فهرست مطالب مرجان حسین زاده تقوایی

Blood pressure is one of the chronic medical diseases in which regulation of emotions is effective, so the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and positive therapy on emotional regulation of patients with chronic hypertension.

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all people with high blood pressure who referred to the specialized and subspecialized center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2021. 45 qualified people who volunteered to participate in the research were selected by available sampling method and They were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The data collection tool was Garnevsky et al.'s (2001) emotion regulation questionnaire. The data obtained from the research were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and the statistical method of multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups; And metacognitive and positive treatment was effective in improving the emotional regulation of patients with chronic hypertension (P<0.05).

Therapists should use metacognitive therapy and positive therapy as a practical and effective treatment method to improve emotional regulation and prevent relapse in patients with chronic hypertension.

Family functioning refers to the effectiveness of family members in emotional communication, family rules, family communication and coping with external events.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural pattern of family functioning based on religious orientation in working men and women of Hamedan city with the role of mediator of resilience.

The current research was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The research population included all married men and women working in government organizations in Hamadan city in 1400-1401. The sample size was 335 working men and women available by non-random sampling method. Family functioning questionnaire (FAD), religious orientation scale (ROS) and resilience scale (RISC) were used. Data analysis software was SPSS-21 and AMOS-24.

The results showed that religious orientation (β = -0.518 and p = 0.001) and resilience (β = -0.236 and p = 0.001) have a direct effect on family functioning and religious orientation mediates resilience on Family performance was also significant at 0.1 level. In the following, the indirect relationship of the proposed model was investigated, and a significant value was obtained for the approximation index of goodness of fit (PCLOSE) of 0.001 and the RMSEA index equal to 0.073, which indicated the fit of the model.

The results showed that religious orientation can explain the functioning of the family with regard to the role of resilience, so psychologists are recommended to strengthen the functioning of the family and strengthen the foundations of families by holding psychological workshops centered on religion and spirituality. With the help of resilience training to administrative staff. These people help.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Mushfaq's mindfulness group training and cognitive therapy group training based on mindfulness on the self-balance of adolescent girls. In terms of the purpose, the current research is a part of applied research and in terms of method, it is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. he research population consisted of all female students in the 10th and 11th grades of the second secondary school in Karaj in 2019-2020, and 45 of them were selected as a sample. The instrument of the current research included Hardin's (2002) integrated inconsistency index. The group training intervention of Mendan Mushfaq was carried out during 8 sessions of 1.5 hours and the group training intervention of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was carried out during 10 sessions of 1.5 hours; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The findings showed that the group training of the compassionate mind and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness is effective on the self-balance of adolescent girls. Also, the findings showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions of the Mushfaq Mind group training and the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training in self-balance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on eating styles and happy child and healthy adults Modes modes in obese people with binge eating disorder. The design of the current research was semi-experimental with a single case structure of ABA type. The statistical population of the study included obese women suffering from binge eating disorder who referred to a slimming clinic in Tehran in 2014-2016. The study sample consisted of eight obese women according to the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included the Dutch Eating Styles Questionnaire (1986), the Young Schema Modes Questionnaire (2008) and a semi-structured interview. Schema therapy was implemented in form of 20 90-minute group sessions and 4 additional 45-minute individual sessions. The participants were evaluated 3 times in the baseline phase, 10 times in the intervention phase, and 8 weeks after the intervention, they were followed up 4 times every 2 weeks using the measurement tool. In order to analyze the data, the participants' scores were collected individually during the three stages of baseline, ten stages of intervention and four stages of follow-up, and then by using the trend chart and interpreting the ups and downs of the scores. Participants were visually analyzed in different stages of baseline, intervention and follow-up. Then, by using the effect size indices, the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND), and the percentage of improvement and the valid change index (RCI), the effectiveness of the treatment was determined. The findings showed that in most of the participants, in the intervention stage compared to the baseline stage the scores of efficient modes; The happy child and healthy adult had an upward and increasing trend. For all the participants, The scores of emotional eating styles all people and external for most of them, and inhibited eating styles also had a downward and decreasing trend. Also, the RCI index scores indicated the stability of schema therapy results in the follow-up phase.

