مسعود کثیری

Humans are the central subject in history and have made history and civilization. Although both humans and animals have the power of imagination, the power of human imagination is armed with the power of thinking, and a human is a creature whose talents and powers are perfected only in collective life. The primary purpose of this research is to explain and compare the definition of the human being from the viewpoint of Western physicians of Islamic civilization. Other purposes include investigating Greek philosophy's influence on Islamic civilization physicians' viewpoints in their definition of human. In this study, the documentary and library method has been used to examine books and articles. Based on the findings of this study, physicians considered man to be composed of body and soul and always believed in the influence and connection of soul and body to each other. Physicians thought that the rational soul is the critical distinguishable factor between animals and humans as the chosen creatures of God. Physicians of Western Islamic civilization, including Ibn Rushed, were more strongly influenced by Aristotle.

With the beginning of modernism and its spread among Iranian society during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many institutions of Iranian society changed. These institutions, which have historically been formed with the participation of the institution of tradition and religion, have been threatened by modern concepts. This threat, in many cases, led to a confrontation between tradition and modernism.

Method and Research Design: 

One of the most influential institutions of the Iranian society was the institution of health, which was formed based on a combination of temperament medicine, folk medicine and with a religious color and smell, throughout history. After the arrival of modernism in Iran, this powerful social institution was severely exposed to the effects of new scientific insights and many of its beliefs were questioned.This research, relying on one of the concepts of medical sociology under the title of "medicalization", has analyzed this confrontation.

 It has also examined the impact of medicalization on religion in Iran. The results of this research show that, for several decades, the cultural atmosphere of the society was influenced by health concepts. In the process of medicalization, the institution of religion handed over many areas of social influence to the institution of medicine.

The Village Culture House was one of the institutions that was established during the Pahlavi period, under the supervision of the Ministry of Agrarian Reform and Rural Cooperation, to improve the living standards of the villagers, improve the country and strengthen the sense of social responsibility in most cities of Iran. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of the village culture house during the Pahlavi period during the years 1968-1978 AD. It focuses on the villages of Isfahan. This research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary sources, seeks to answer the question, what was the function of Isfahan Rural Culture House and in which evaluation committee was it more successful? The findings of the research indicate that this institution was effective in improving the living standards of the villagers by forming committees in cultural, social, educational and sports fields in the villages of Isfahan. However, compared to other committees, the physical education and healthy recreation committee, in order to provide the necessary facilities and infrastructure, discovered and nurtured the sports talent of the villagers and was able to win many honors in various sports fields.

Folk medicine in the Safavid period was influenced by several epistemological, cultural and social contexts. On the one hand, the long-lasting established historical, intellectual and cultural traits established the status of the Iranian society of the Safavid era as a pre-modern society. On the other hand, the occurrence of some political, social and cultural changes in this period influenced the cultural situation, the system of beliefs, worldviews, norms and actions of the social classes in the context of everyday life. These two major components directly and indirectly affected the state of folk medicine in this period. It is hypothesized that the folk medicine of the Safavid period is affected by some factors, such as the mythic nature of the society, reliance on pre-modern cosmology, the predominance of foreign sciences and approaches based on astrology, the spread of superstition and also the structural state of science. Using an analytical approach, the author tries to explain which of the epistemological, cultural and social factors highly affected the folk medicine in the Safavid era?

There is extensive research in the field of women's medicine in the works of Muslim scholars and scholars, which is the result of their extensive experience in this field. During the third to ninth centuries, the timeframe of the study in question, Muslim monks devoted detailed sections of their medical books to the subject of obstetrics and gynecology and sometimes wrote independent treatises on this subject. Accordingly, the present study aims at exploring the effects of Muslim physicians during the third to ninth centuries on their progress in the field of women's menstrual diseases.

: In this review and library study, the views and opinions of some Muslim doctors and practitioners during the third and ninth centuries AH using their books and medical records on the causes and methods of treatment of women's menstrual diseases from a diagnostic point of view And therapeutic, were evaluated. To analyze and compare information available with other researchers, Women's Uterine Diseases, Menstrual Diseases, Gynecological Diseases, Islamic Medicine, Muslim Doctrine, Databases, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex, UpToDate, Google Scholar Search and Scientific Documentation Summarized.

