مریم صفایی

childhood is one of the sensitive periods in the life of every person; Any mental and physical damage to a child can have an adverse effect on his future. The widespread negative effects of Internet pornography in terms of psychology and legal as a growing problem in today's world, have created many questions about the factors influencing its tendency. In this research, the laws of Iran that have been approved in this field have been reviewed, and their loopholes have been stated, with the hope that in the near future, the legislator will pay more attention to this sensitive segment of the society and put them under his protective umbrella. to give Relying on Iran's criminal justice system, it examines the legal and criminological aspects of computer pornography. The purpose of the current research was child pornography from the criminological perspective of prevention in Iranian criminal law with a view to psychological training for children.

The current research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of method. The method of collecting information was using library resources such as books, articles, laws, theses, etc.

Pornography in the general sense means content containing explicit sexual scenes that are mainly presented with the intention of sexual stimulation; It is a phenomenon that has been criminalized in the laws of many countries due to its numerous destructive consequences on public and individual chastity and morality as well as the family center. In Iran's legal system, before the approval of the law on computer crimes in 2008, we were facing a legal gap in the field of computer crimes, until after the approval of this law, the mentioned objections were raised and in articles 14, 15, 16 of the said law, the law The transition has criminalized pornography on the virtual network; Although most countries have considered pornography as a crime only in the context of children, some countries with a different attitude have considered adult pornography as a crime as well. Our legislators also agree with the aforementioned approach and It has absolutely criminalized writing.

Cryptocurrencies are a type of unregulated digital currency that is usually monitored by its developers, and is accepted and used by members of a specific virtual community. which is widely used all over the world as well as in Iran. The aim of this article is the comparative study of jurisprudence and legal inadequacy of cryptocurrency crimes in domestic and foreign laws.

This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

The legal nature of cryptocurrencies can be checked in the laws related to money laundering in Iran, the country's tax laws and the laws of the stock exchange and commodity exchange of Iran. On the other hand, from a jurisprudential point of view, truth and falsity governs the transfer of virtual currencies, and the legal prohibition does not lead to the invalidity of the transaction or the punishment of the perpetrator. But in jurisprudence, the pricing of currency is irrational and its exchanges are arbitrary.

The security of information and data, production of currencies, as well as buying and selling, investment and storage and maintenance of cryptocurrencies, which has led to frauds and loss of large funds, are among the main factors influencing the formulation of laws related to forgery and fraud crimes in the field. Cryptocurrencies are in domestic and international law.

The process of the right to silent in legal systems is one of the important and controversial issues among jurists; because if the accused remains silent, the court judge will inevitably look for other reasons. For this process, principles have been considered and new legal materials have been extracted and compiled from legal texts; including the three principles of innocence, dignity and individual freedom. In this article, in order to understand the accused's right to silent, the two legal systems of Iran and France have been chosen to compare and discuss common and different dimensions. According to Article 197 of the Criminal Procedure Law in Iran, the right of the accused to silent has been recognized. In France, according to Article 63-1 of the Criminal Procedure Law, the accused has the right to silent during the proceedings. However, despite the clarity of the law, in practice, the limits of the defendant's right to silent and how to apply it are faced with issues that will be addressed in this research.

Research questions:

What is the importance of the right to silent in legal systems? What are the points of commonality and difference in the field of the right to silent in Iranian and French law? Why despite the clarity of the law in recognizing the right to silence, this right still faces challenges in practice?

Literature Review:

Fallahnejad et al. (2023) in an article about Iranian and Chinese law, have acknowledged that the right to silent has been explicitly accepted in Iranian law, while in the Chinese judicial system, there is a dispute. On the other hand, there is no specific legal regulation regarding the right to prohibit self-incrimination in Iran, while this principle is specified in China. Mousavi et al. (2019) in discussing the ethical challenges of the defendant's right to silent, have emphasized that despite the provision of this right in Iran's laws, the enforcement aspects and its compliance in the proceedings are still disputed. Shabani (2013) shows that in transnational documents, the right to silence is an issue that the assignment or non-assignment of the judicial authorities and its scope is to inform the accused to remain silent in the face of accusations. Qarqani (2013) believes that the accused's right to silent is one of the definite results of the commitment to the principle of acquittal, and the principle of immunity against self-incrimination should also be considered as one of its foundations.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and the data and information are also collected by library method.