Introduction:

 Modern life's most significant stressor is divorce, drastically altering a person's lifestyle. Divorce lowers self-efficacy in women and single mothers. Bandura's social-cognitive theory defines self-efficacy as a person's perception of competence, sufficiency, and life-coping abilities. This study also assessed responsibility. Responsibility is meeting needs without denying others.Psychologists and counselors utilize many methods to boost self-efficacy and responsibility. This study uses acceptance and commitment, and reality therapy. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) helps people alter their connection with their ideas and emotions via acceptance and value-based behavior. William Glasser calls reality therapy a choice-based evolutionary systemic psychotherapy. This theory views humans as an inwardly motivated system with purposeful activity and a perpetual pursuit of life balance. Research indicates that ACT can provide significant support and benefits to women who are going through or have completed the divorce process. In addition to prioritizing action and strategic planning, these two behavioral models concentrate on distinct aspects of human life, which forms the basis of their comparison. This study examines whether ACT and reality therapy, which view destructive relationships as the root of human problems, have the same effect on divorced women's self-efficacy and responsibility.

Methods :

Quantitative and applied, this quasi-experimental study has a pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population includes all divorced women in Hamedan who were referred to family court-supervised therapy clinics between 2019 and 2021. Inclusion criteria:1. Participants are assessed for mental health using the Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised questionnaire (Derogatis et al., 1973) and accepted if they are healthy. 2. 25-45-year-olds participate. 3. Divorced 1-3 years. 4. Participants are high school graduates. Exclusion criteria:1. Psychologically treated participants. 2. Non-drug-treated participants. 3. Missed training sessions. 4. Study participants can quit. Following procurement of the ethical code (IR-IAU-REC.1401.076) from the university, the research team made visits to Rouzbeh, Farzaneh, and Mehravar counseling centers in Hamedan, Iran, to seek permission for conducting research. Eligible individuals signed informed consent papers, and a university staff member led two experimental groups via eight weekly 90-minute therapy sessions. The control group received no intervention. Professional ethics require that control group members receive individual therapies following the treatment period. After the intervention, all groups had a post-test and follow-up and thanked the participants. Collecting data:1. Responsibility Acceptance Questionnaire (Gap, 1984). 2. GSEQ (Sherer et al., 1982). 3, Reality Therapy Procedure. 4. ACT Protocol. Results A total of 55 participants were divided among three groups: reality therapy (18 participants), ACT (17 participants), and a control group (20 participants). The average age of participants in the reality therapy group was 31.33 years, with a standard deviation (SD) of 4.17 years. Meanwhile, those in the ACT group had an average age of 30.18 years with a SD of 7.04 years. Lastly, the Control group's members had a mean age of 32.20 years and a SD of 4.34 years. Within the group of reality therapy participants, 12 were parents, while six were not. Conversely, in the ACT group, only four participants had children, whereas 13 did not. The control group consisted of seven parents and 13 individuals without children. As for educational background, six members of the reality therapy group and nine members of the control group had graduated high school, while three did not. In the ACT group, nine participants held a high school diploma, six had further education, and two did not complete high school. The control group comprised eight high school graduates, ten with further education, and two who did not finish high school. Regarding marriage longevity, marriages among reality therapy participants lasted between 22.5 and 42.2 years. Couples in the ACT group were married for either 53.5 or 38.2 years, while those in the control group had marriages lasting 15.6 or 18.2 years. Lastly, the average time post-divorce for the reality therapy group was 24.67 to 7.84 months. ACT group had 27.06 and 0.94 months since the divorce. The control group was 26.55 and 7.19 months divorced.

Results:

 demonstrate the three research groups' pre-test, post-test, and follow-up responsibility and self-efficacy components. Both experimental groups increased responsibility and self-efficacy post-test and follow-ups. Control remained unaltered. The Shapiro-Wilk values of the dependent variables for the three groups of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up were examined to assess data distribution normality. Both dependent variables were negligible in all three groups and stages. Group and three study stage dependent variables are normally distributed. Levene’s test examined group homogeneity assumption of responsibility and self-efficacy error variances. Levene's test demonstrates that groups and three stages had an equal variance in responsibility and self-efficacy measure error scores. This helps research variable error variance homogeneity. Mauchly's test confirmed the dependent variables' covariance matrices' sphericity. Repeated measures analysis of variance analyzed data after validating assumptions. Results demonstrate the reality and ACT therapy multivariate analysis on responsibility and self-efficacy. Results demonstrate that independent variables significantly affect responsibility and self-efficacy. Results illustrate repeated measures analysis of realism, ACT improving responsibility and self-efficacy. Responsibility and self-efficacy reveal solid group-time connections. Independent variables strongly affected responsibility and self-efficacy. Finally, Findings present responsibility and self-efficacy Bonferroni post-hoc test findings for the three groups and implementation stages. Results show that pre-test and post-test responsibility and mean self-efficacy scores differ statistically. Accordingly, post-test and follow-up differ. Responsibility and self-efficacy scores differ between reality therapy, ACT, and controls. Reality, acceptance, and commitment treatment increased pre-test, post-test, follow-up responsibility, and mean self-efficacy scores. Reality therapy, ACT differ significantly in responsibility and self-efficacy (P=0.015 and 0.042, respectively). This study found that reality therapy and ACT improved divorced women's accountability and self-efficacy. Reality therapy improves divorced women's responsibility more than ACT, which improves self-efficacy.