This study shows that Muslim physicians have presented diverse and applicable theories and views on the symptoms and treatment of women's menstrual diseases  And recounts the surgical and medication procedures performed depending on the type of menstrual period women have And so, by introducing the important achievements of ancient Islamic medicine, some of the great history of this knowledge will be introduced to Muslim practitioners who are hereditary in order to provide grounds for restoring scientific and epistemic self-belief.

Innovation and creativity of Muslim physicians' treatment methods to cure women's uterine diseases in the period under discussion, and especially the causes and treatment of women's menstrual diseases, show that Muslim physicians, by thoroughly explaining and examining women's diseases, are appropriate and useful ways to remedy this. Diseases have been reported, and have been prescribed by arbitration, nutrition and suppository methods.

Persian medicine is based on the philosophical-empirical view of the four elements, their qualities and their manifestation in the human body's physiological structure in the form of Akhlat. In Persian medicine, knowledge is a well-written collection with a scientific style and method based on humoral medicine and clinical evidence principles. Part of the measures related to clothing and fabrics for their protective role in protecting the human body against climatic and natural factors has been written in Persian medical texts.

This research method is a descriptive-analytical study based on library resources and has tried to explain Persian physicians' various opinions about clothing and its types, preventive considerations and its benefits for the treatment of diseases and improve health.

Ethical Considerations:

 Honesty and fidelity were observed in presenting the report and publishing the materials.

By examining Iranian medicine texts, different clothing types and their benefits were determined. Different types of clothing were used for different seasons of the year. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to raise awareness of the diversity of clothing and fabrics to maintain human health and wellness by examining Iranian medicine texts.

According to the findings, it can be said that human health depends on the correct choice of clothing by climatic and natural conditions.

The complexity of the social and political situation in Iran after the constitutional era led to the emergence of local governments and the weakness of the central government. With the famine of the last years of the last century, riots and insecurities intensified. One of these events that took place in the ruling region of Thalas (Golpayegan, Khansar and Khomein) was the revolt of Agha Mirza Mohammad Mehdi (Seqat-alEslam Shahidi). His disobedience has created insecurity in the region for years. He was eventually defeated by government forces and executed along with a number of his comrades. This research uses surviving documents, references to books and articles written in the field of local history, references to documents in the National Archives and Library of Iran, references to documents in the library and document center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, as well as interviews with local characters. An attempt has been made to find out the background of the Shahidi family through library and field methods and the reasons for his disobedience to the government of Tehran; Also find out the reasons for his execution. The results of this study show that - contrary to the narrations narrated by Azam al-Wazarah - the local wars had nothing to do with political issues and revolutionary events. These incidents were just a personal dispute between the clergy over the endowed lands and material interests.

The health of the Iranian people was poor before the establishment of the Pahlavi government. The people of the villages and towns were not in good health, and in the villages and suburbs, the situation was far more worrying. With the beginning of the first Pahlavi regime, the government created laws in the society with the aim of creating public health in order to increase the population and provide sufficient labor force. One of the reasons for the decrease in Iran’s population was the existence of infectious diseases in cities and villages. These included sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea. One of the causes can be considered the phenomenon of prostitution and insufficient supervision in the health of prostitutes. Neglecting to pay attention to the health of prostitutes led to the spread of gonorrhea and syphilis .among the people In the Pahlavi period - with the enactment of some laws - work was done to address the disease and to observe the health of prostitutes and prostitutes. This article tries to examine the government’s performance in promoting the health of prostitutes and preventing the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea, using the documents available in Iran.

The folk medicine of the Safavid period was influenced by a kind of pervasiveness of sanctity that arose from a pervasive political-social-cultural process. At the same time, this sanctity influenced medical beliefs and behaviors aimed at preventing / treating social classes And fueled a range of therapeutic-preventive actions in its popular form. In fact, what happened, or was somewhat reinforced and spread, was that a set of human phenomena, human artifacts, and natural affairs were labeled sacred, and this gave rise to the therapeutic / medical notion of these phenomena. It strengthened the popular beliefs of the people.

The method of this research is based on the study of libraries and the study of original manuscripts and ancient medical books in order to reflect descriptively-analytically, the contexts of the prosperity of sanctity in the Safavid era and the relationship between folk medicine and this phenomenon.