In France, according to Article 63-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, during hearings, a person arrested by the police has the right to answer the questions asked of him or remain silent. The law officer also has two duties: 1) to explain the charges to the accused person; 2) reminding the accused of his right to silent. But in Iran, regarding the accused's right to silent during the preliminary investigation, the Constitution is not clear. The accused should know that he cannot answer the questions and his silence cannot have criminal consequences. In accordance with Article 32 of the Constitution: 1) the questioning of the accused must be within the framework of the accusation; 2) explanation of the accusation and interrogation must be in writing with the reason; 3) it is not enough to merely present the accusation, but it is necessary to write the accusation in the interrogation sheet and the accused must also answer it in writing; 4) merely writing the accusation is not enough, and the law is clear that the accusation must be accompanied by a reason.

In France, according to the recognition of the right to silence based on the text of the law, the background of recognizing such a right in itself indicates the unwillingness to comply with it. In addition, in two cases, the Court of Appeal has requested the notification of the right to silent: 1) in cases where the court inevitably has to rule on the charges, especially in the case of an appeal against the indictment or when the inspection branch has announced the disclaimer of the accused due to mental disorders as part of the procedure; 2) whenever the court necessarily has to ensure the existence of serious or proven reasons in this regard that a person is being prosecuted as a perpetrator or accomplice in the commission of the crimes based on them.In the Constitution of Iran, the right to silent is one of the accused's defense rights, which is recognized. It is considered as one of the clear examples of his defense rights and is important in the preliminary investigation stage of the proceedings. The accused can not only remain silent and avoid answering the questions of the investigating authority, but judicial officers are obliged to announce this right to the accused from the very beginning. Silence is the right of the accused and Article 38 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran explicitly mentions the prohibition of obtaining a confession through coercion. In addition, this right cannot be considered as a proof of the truth of the incident or its confirmation. Alson, according to Article 197 of the Criminal Procedure Law of Iran approved in 2013, the right of the accused to silent during interrogation is implicitly accepted by the legislator.

Article 38 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, without explicitly mentioning the right to silent, implicitly considers this right for the accused. This right during interrogation is also mentioned. However, there is no obligation to announce this right to the accused, for the officials who are involved in the criminal proceedings and are in charge of the investigation due to their responsibility, neither in the Constitution nor in the ordinary laws. Declaring the right to silent in all stages of proceedings in order to observe humane behavior towards the accused person who has not yet been proven guilty is one of the fundamental guarantees to legitimize the punishment imposed in accordance with human standards.In French law, the discussion is not only about the existence or non-existence of the right to silence, but also about the exact nature of this right. In addition, the right to silent in the French judicial procedure has also been considered in terms of concept and scope; although the discussion of opposite inferences from the accused's silence is raised in different stages of the investigation. Despite this, in France, the accused's right to silent is accepted and the only difference is in the importance of this right as a balance between the possibility of opposite inferences from the right to silent and the prohibition of forcing him to confess. In Iranian law, the right to silent is accepted both in the Constitution and in ordinary laws; but the judicial procedure has not entered into this discussion to clarify its territory and aspects, and basically it has not entered into the discussion of the possibility or impossibility of inferring the right to silent.

Nowadays, NGOs, work alongside courts and agencies such as the police to support victims of crime within the framework of associations and organizations. In this context, measures and actions have been devised by the people or with the participation of the government, in an organized manner to prevent crime and combat it. It should be noted that there are regulations on establishing and operating NGOs that are somewhat stricter than the French legal system in the Iranian legal system. Therefore, the objective of the new Iranian Criminal Procedure Code, inspired by the French Criminal Procedure Code, is a step forward in preventing the presence of NGOs in the criminal process. As a result, NGOs’ active presence and participation in Iran and France has led the legislature to dedicate several articles of its ordinary laws to these institutions.