Conclusion:

 ACT increases divorced women's accountability. Afshari et al. (2022) (27), Barrett-Naylor et al. (2018) (28), and Flujas-Contreras and Gomez (2018) (29) found similar results.In the ACT model, participants learn to accept painful inner and exterior situations without fighting or coping. Acceptance lets people follow their values and give up control. This approach emphasizes goal formulation and values defined as the life route. Goals and values are personal. Divorced women have learned that obsessing over previous events and toxic relationships with their spouses does not help them have a worthwhile, rich, and entire life, and they must focus on the present to responsibly create their future.Reality therapy can also make divorced women more responsible. This matches Yadolahi Saber et al. (2019) (7). Reality therapy has proven beneficial in assisting divorced women to embrace self-acceptance, circumvent justifications, and desist from attributing blame to external circumstances or past events. It enables them to confront reality by focusing on aspects within their control—such as their thoughts, actions, and behaviors—while accepting those beyond their reach, such as divorce and external factors. Moreover, this therapeutic approach fosters optimism toward the future while helping them steer clear of common pitfalls. Divorced women may cope with their past and make better choices in the present by addressing their basic needs responsibly.Reality therapy outperformed ACT in enhancing divorced women's responsibility, and this matches Afshari et al study (2022) (27). Since one of reality therapy's core principles is to increase human responsibility, and a large portion of therapy sessions aim to increase group members' responsibility, reality therapy was expected to be more effective at increasing responsibility. Reality therapy is an existential and experiential therapy that respects the right to choose and requires individual accountability and responsibility. Existential therapies hold people responsible for their actions and choices, not past events, parental behavior, genes, negative events, fate, or unconsciousness. Reality therapists accept these aspects' impact but do not consider them the key determinants.ACT increased divorced women's self-efficacy. Eskandari (2020) (19), Raeesi et al (2021) (33), and Asadi Khalili et al (2020) (34) found similar results.Individuals who doubt their ability to adapt to change or who question their self-worth often find themselves stuck in the initial stage of unawareness. This can lead to a pessimistic view of change. These individuals must build self-efficacy and self-confidence to take action and sustain it. Most therapies—including ACT—require client control. Self-efficacy determines my ability. ACT tasks and values enhance self-efficacy. Flexibility, clarifying beliefs, communicating change, and completing activities can boost self-efficacy and client responsibility in acceptance and commitment therapy. Divorced women gain self-confidence from reality therapy. Asadi Khalili et al (2020) (34), Li et al (2018) (36), and Low and Gue (2015) concur (37). Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish tasks or adapt to various circumstances successfully. However, crises can significantly hinder this confidence. For example, divorce can lead to mental health issues in women. World therapy offers a solution, aiding women in managing these challenges by facilitating the creation of a supportive environment.Reality therapy has taught participants to face problems, not blame others, use internal control instead of external control, take responsibility, and use all their abilities to handle divorce issues. This method helps women solve problems instead of arguing or fleeing, boosting their responsibility and self-efficacy.The results showed that reality therapy was less effective than acceptance and commitment therapy at increasing self-efficacy in divorced women. Asadi Khalili et al (2020) found similar results (34).ACT could potentially surpass reality therapy in effectiveness, given its proven strategies. These techniques have demonstrated success in both laboratory and experimental studies involving diverse groups. Reality Therapy, being a more recent approach, is still in its evolving stages. Targeted ACT can give people quick and deep insight, giving them the courage and strong will to plan intelligently, start a program, and continue despite opposition from others or their negative self-concepts, which Steven Hayes says is an effective way to cope with failure. Divorced women agree with Steven Hayes that "the problem is not whether you have hardships and pain in your life, because life is always accompanied by pain and suffering of humans." Your life values these difficulties." High self-efficacy. Reality therapy increases self-efficacy, while ACT is better for some reasons.Reality therapy is more successful in increasing responsibility and self-efficacy in divorced women than ACT. Counselors and psychotherapists can use both methods to help divorced women. The COVID-19 pandemic limited class attendance, limiting this study. Divorced women's issues necessitated frequent follow-ups and encouragement to continue sessions. Social workers may help future studies focus on teaching and therapy. Given the effectiveness of ACT and Reality therapy, therapists and researchers should do a qualitative study combining both approaches to benefit divorced women.

