however, was the kind of economic reform that led to the long - term accumulation of capital and stable economic growth. this is due to institutional barriers which North are divided into formal and informal constraints. this study examines the institutional changes and business conditions and the position of merchants in Shah Abbas I first regarding the theory of Douglas North and tries to examine the economic situation in Iran in the age of Shah Abbas with the theory of New Institutionalism and based on the theory of Adaptition with Linda Hutcheon.

Government reform policies in rural areas have steadily increased through a variety of economic and social programs from 1962 to 1978. One of them was the implementation of land reforms in 1962 that changed the structure of land ownership and consequently transformed the construction of socio-economic classes. The present article seeks to answer the following question with a descriptive-analytical approach: what are the social and economic consequences of demographic changes after land reforms in Ilam? The results showed that while the goal of land reform was to balance ownership and the rational use of lands by the villagers, the outcome was different and most peasants lost their independence due to the lack of credit, capital, and suitable land, and not only the influence of the owners didn’t diminish, but their economic conditions also gradually weakened. This situation largely destroyed the aspirations of villagers regarding land forms and other agricultural policies of the government. This happened in Ilam province and caused the migration of villagers to the city, increasing the population and suburbanization in Ilam city. Suburbanization in this city caused the spread of social harm, the destruction of agricultural lands, the physical development of the city in unsuitable lands, and the creation of slums.

One of the actions of the Iranian government in the 1960s was the approval of six bills including land reforms to address the lower classes of the society. The land reform that was passed to divide the land among the farmers and for the welfare of the farmers was practically the transfer of land ownership to the landless peasants and farmers, which led to changes in the relations of production and the structure of the society through the promotion of national power. These reforms were generally welcomed by the peasants and farmers, but in practice, and after the implementation, their shortcomings and problems became apparent that had a profound effect on the political, social, and economic structure of the society. Despite the abolition of the landlord-peasant system and the abolition of traditional management of farmers’ agriculture production, these reforms led to a decline in agricultural production, migration, and the growth of suburbanization in cities. The increasing population of cities was actually due to the migration of villagers and the liberated manpower of the agriculture sector in the village and their turning to the cities. Large landowners and capitalists also diverted their capitals to the cities and built financial, service, and industrial institutions due to the transfer of land to the peasants. In the process of agricultural modernization in the second Pahlavi period, the community of tribes and nomads who had the traditional method of production was integrated with the rural community in order to develop modern agriculture. This changed agriculture and the land ownership system. Land reforms caused the transformations in the social and economic situations of Ilam city including more nomadic settlement in the villages, the growth of rural migration to the city of Ilam, and the expansion of suburbanization in the city. Land reforms were approved on January 10, 1961, and their annexes were added until the end of these reforms in 1972. Land reforms have gone through three stages. The beginning of the first stage was in 1961, which lasted one year. The second stage began with the approval of 7 February 1962 and was implemented with the approval of 22 February 1964. Finally, the third stage began in 1968 and officially ended in 1972. These land reforms also took place in Ilam.  

The present study, based on library information and data, documents, and interviews, examined the impact of land reforms of 1962-1978 on the Ilam population. The main question of the research was: what were the effects of land reforms on the population of Ilam city? In answer to the question, this hypothesis was considered: land reforms caused the migration of villagers and increased the population of Ilam city.  

Land reforms in Iran were proposed by the government in 1963 and were approved by two parliaments and were implemented in three stages. The first stage began in 1963, according to which anyone who owned more than one land had to sell the surplus to the government. Arsanjani presented at this stage, and 700,000 people became landowners. The second stage began in 1965. At this stage, the land was leased to the farmers who cultivated it. This guaranteed the ownership right of landowners. Finally, the government decided to start the third stage in the 1970s, according to which the lands that were leased for 30 years were sold to the tenants. The aim of land reforms was to carry out a series of complementary and continuous measures to bring about fundamental changes in agriculture including the ownership of arable lands, the system of exploitation and the method of production, and the increase of income and the welfare of farmers. Land reform also sought to divide the lands and eliminate the influence of major landowners. With the implementation of the land reform law, Ilam province was included in these reforms, and parts of the government properties in Mehran, Dehloran, and Darrehshahr counties, as well as parts of the properties in Ilam, Ivan, Sirvan, and Chardavol counties were purchased by the government. In the central part of Ilam, 32 plots of land were subject to land reform regulations. Thirty-one plots of land were purchased during the implementation of the third stage of the land reform law, and one plot was purchased by the government (cooperative and Rural Affairs organization), which was owned by the Agriculture Bank. In most of Iran’s major cities, land reforms have led to the migration of a large number of poor and small peasants to the cities, especially large cities, and the expansion of suburbanization in these cities. Land reforms in Ilam province and consequently in Ilam city caused the influx of immigrants in this period and the rapid growth of the city and the expansion of suburbanization to the city. This issue eliminated the opportunity to plan for the future expansion of the city and the establishment of the necessary elements and applications in a balanced way in the city and neighborhoods. Land reforms in Iran have created many inequalities in various economic, political, and social fields. While the purpose of land reforms was to create an independent and self-reliant class of peasants, but the result was inverse, and most peasants lost their independence due to the lack of credit, capital, and adequate land, and landowners’ influence didn’t decrease, as expected. At the same time, political power was transferred to the government. The government also strengthened the remnants of wealthy landowners and peasants. All these factors caused more poverty and inequality in the villages, the gap between the poor and the rich increased day by day, and the level of development in the villages not only didn’t increase but also decreased.