The research method of this article is analytical-descriptive and comparative. The method of data collection is also using scientific and library resources that are studied. In this regard, an attempt is made to reach a well-organized and coherent set by formulating the material appropriately and logically and by examining the existing laws. By examining this material, the obscure aspects of the discussion are clarified as much as possible, and the subject is analyzed while paying attention to deductive cases.

According to the findings of the present article, it can be argued that the presence of NGOs prevents and reduces the process of criminal cases of children in the courts. Also, in Iranian and French law, the police are tasked with taking the necessary measures to create a sense of security among the victims against threats or retaliatory actions by the accused to prevent child victimization.

A comparison of the two legal systems of Iran and France regarding the legal status of NGOs shows that both countries have established regulations for these bodies. Therefore, it seems essential to hold the necessary training courses for NGOs to form a participatory criminal policy. In addition, a comparative study and the use of approaches from other countries’ systems may identify the strengths and weaknesses of a legal institution and may greatly assist the legislator in amending and completing existing regulations

The purpose of the current research is the legislative requirements and appropriate punishment of cybercrimes against security in the field of emerging energies with a look at French jurisprudence and law. Cybercrimes have been criminalized in all countries as modern examples of criminal law, but due to the nature of these crimes and their background, the criminal policy related to these crimes has not yet reached sufficient maturityThe upcoming research has investigated the legal requirements and appropriate punishment of cybercrimes against security in the field of emerging energies with a descriptive and analytical method.  Iran's criminal laws in this field from the point of view of the accepted principles and the shortcomings and obstacles present in this field, such as obstacles in the two parts of shortcomings, misunderstandings of the laws, the effectiveness of subverting the laws and the intensification of virtual attacks against new energies can appear. A new source for criminalization and editing of criminal laws in the fieldssecurity and cybercrimes against emerging energy infrastructures and improve the effectiveness and preventive role of these laws. On the other hand, the difference between Iranian and French criminal laws in determining crimes against security is due to the influence of jurisprudence and Shariah teachings in Iran in the criminalization of some crimes against security in Iranian criminal law and the lack of this issue in crimes against security in French criminal law. . The findings of the research indicate that the formulation of the requirements of punishment remains like a

Euthanasia, or compassionate death, means the act of killing, allowing the death, or assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease. In Persian language, the meanings of this title are "easy death", "easy death", "mercy murder", "mercy murder". There are two types of athanasia, which are; active and passive athanasia; Carrying out measures such as injecting a fatal potassium chloride ampoule, etc., to a sick person so that he dies, is called active euthanasia, and passive euthanasia means stopping the steps of medicine, treatment, and surgery, etc., so that he dies naturally. to loseThe current study aims to achieve the effect of the victim's consent in the fall of retribution from the perspective of the jurisprudence of Islamic schools, with a descriptive-analytical research method, in order to determine the effect of the victim's consent and the willingness of the crime victim to commit a criminal act against him or amnesty. To what extent does the perpetrator have an effect on his part after the crime or after the result is realized? The result of the research shows that from the religious point of view, due to the lack of ownership of one's own body and soul, and the extreme sanctity of killing one's self and others, both in terms of verses and traditions, as well as intellectually and morally, and the monopoly of deciding on the death and life of humans only For the nature of God and the inability of pain and suffering as a legal and moral license for death and departure from the natural path of death and the corruptions and abuses caused by athanasia, this work is forbidden.