It is necessary to identify psychological treatments effective in improving the mental health of patients with chronic blood pressure, so the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive therapy on the tolerance of distress and rumination in patients with chronic blood pressure

The present research was a quasi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study was all patients with high blood pressure who referred to the specialized and super-specialized center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2021. Among the qualified people who volunteered to participate in the research, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in nine 90-minute sessions of positive therapy training based on Marrero et al.'s (2016) therapy package, but the control group did not receive therapy. Data collection tools included Simons and Gaher (2005) distress tolerance scale and Nolen Hoeksema and Morrow (1991) rumination scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software and multivariate analysis of covariance at a significance level of α=0.05.

The results showed that positive treatment significantly increased distress tolerance (F=75.29, P<0.001) and decreased rumination (F=24.73, P<0.001) in patients with chronic hypertension.

The results emphasize the importance of positive therapy in patients with chronic hypertension and providing new horizons in clinical interventions. Therefore, positive therapy can be used as a complementary treatment to create a positive and appropriate change in patients with chronic hypertension.

One of the most important relationships between a man and a woman is marriage, which includes both emotional and legal commitment and is of special importance in the life of every adult. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to model marital adjustment based on communication patterns and marital relationship performance with the mediation of spiritual attitude.

The present research was a descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included married people living in Tehran, according to the number of observable changes, 350 samples were available according to Spanir's (1976) marital compatibility questionnaires, spiritual attitude: Shahidi and Farajnia (2013), Christensen and Salavi's communication patterns. (1984) and sexual performance: Farajnia et al. (2013) answered. The research data was also analyzed through SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings showed that the constructive communication pattern directly explains β = 0.334 of the variance of marital adjustment, and the withdrawal communication pattern directly explains β = 0.159 of the variance of marital adjustment. Also, the constructive communication pattern directly explains β=0.21 of the variance of spiritual attitude and the spiritual attitude directly explains β=0.147 of the variance of marital adjustment.

It can be concluded that the modeling of marital compatibility based on communication patterns and marital relationship performance with the mediation of spiritual attitude is valid.

This descriptive and correlational research examines family functioning based on religious orientation while mediating forgiveness in working men and women in Hamedan. The current research was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. In 2021-2022, the research population comprised all married men and women working in government organizations in Hamedan. The sample size was determined using Tabaching et al.'s (2007) technique, which resulted in a sample size of 335 men and women collected by non-random convenience sampling (online method). Data were collected using the Family Assessment Device (FAD), Epstein, Baldwin, and Bishop (1983), the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) of Azarbaijani (2003), and the Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale (IFS) of Pollard et al. (1998). The structural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the direct effect of the components of religious orientation (b = -0.514) and forgiveness (b=-0.170) on family performance is significant, and religious orientation with the mediation of forgiveness on family performance is also significant at the 0.001 level. which indicates the fit of the model. As a result, orientation according to the role of forgiveness can explain the performance of the family.

Divorce can have a bad effect on a person's psychological flexibility and self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychological flexibility and self-efficacy of divorced women.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The research population included all the divorced women of Hamedan city, Iran who went to the family court of Hamedan city between 2017–2021 and got divorced. From which, 2 groups of 20 people were randomly selected to the experimental control groups. Then the number diminished to 17 people. They responded to the psychological flexibility questionnaire (acceptance and action) and the general self-efficacy questionnaire of Sherer et al. The subjects of the experimental group were trained in acceptance and commitment therapy in a group manner (in the form of training and skills), 1 session of 90 minutes per week. During this period, the control group had not take any training. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS software and using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements and a significant level of p < 0.05.

The analysis of the results showed that treatment based on acceptance and action leads to an increase in psychological flexibility and self-efficacy in divorced women. In the follow-up stage, the changes remained (P=0.010).

The therapy based on forgiveness and commitment can be used to increase the psychological flexibility and self-efficacy of divorced women.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the cohesive self-knowledge and self-management and impaired performance of secondary school students. This research was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population of the research was all secondary school female students in Nazar Abad city in the academic year 2021-2022, from which 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method. This number was randomly replaced between the reality therapy group and the control group. Data were collected using Jeffrey Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (YSQ-SF) (1998) and Ghorbani et al. are Coherent Self-Knowledge Questionnaire (ISK) (2008). The intervention of the reality therapy group was held in 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The results showed the difference between the pre-test and post-test phase of self-knowledge of coherence (p<0.05, d=-8.63) and follow-up pre-test (p<0.05, d=-3.71) and the difference Between the pre-test and post-test stages of self-management and dysfunctional performance (p<0.05, d=9.89) and follow-up pre-test (p<0.05, d=12.8), it is significant that It gives the effect of research intervention in these variables. It is concluded that by using group reality therapy, it is possible to help to increase self-awareness and adjust the self-centeredness and dysfunctional performance of high school students.