Importance of historiography and its effect on different dimensions of the society's political, social and economic life, highlights the necessity of its popularization for different strata of the society. Researchers have studies about solutions for this society need. One of those solutions is "Alternative History", which tries to challenge probable and parallel historical route of events in historical points of divergence. In fact, the upcoming events after this divergence illustrates a new world by challenging the present world political-economic conditions. This technique, due to its potential characteristics, is of useful applications in historiography. Some of those characteristics are attracting the public, improving the fantasy and reason power of the public in thinking about the past, presenting novel shapes of social realities and shaping historical thinking and improving historical memory of the society. This is a library research and was prepared using descriptive analysis and investigates the necessity of socialization of history, Alternative history and its appearance, development and applications in the history popularization.

Oral history as an interdisciplinary field has made the pragmatics and theoretical functions of other disciplines ‎of humanities, particularly social sciences, being noted in this kind of historiography. There are several approaches ‎for sociological studies; such as linguistics and anthropology. These days linguistics is a totally apprehensive ‎discipline that is in search of constructing and finding deeper signs, meanings and concepts of human, and the ‎thought, behavior, act and sensation of his/her. A human with his unknown labyrinth that anthropology might ‎reveal some (a bit) knowledge of his/her inner and outer world. ‎Oral history as a phenomenon related to human, about human and his/her world; is about to find a way to ‎transfer his/her messages, concepts and narratives that pass through the language. Human owns the language and ‎language as a thought plays its role in the structure of society and human institutions. Human is surrounded by ‎his/her believes, costumes, folklores and the sociocultural institutions. Identifying this human needs a language, ‎meanings, signs and symbols that can attained to some degree through linguistic and anthropological studies. ‎Studying some functions and linguistic concepts beside anthropological ideas and theories can reveal more aspects ‎of oral history. This paper tries represent a way for hesitation on unknown aspects of oral history based on ‎perceptive and explanatory methodology and presenting introductory discussions on linguistics and anthropology. ‎

This paper discloses the role of the influential political groups in the election campaign. It also provides a statistical analysis of the votes.

Archival records and library materials were consulted for gathering data. Findings and

The competition was very close in Isfahan.  The candidacy of Reza Khan, then Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925-1941) in several electorates including Isfahan was more to manifest his power than to win a seat. That led to political tension between his local supporters and the agents of the so-called South Division military forces on one hand,  and the circles of Isfahan religious leaders - the Ulamaa- on the other hand. Vote counts revealed that urban areas voted in favor of the Ulama, headed by hugely influential Aqa Nourollah Najafi. Rural voters were cast for candidates favored by landlords. Although the coalition of the Ulama was defeated, our analysis of numbers shows that they received the support of urban voters.

The shift in societal needs from the mid-19th century led to major changes in historiocism and historiography. From the 20th century onwards, the pace of these changes could be determined and organized in three main paradigms.Some historians believe that the past may be reconstructed in the process of being reproduced. Others have stated that such a practice is impractical duo to the number and magnitude of events. Therefore, the historian’s purpose is to somehow construct the events, inspired by the past. Such an inspiration is sometimes related to present or future discourses. At its best, it is close to the heart of the matter at hand. This setting has laid the foundations for total explanation and adopting some ideology in the field of history. The third group of scholars are skeptical and believe that deconstruction is a better practice in understanding the past comprehensively.The present study draws on major resources and aims to introduce, compare, analyse, and evaluate each of these models and their findings. Such methodological arrangements highlight the status of Iranian historipgraphy. Hopefully it would offer a good starting point towards departing from some of the dead-ends in the field of historiography.

This study attempted to examine the performance of minor baladias during Pahlavi I. Minor baladia in Fars refers to the municipalities of Fars, except Shiraz. In these areas, the number of members of the Baldaia Association was only six. In those regions, baladia was a newly emerging system, where people for the first time benefited from civil service. In this era, baladia turned into a mere means of governance, where the role of people diminished. Nonetheless, its performance affected the everyday life more than other state-run departments. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytic and document research. The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive picture of the activities of Small Baladias. The questions that this research seeks to answer include: a. how did governance in small and remote areas use public services? B. What was the most important problem for the government in providing services in remote areas? The research results are: 1) The government was trying to increase the number of municipalities 2) The baladias was provided urban services as much as possible, 3) in most areas of baladia, there was insufficient capability for civil service due to poor financial resources. Furthermore, this study attempted to figure out the root cause of key problems in small baladias.