Despite the significance of mobile payments, research in this domain is still in its early stages. The objective of this study is to develop a framework for implementing mobile payment in Iran, using a behavioral approach. This qualitative research employed grounded theory methodology. Data was collected through interviews with 19 experts from the first mobile company in Tehran. The validity and reliability of the data collection tool (interview protocol) were assessed using formal and content validity approaches, as well as inter-coder agreement evaluation. Data analysis followed the procedures of grounded theory, including open, axial, and selective coding stages. The study results not only identify the stakeholders of the payment system but also provide a clearer conceptualization and outline various strategic aspects for its establishment. Moreover, the study identifies functions and subsequent consequences of implementing a mobile payment system within the macro environment, suggesting activities such as cultural context development, enhancing user experience, improving revenue models (fees), and personalizing services to strengthen the deployment framework. Overall, these findings offer researchers a basis for investigating more detailed and specific models within a macro and dispersed framework. Furthermore, it enables market participants to consider the diverse steps involved in establishing such systems in their respective fields and estimate potential outcomes.

Illegal cross-border trade, contrary to the country's laws and regulations, is called goods smuggling, which disrupts the country's economic policies. Due to the fact that resistance economy is an essential need for our country, it is necessary to prepare a local model to fight and prevent the smuggling of goods, which was done in this research using a quantitative-qualitative method. Out of all the police personnel fighting against goods and currency smuggling in Bushehr province, 10 people agreed to cooperate with the researcher in the interview section and 100 people in the questionnaire section. After the interview, the desired factors were identified and ranked by scoring in the questionnaire section, which finally led to the preparation of a model for combating and preventing goods smuggling. The main factors including five factors 1-economic, 2-executive, 3-technical, 4-legal and 5-judicial-security were determined. Each main factor has 5 sub-factors, which was designed as a model with a total of 25 sub-factors, and it is hoped that with its full implementation, the general policies of resistance economy with the approach of border dwellers' rights will be realized.

Nursing is a complex word of medical sciences Failure to design appropriate and quality educational programs will cause irreparable damage to the health of the community, the academic credibility of the university and the graduates. The aim of this study was to provide a model for improving the evaluation of nursing education in Islamic Azad University.

The research method in this article is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and first based on the qualitative method and specifically based on the grounded theory method and by conducting 21 interviews with subject experts who were selected by purposive sampling method, to extract and present a model In order to improve the evaluation of nursing education, and then in the quanitative stage, by compiling a researcher-made questionnaire based on the indicators of the qualitative stage 200 members of the Strategic Islamic Azad University Council, faculty members and nursing instructors of Nursing and Midwifery of the Islamic Azad University Faculty were selected by Cluster sampling that was appropriate to the size of the clusters (according to Klein's law).The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach's alpha and its face validity was assessed using expert opinions and the construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis to determine the dimensions of the model.

Findings obtained in the qualitative section showed that the dimensions of improving the evaluation of nursing education in the units of Islamic Azad University include 6 dimensions; Improving the evaluation of nursing education (central phenomenon), causal conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, intervening factors and results and consequences and 17 components in Islamic Azad University. 

A model was presented to improve the evaluation of nursing education in the units of Islamic Azad University and the desirability and degree of appropriateness of the model was found to be appropriate and with 95% confidence Approved by experts.

Respect for the rights of the accused during the trial is a requirement for the administration of judicial justice, and this principle is reflected in national and international law; Therefore, the defense rights of the accused are guaranteed in various stages of the investigation of an accusation, in international regulations, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and in the domestic arena in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of the present study is to study the effects and consequences of denial and the right to silence in the criminal process and international documents that the effects and results of denial and the right to silence. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical. The results of the present investigation are as follows: In transnational documents, the right of the accused to remain silent is an issue that specifies the duty or non-duty of the judicial authorities and its scope in informing the accused to remain silent in the face of charges. Also, the principle of innocence as one of the principles governing criminal law and criminal proceedings that is deeply related to the protection of individual rights and freedoms in society, but regardless of this recognition in international instruments and domestic law, first of all, our jurisprudence coincides with It is not a legislative policy and there is a long way from theory to practice in institutionalizing the principle of innocence and its effects in criminal proceedings. It is a punishment.