Being unsupervised has always had negative psychological and educational effects on adolescents, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of resilience and emotional inhibition in the psychological well-being of unsupervised teenage girls in Tehran.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research was all the adolescent girls of the city of Tehran covered by the welfare organization in 2021-2022, and 300 people were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tools included Connor and Davidson's (2003) resilience questionnaires, Roger and Nashover's (1987) emotional inhibition and Riff's (1989) psychological well-being questionnaires. Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the relationship between resilience and psychological improvement (r=0.48) is positive and significant, but the relationship between emotional inhibition and psychological improvement (r=0.69) was negative and significant (P<0.05). And the predictor variables explain a total of 67% of the variance of psychological improvement.

The results of the research show the importance of the role of resilience and emotional inhibition in improving the psychological well-being of adolescent girls.

Inefficient coping styles and concern about body image are among the components that affect obese people with binge-eating disorders and lead to unhealthy eating behaviors. However, deep psychological interventions that focus on these components have received less attention. Considering that schema therapy is an integrated, deep, and effective treatment, the question of the current research is whether this intervention can affect coping styles and body image concerns in obese people with binge-eating disorders.

The purpose of the study was the effectiveness of schema therapy on coping styles and body image concerns in obese people with binge eating disorder.

The design of the current research was semi-experimental with a single-subject structure, including baseline, intervention and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all obese women suffering from overeating who referred to a slimming clinic in Tehran in 2021-2022. The research sample consisted of eight obese women. The research tools were Young and Rygh's extreme compensation questionnaire (1994), Young and Rygh's avoidance questionnaire (1994), Fairburn’s eating disorder symptoms questionnaire (2008) and semi-structured interview and schema therapy protocol (Simpson, 2018). For data analysis, percentage of non-overlapping data, improvement percentage, valid change index and trend chart were used.

Indicators of improvement percentage, percentage of non-overlapping data, and reliable change index in the avoidance variable for the second, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth participants; In the variable of extreme compensation for the fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth participants and in the variable of physical concerns, all the participants had a significant improvement in the intervention and follow-up stage (they had an RCI higher than 1.96), which indicates The efficacy and stability of schema therapy results.

Considering the effectiveness of schema therapy on extreme avoidance and compensation styles and body image concerns, it is suggested to pay attention to the physical components in the treatment of obese people suffering from overeating, to psychological components such as maladaptive schemas and coping styles arising from them.

The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy groups on the adjustment of primary maladaptive schemas and anxiety of secondary school students. This research was a semi-experimental type of research with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design with a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research was all secondary school female students in Nazar Abad city in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 30 people were selected using the available sampling method. These numbers were randomly replaced between the cognitive behavioral therapy group and the control group. Data were collected using Jeffrey Young's early maladaptive schema questionnaires (YSQ-SF) (1998) and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI-II) (1988). Cognitive behavioral therapy group intervention was held in 12 sessions of 1.5 hours and once a week. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The results showed that the main effect of the intervention was cut-off and rejection (0.741), impaired self-management and performance (.415), impaired limitations (.771), other orientation (0.315), and excessive ringing. (0.185) and anxiety (0.822) are significant (p<0.05), that is, there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the average components of primary maladaptive schemas and anxiety (<0.05). p). It is concluded that using a cognitive behavioral therapy group, can help to adjust the initial maladaptive schemas and reduce the anxiety of secondary school students.

Families of autistic children are strongly influenced by various factors on the parent-child relationship. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" on parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and 3 months’ follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all mothers with autistic children who were at level one, who had referred to 8 counseling and psychotherapy centers for children left behind in Tehran in the second half of 2017. The centers were selected according to accessible referral method. The centers were selected according to available referral method. Among them, 45 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly and by lottery were placed in 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Parent-Child Relationship Scale". The content validity of the instrument was measured by qualitative method and the reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After performing 8 sessions of 90 minutes of "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" for the intervention groups, the data were analyzed in SPSS. 24.

"Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and “Group Reality Therapy” were effective in parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children P <0.01).  There was a difference between effectiveness on the intimacy subscale and the overall score of the parent-child relationship P <0.01).

"Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" were effective on parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children. It is recommended that therapists use "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy " to strengthen and improve the mother-child relationship with autistic children.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on paranoid thoughts in women with postpartum depression, and the aim was practical. The method of this paper was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a 3-month follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all women with postpartum depression who presented to health centers in the western part of Alborz province in 2019. From the community, 45 of these patients, whose depression was confirmed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), were selected by an available sampling method and by random sampling into two groups for experiments and a control group (15 people in each group) were included. For the pretest-posttest follow-up, all groups voluntarily answered the Persian version of the Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS), and members of experimental group 1 received cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions, and members of experimental group 2 received acceptance and commitment therapy. However, the control group received no intervention. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were performed using spss-24 software. The means and standard deviations of paranoid thoughts were 116.76±10.76 at pretest, 106.29±12.31 at posttest, and 99.04±21.38 at follow-up. The mean scores of the cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment groups were also lower than those of the control group at posttest and follow-up. The mean difference between the cognitive-behavioral experimental groups and the control group was not significant (P=0.158), but the mean difference between the acceptance and commitment therapy experimental groups and the control group was significant (P=0.000). The results were repeated in the follow-up mode. Considering the significant efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy, it is recommended that this treatment should be considered as the preferred treatment for reducing paranoid thoughts in women with postpartum depression.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of compassionate mind group training and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training on anger management in female adolescents. In terms of purpose, the present study is a part of applied research and in terms of method, it is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The research population consisted of all 10th and 11th-grade female high school students in Karaj from 1300-to 1400, from which 45 people were selected as a sample. The tools of the present study included the Novaco Anger Control Questionnaire (AI) (1994). The compassionate mind group training intervention was performed during 8 sessions of 1.5 hours and the cognitive therapy group training intervention based on mindfulness was performed during 10 sessions of 1.5 hours, But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance (repeated measures). Findings showed that group training of compassionate mind and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in controlling adolescent anger (P <0.05). The results also showed that there was no difference between the effectiveness of two interventions of compassionate mind group training and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training in anger control (p <0.05). It can be concluded that group training in compassionate mind and group training in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in controlling the anger of female adolescents.

 Spinal cord injury involves damage to the spinal cord that results in temporary or permanent changes in movement, senses, and or the autonomic functioning of the spinal cord. Compared to the general public, patients with spinal cord injury face significant restrictions in various psychological aspects. Given the problems of these patients, the question is which psychological characteristics may play a role in the mental health and resiliency of these patients. In this regard, ego strength and integrative self–knowledge can be mentioned. As an answer to these patients’ need for improving their psychological capabilities, paradox therapy can be a helpful method. Another therapeutic method that can be useful in improving the psychological state of the patients is reality therapy. Accordingly, the main objective of the current study is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of paradox therapy and reality therapy on the levels of ego strength and integrative self–knowledge in female patients suffering from spinal cord injury.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a follow–up design with a control group. Using random assignment, the subjects were placed in the experimental (paradox therapy and reality therapy) and control groups. The study population comprised 20–40 years old female patients with spinal cord injury, who were members of the Spinal Cord Injury Association of Tehran Province, Iran in 2019. The sample included 45 female patients with spinal cord injury being treated in occupational therapy centers, and willing to participate in the study. The participants were selected based on a voluntary non–random sampling method. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a female gender, being single, being between 20 and 40 years old, living in Tehran, passing between 5 and 10 years since their spinal cord injury, not participating in psychotherapy at the same time as research, having paraplegic paralysis or two lower limbs with optimal functioning of the upper limbs, either because of the low severity of the injury or because of receiving rehabilitation. The exclusion criteria were as follows: having a history of psychotic diseases and hospitalization in a mental hospital, experiencing the death of first–degree relatives in six months leading to the beginning of interventions, having chronic diseases, being absent of more than two sessions in intervention groups. The Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 2007) and the Integrative Self–Knowledge Scale (Ghorbani et al., 2003) were utilized in the study. The statistical analysis was performed at the level of descriptive and inferential statistics based on parametric statistical tests. Regarding the inferential analysis, we used 1–way analysis of variance (one–way ANOVA), the Chi–squared test, and ANOVA with repeated measures were used. Moreover, Cohen’s d was used for comparing the effects of target treatments. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

There were significant group (p=0.011), time (p<0.001), and time × treatment effects (p<0.001) for both ego strength and self–knowledge. Post hoc analysis of simple main effects indicated no significant changes in ego strength and self–knowledge for the control group (p>0.05). Compared to the pretest strage, ego strength and self–knowledge for paradox therapy group (p<0.001) and reality therapy group (p<0.001) showed a significant increase in both posttest and follow–up stages. Additionally, compared to the pretest condition, the effect sizes of both treatment plans were almost the same for ego strength (Cohen’s d=2.6), while the effect size of reality therapy (Cohen’s d=2.37) was higher in the follow–up stage than of paradox therapy (Cohen’s d=1.35). In contrast, the effect size of paradox therapy on self–knowledge was quite higher in both posttest (Cohen’s d=1.94) and follow–up (Cohen’s d=2.10) stages than those of reality therapy (Cohen’s d=0.84 in the posttest and Cohen’s d=0.72 in the follow–up).