The fight against smuggling is a necessity to support the country's production capacity. In order to implement the goals of the resistance economy, it is necessary to identify the legal problems in this area and provide suggestions for solving them. This research is a documentary-analytical-descriptive method that seeks to answer the question that from a legal point of view is the reason for the complete failure in the fight against smuggling of goods. It was concluded that there is no legally necessary infrastructure for the full implementation of the laws in this area. In most border provinces, smuggling of goods is the only source of income for the people of those areas, and according to the verses of several principles of the constitution that require the government to provide decent jobs and a prosperous life for citizens and the government has not yet fully implemented these principles. Also, according to the rules of Islamic human rights, such as tolerance, they should be tolerated in order to preserve the only source of income for these citizens. On the other hand, some legal provisions, such as the regulations for the entry of goods by seafarers, are not applicable due to lack of technical infrastructure and full coordination between anti-trafficking units, and it is necessary that the executive Take various actions and then prioritize employment-generating projects in the border areas and at the same time create a job opportunity for these citizens and fight against the smuggling of goods.

While referring to some verses of the Holy Koran, the sacred legislator sets retaliation as a punishment for the premeditated murder, through which not only the other people get warned, but also the murdered, who has performed a wicked deed with an evil intention and motive, bringing about horror and agitation in the society, would receive a punishment. However, since the main harmed person in this crime does not exist, the right of performing retaliation is given to the avenger of blood. But the question is that if the murdered has some debts that his heirlooms do not suffice to pay them, do the avengers of blood still have the authority to perform retaliation against the murderer or not? In this regard there is a controversy among jurists. Relying on the verse "…he who is unfairly murdered, we have made his avenger of blood king…" and on the fact that retaliation is the right of the avenger of blood, some jurists believe that avengers of blood can retaliate the murderer without undertaking the debts of the murdered. But relying on Abu Basir's narrative, some others believe that avengers of blood cannot perform retaliation against the murderer without undertaking the debts of the murdered,

Although nursing education in Iran has a positive growth and trend, but it faces challenges that the existence of these challenges makes it more important to pay attention to evaluation. The aim of this study was to provide a model for improving the evaluation of nursing education in nursing units of Islamic Azad University.

The present study was a qualitative study conducted using the Foundationchr('39')s data method. Participants in this study were based on the rule and principle of theoretical saturation who were selected by targeted sampling. The data collection method was semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed using three-step coding and a comparative method of Strauss and Corbin.

The dimensions of the model of improving nursing education evaluation in Islamic Azad Universities were identified in 6 dimensions, including "central phenomenon", "causal conditions", "contextual conditions",  "strategies", "intervening factors" and " outcomes". The tools and methods of evaluation were the central phenomenon. Faculty members, educational facilities, student conditions, and the universitychr('39')s organizational structure were the causal factors influencing the central phenomenon. The educational system, legal contexts, social factors and the labor market were considered as the contextual conditions. Interventional factors included organizational and motivation. Strategies included human resource development management and the application of successful assessment models, and the end result of the research was to improve the status of nursing education.

There are countless requirements for the effectiveness of nursing assessment. Providing these conditions can improve the effectiveness of current assessment by policymakers

Human collective life throughout history required the existence of appropriate technology. The human need to have comfort and convenience, communication tools, as well as curiosity and a sense of diversity, have been the main motivations in moving towards the world of technology. The development of the knowledge of electromagnetics, which dominates private life and family centers today, does not only lead to electric power, but also to the use of lasers in medical and military affairs, roads and bombers, the spread of radio and telecommunication waves and radiation, antennas, masts and mobile phones, use of satellites, jammers, electric wires and cables, use in household appliances such as microwaves, use of hardware peripherals such as: computers, disks, memory cards and ... is used in the contemporary world. Although the technologies resulting from this knowledge led to improvements in the contemporary world, the rapid and unbalanced growth of the structure of the electromagnetic space, the imperceptibility of damages, the lack of proper supervision of the prevailing security for this type of technology and the specialization of the achievements of this knowledge lead to a suitable platform. and became dangerous for the occurrence of material and mental damages, but people's knowledge of the laws and instructions can lead to the prevention of possible damages. In this article, while mentioning some of the disadvantages of electromagnetic technologies from the perspective of some researchers, the level of people's awareness of the damages And the laws about the waves have been measured through a questionnaire.