Paradox therapy and reality therapy are effective in improving deep psychological characteristics of 20–40 years old women with spinal cord injury, i.e., ego strength and integrative self–knowledge. The role of paradox therapy in improving the integrative self–knowledge of patients must be carefully considered by providers of behavioral interventions.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is one of the traumatic events that has a huge impact on the quality of life, growth and development of the injured patient. Several factors affect mental health in SCI patients, but the most important ones affect different aspects of personality and adaptation, such as ego strength, self-knowledge, depression and stress anxiety. Each set of these factors can be introduced as a path-breaking outcome in improving the psychological state of patients with SCIs. To achieve the desired level in these prominent personality and mood factors, flexible treatment approaches are needed. In fact, beneficial intervention in SCI patients should include features that help them to accept their existing situation, to step forward with strength, to achieve goals and progress, and prevent psychological consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of paradox therapy with the PTC model (Paradox + Timetable = Cure) on ego strength, self-knowledge, and anxiety depression stress in a patient with SCI.

This research method was quasi-experimental with a single-subject design that was performed using the baseline-intervention-follow-up. The study population includes female patients suffering from SCI who were members of the Spinal Cord Injury Association of Tehran Province, Iran, in 2019. They were between 20 and 40 years old with the SCI injury at least five years and at most 10 years earlier. The subject of the present study was randomly selected from 60 female participants, who underwent conventional rehabilitation treatments. She entered the study with written informed consent. The first meeting was dedicated to obtaining informed consent and filling out the baseline questionnaires (pretest). The first treatment session was held one week later. Measurements were performed in the fourth session for the posttest and one month later for follow-up evaluation. Research instruments included Ego Strength Scale (ESS) (Beshrat, 2017), Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK) (Ghorbani et al., 2008), the Stress Anxiety Depression Scale (DASS-21) (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), and Treatment Outcome Subjective Rating Scale (TOSRS) (Besharat, 2003). Descriptive statistics, including the percentage change in posttest and follow-up scores compared to the pretest scores, were used for analyzing the collected data.

The results showed that the PTC psychotherapy model is effective. In the posttest stage, the score of Integrative Self-Knowledge reached 40, which showed an increase by 29%. Ego Strength increased by 15% and reached 77, and each of the stress anxiety depression items improved one score, which is a 24% progress. These changes were maintained during the follow-up period for Ego Strength and increased slightly for Integrative Self-Knowledge (16%) and improved to 29% in the symptoms of stress anxiety.

The PTC psychotherapy model is recommended as a very short-term, simple, effective, cost-effective and flexible approach in treating patients with spinal cord injuries.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused-couple therapy (EFCT) on marital adjustment in incompatible couples. In this research, using a semi-experimental method, two groups of experimental and control were participated in 2 phases; pre, and post test. The statistical population consisted of 31 couples among couples referred to Tehran counseling center during the fall of 2017. The sample research consisted of 20 couples (40 individuals) among couples referred to this counseling center that were selected according to the results of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) with cut of point of 101 and with available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control groups) (n1=n2=10 couples). The experimental group was regularly trained in emotion-focused-couple therapy during 9 sessions of 90 minutes of couple counseling sessions, once in a week. In the inferential level Analysis of Covariance Test (ANCOVA) was used. Findings showed that the emotion-focused-couple therapy, significantly increased the marital adjustment in the experimental group compared to before training and control group.

Hypertension is considered to be a silent death and due to the effect of psychological interventions on it, research in this field is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy and acceptance and commitment on perceived stress, emotional cognitive regulation and self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension.

The research design was quasi-experimental and pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included patients with hypertension who had referred to health centers in Kish in 1399. Among them, 48 were purposefully selected and replaced in two experimental groups and one control group. The research groups received eight sessions each, with mindfulness training and acceptance and commitment-based therapy, while the control group did not receive any training. The data collection tools included the perceived stress questionnaires, emotional regulation and self-care behaviors of hypertensive patients.

The results showed that group therapy based on mindfulness and acceptance and commitment therapy have a significant effect on perceived stress and emotional regulation (p<0.001). Also, treatment based on acceptance and commitment among the components of self-care had a significant effect on the components of diet and medication (p<0.01).