Nowadays, one of the most common issues among scholars, espe ci a l ly lawyers and criminologists, is the issue of child criminality and how to deal with it and the ways of deviant in society. Since the causes and reasons of crime among children are different from those of adults and on the other hand, this class of society is more psychologically and so ci ally sensitive and more vulnerable than others, so a method should be adopted according to the conditions and situation of these people.This method, known as criminal policy for children and adolescents, is of great importance. Having a crim in al and penal policy appropriate to the circumstances of minors and adol esc ents can h elp civil society to advance one of its goals, which is to prevent future crimes. Therefore, criminal policy on children exposed to diversion sho uld be a preventive criminal policy in order to take legal steps to protect children at risk of crime and victimization. Given the imp ort a n c e of this topic, this descriptive-analytical study examines the criminal policy of protecting children exposed to distortion in inte rn a ti onal documents and in Iranian criminal law.

One of the main issues in the field of social sciences and especially in sociology is the discussion of the incidence of urban crime, especially in the suburbs. Factors such as psychological, social, biological and environmental factors play a role in causing such crimes. Among social and psychological factors, relative deprivation is one of the variables that is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of relative deprivation in crime in the suburbs of Bushehr.

This research is an applied research in terms of purpose. It is also in the category of correlational research in terms of nature and method, and because it is done in a certain time interval, it is cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population of the present study includes 50,000 people who live in the suburbs of Bushehr.

The results of the present study showed a positive and significant relationship between relative deprivation and crime in the suburbs of Bushehr. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of relative deprivation and crime in the suburbs of Bushehr. The results of regression analysis showed that all dimensions of relative deprivation have a significant effect on the incidence of crime. Based on the calculated beta level, the residence dimension with the beta rate (0.385) had the highest share in crimes and the insecurity dimension had the lowest effect in urban crimes

The aim of this study was to compare personality traits, lifestyle and emotional maturity among married men and women working in the oil company in 1397-98. The research design is causal-comparative. For this purpose, 60 employees (30 females and 30 males) were selected by convenience sampling method. (2003) In two groups, the findings were analyzed through multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was no difference between men and women in emotional maturity, but in the lifestyle component, men received high scores in this component, indicating that they have a healthier lifestyle than women. Also, in female personality traits, higher scores were obtained in the component of neuroticism, agreement and men scored higher in extraversion, and there was no difference between the two gender groups in the components of openness to experience and responsibility.

In recent years, the issue of smuggling of goods and ways to deal with them have always been among the most important economic challenges in the main program of the country's economy and have been on the agenda of governments. This has been a problem for the country's economy for many years, but in recent years it has become more important due to the escalation of widespread problems in domestic production and job creation for the active workforce, especially the educated.

This research is a library type and the method of collecting information through fish collection, and collecting information from existing books, treatises and research.

Results and findings of research: 

The negative consequences of trafficking on the national economy raise the need to identify the causes of trafficking. In the case of trafficking, why is it always raised, and the question is, what factors affect the size of trafficking? And what are the effects of smuggling? This will be addressed in this article.

Kish Island is one of the important and strategic islands of the Persian Gulf. A study of the historical background of this island indicates that its geographical conditions, natural features, and linkingstatus played some roles in increasing its population and turning it into an important harbor and dockyard. Because of being located on the commercial route of northern ports, Kish Island was always the focus of attention of local and regional rulers. Following Siraf’s losing its lure and luster, Kish Island managed to obtain a noteworthy place among other coastal territories of the Indian Ocean. However, the roles of Bani Qaysar rulers, Atabaks of Fars, and Tayyebi family cannot be ignored in promoting the commercial prosperity of this island. The present paper explores the economic status of Kish Island during the interval between the decline of Siraf and prosperity of Hormuz Island (5th-8thcenturies AH).

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the family support, friends support and others support on the academic Performance with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy, academic resilience and academic engagement. This descriptive correlational study was performed on students of Payam Noor University of Bojnourd. 500 students who were selected through multi stage stratified random sampling method completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, the Academic Resilience Inventory and the Schoolwork Engagement Inventory. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and path analysis in SPSSV19 and AMOSV20 software. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between all of variables in model. Also results of path analysis showed that family support and friends support had a significant role in predicting academic performance either directly or indirectly with the mediation of academic self-efficacy, academic resilience and academic engagement. The direct effect of others support on academic performance was not significant. But this variable also had a significant effect in predicting academic performance with the mediation of other variables. In general, the research findings showed that family support, friends support, academic self-efficacy, academic resilience and academic engagement play a determining role in predicting academic performance. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, it is recommended that the necessary measures be taken to increase social support, academic self-efficacy, academic resilience and academic engagement in order to enhance the academic performance of students.

Green spaces and parks are one of the factors affecting the social sustainability of cities, which are essential for the survival of cities. But factors such as inappropriate location, safety and security problems, and ... cause dissatisfaction with users and, consequently, reduced use of such spaces. One of the most important factors affecting the quality of parks is security. For this purpose, the present study has been carried out to survey the environmental safety of the parks in Bushehr.

Research method:

The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The number of questionnaires was obtained through the Cochran formula 150. And spss has been used to analyze the data from the software. For this purpose, single sample t test was used.Conclusions and

According to the results of a single sample t test, it can be concluded that the Park of Bushehr in terms of overall security index (total below the sense of safety and lack of security) is higher than the Test Value (Average), as well as a significant level of 99%. Therefore, the parks of the city of Boushehr have a good sense of security.

Given the frequent references of authors to the commercial and political significance of Jiroft and its desirable features in various Islamic periods, different routes must have branched from this city for the departure and arrival of tradesmen’s caravans. The Jiroft-Hormuz route was probably one of the most important of such routes. Unfortunately, in spite of the significance and fame that it enjoyed during its own time, it has not received much attention from the historians, researchers, and archeologists of Islamic periods. In the past, Jiroft was considered to be one of the major trade centers of Iran connecting the Southeast of the country to its central and southern regions. It was also connected to the Persian Gulf through its famous waterfront, Hormuz. The caravan route of Jiroft to the Port of Hormuz was one of the important routes of the early to middle Islamic centuries, and the distribution of several cultural elements along this route demonstrates its significance and splendor in the state of Kerman. The main reason for the importance of this route was its supreme commercial value as it connected Jiroft as an important urban center, which was linked to the Southeast of Iran, to Hormuz, which was an important commercial port at that time. The present study aimed to examine the route connecting Jiroft to the Port of Hormuz up to Maghun district and determine its true value. In doing so, while employing a historical approach, the authors explored a number of historical and geographical sources, archeological reports, and the findings of methodical archeological studies in Jiroft, Cheshmeh Shah, and Kalatak Boluk. The findings of this study indicate that the Jiroft-Hormuz route passed through Cheshmeh Shah, Boluk, and Faryab, which were culturally linked with each other, and then reached the Port of Hormuz. The studies carried out on the pottery found in archeological investigations revealed that the mentioned regions enjoyed prosperity during the Islamic middle periods, particularly in the Seljuk era, but lost their affluence in later periods.

The main purpose of this study is to derive the price of American put option, when the interest rate follows a stochastic process. For this purpose, first underlying asset model is expanded to CIR stochastic interest rate model. Then, the problem of American option pricing under CIR stochastic interest rate model is formulated as a two-dimensional linear complementarity problem (LCP). We propose a two-cycle componentwise splitting method for solving this two-dimensional LCP. In this method, the two-dimensional LCP, obtained for the valuation of an American option, is decomposed into six one-dimensional LCPs in several fractional time steps, and then each LCP is solved numerically in two steps. So that in the first step, the tridiagonal systems of equations are solved, and then in the second step (update step), the obtained values of option prices are modified and updated according to the conditions of the American option pricing problem. Finally, the numerical results obtained by splitting introduced method are compared with the Monte Carlo simulation results.