Based on the findings of this study, mindfulness therapies and acceptance and commitment therapy can be used to improve perceived stress and emotional cognitive regulation in patients with hypertension.

The Postpartum depression is a high prevalence health issue. Aim of study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive -behavioral and acceptance and commitment therapies to anger in women with postpartum depression.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and 3-month follow-up with the control group. The statistical population was women with postpartum depression who referred to health centers in the west of Alborz province in 2019. 45 of these patients with Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, their depression was confirmed, selected by available sampling method and by random sampling method in two experimental groups and one control (15 people in each group), Were located. The groups responded to the Persian version of the Spielberger state-trait anger expression inventory-2, for a pre-test. The members of Experimental group 1 received cognitive-behavioral therapy, and experimental group 2 received acceptance-commitment therapy. Control group did not receive any intervention. In the post-test, this questionnaire was administered again.

The mean and standard deviation of anger were 182.96±21.76 in the pre-test, 143.13±40.07 in the post-test, and 142.31±40.55 in the follow-up. Mean difference between cognitive-behavioral groups and acceptance and commitment therapy with the control was significant (P=0.000). Mean difference between the groups of cognitive-behavioral and acceptance and commitment therapy was not significant (P=1.000). In follow-up, mean difference between cognitive-behavioral and control was not significant (P=0.054), mean difference between acceptance and commitment therapy and control was significant (P=0.018).

Considering the more stable effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy, it is suggested that, to reduce anger in women with postpartum depression, preferential treatment be considered.

The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of training based on compassion theory and choice theory on the sense of shame and the level of self-criticism in female college students. The method of the present study is applied in terms of the objective and quasi-experimental in terms of the data collection method using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population is all students aged 15-18 years in Karaj. In this study, conducted in the academic year 2018-2019, 45 female students were randomly selected and equally divided into two experimental groups and one control group (each group consisted of 15 subjects). One of the experimental groups received 8 sessions of compassion or choice theory training, while the control group did not participate in the intervention. Subjects were assessed using the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP) and Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSCS). Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that after the group training, there was a significant difference between the mean of the experimental and control groups in terms of reduction of shame and self-criticism scores. This difference was greater for the compassion training than for the choice theory training. It can be concluded that although both types of group training were able to reduce students’ shame and self-criticism scores, the compassion training was more effective than the choice theory training.

 Patients with high blood pressure usually experience high levels of stress that affect their emotion regulation and self-care behaviors. The current study aimed to examine the cognitive-minded group therapy on perceived stress, emotional, cognitive regulation, and self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension. 

The study has a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and a control group. The study population was all people with hypertension referred to medical centers in Kish Island, Iran, in 2010 (March to June). The research sample consisted of 32 qualified candidates who were selected using the purposive sampling method. Then they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Perceived stress, emotional and cognitive regulation, and self-care questionnaires of patients with hypertension were used to collect information in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. The experimental group underwent mindfulness-based group therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The obtained data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS v. 22. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

 The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of positive stress (P=0.001), negative stress (P=0.001), positive emotion (P=0.001), negative emotion (P=0.001), medication regimen (P=0.003), diet (P=0.011), and disease management (P=0.026) in the post-test and follow-up. But there was no significant difference between the mean scores of food labels (P=0.195).

 The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy on reducing stress and negative emotion and improving self-care of patients with hypertension suggests that in addition to the physical components of chronic diseases, the psychological components of patients be considered to prevent recurrence diseases and increase adherence to treatment in them.

Patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders and ulcers constitute a large number of patients referred to general and internal clinics and preliminary studies of gastric ulcer have shown the role of psychological factors in the production of susceptible gastric ulcer. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on pain intensity and stress coping styles in patients with gastric ulcer.

The present study was an intervention with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population was all patients with gastric ulcer referred to public health centers in Tehran in the winter of 2018. Among the volunteers participating in the study, 30 patients with gastric ulcer were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group (15 people in each group). Measurement tools included McGill (2000) Pain Intensity Questionnaire and Andler & Parker (1990) coping styles. Subjects in the first experimental group participated in 8 sessions of 90-minute cognitive-behavioral therapy. The subjects in the control group did not receive psychological treatment during this period. For data analysis, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and post hoc tests were used.

Ethical considerations:

This study with the ID IR.IAU.K.REC.1397.85 has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch.

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy led to an increase in problem-oriented coping style (P<0.01) and a decrease in emotion-focused coping styles (P<0.01) and avoidance (P<0.01). Also, the mean scores of pain intensity decreased compared to the control group (P<0.01).

It can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective on pain intensity and stress coping styles in patients with gastric ulcer.