The pervasive socio-political process of the Safavid period led to the formation of a set of demands, needs and medical problems and issues related to prevention and treatment in accordance with this sacred set, and folk medicine in deep connection with Put a culture of belief and sanctimonious beliefs.

Honesty and fidelity were observed in the analysis, reporting and publication of materials.

The results showed that the pervasive sanctity in the Safavid period, encouraged a set of medical practices and popular behaviors and beliefs around the two axes of prevention and treatment and highlighted it as a norm or popular medical behavior.

Persian Medicine, based on its own philosophy and principles, is a set of theoretical and practical sciences that have been used by Iranian scholars in different ages to maintain health and prevent and cure the diseases. Iranians have had a significant impact on the evolution of ancient medicine compared to other medical schools. So much has been added to this knowledge by the Iranian physicians by obtaining medical knowledge from the Oriental and Western scholars. Many articles have been written about Iranian theoretical and practical medicine so far. But, Persian medicine is not in the position of a known "school" such as Greek, Chinese, and Indian schools of medicine. It seems that Persian medicine has been a successor to other medical civilizations; however, no satisfactory definition of the school of Persian medicine and its characteristics has been provided so far.

 This research has introduced and identified the most important features of the School of Persian Medicine. Its aim is to study the characteristics of Persian medicine as a medical school.

Persian medicine is one of the influential schools of medical knowledge. With its independent elements, it has had a high position in flourishing of science in the ancient world. According to historical evidence, medicine has been transferred from Iran to Greece. Based on the common characteristics of different scientific schools, the most important elements of Persian medicine are philosophical background, medical education, scientific clinical method, pioneers, and medical works.

Considering the results of this research which had a descriptive-analytical approach, it can be said that Persian medicine has the characteristics of an independent medical school.

Background and Purpose:

Materia medicas are herbal, animal or mineral substances that are used individually for treatment of disease as well as applying as components of compound drugs.
One of the first manuscripts in Islamic lands which has devoted to the subject of Materia medica is the book “Materia medica” written by Dioscorides in 1 AD. It was translated into Arabic in the 3’rd century and most recently was written as the Mohit Azam by Hakim Azam Khan in the 13th century.
Due to the importance of the subject of Materia medicas, studies have been carried out so far, but no one has introduced a plurality of material medicas during the 3’rd to 13’th centuries in the realm of Islamic lands. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to collect bibliographic and content information on works of abstraction from 3’rd to 13’th century.
 
Methods and Materials:

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted through a quantitative research method and by searching the catalogs and electronic sources to find out the authored works in the mentioned period. Then the prominent and distinguished works were studied according to specific criteria, selected individually and substantially.

During these 10 centuries, 192 manuscripts have been written in the field of Materia medica. Among them and based on specified aspects, 31 manuscripts were identified as prominent ones, 21 of which were Materia medicas; 6 in Materia medica and Qarabadin together, and 4 in the medical Encyclopedias that have been devoted to Materia medica besides other medical subjects.

Evaluation of these manuscripts demonstrates that political, social, and cultural changes in the realm of Islamic lands have not stopped the process of authorship of Materia medicas books. Although with varying quantities, this process has continued for the past 10 centuries.

ʿIlm al-Mawāqīt (determination of the times) which used for determination the time of five prayers, finding the Qibla and sighting the cresent Moon was considered by Andulasian astronomers since the late of Almohad Caliphate and Banī Naṣr era and we can see Muwaqqits, a professional astronomers associated with a religious institution whose primary responsibility was the regulation of the times of prayer, in the government apparatus. This article seeks to study the reasons why ʿIlm al-Mawāqīt has become more popular than other branches of astronomy in Andulasia? The findings of this research show that atleast three reasons have main role: the support of Almohad caliphs for the closeness of institution of religion and astronomy, the departure of other astronmers from Andulasia and the superiority of jurisprudential thought and jurists in Andulasia

In this research, the views and initiatives of Muslim physicians during the 3rd-9th centuries of Hurghada have been investigated on surgical methods and treatment of uterine diseases in women. In order to overview the history of surgical role in the development of medical knowledge Muslims will be aware of some of the common uterine diseases of women and infertility and ways to treat them from the Islamic perspective.

The method of this research was based on library study and review of old medical manuscripts and books, To conduct a descriptive review study of the views and opinions of Islamic physicians and surgical methods of uterine diseases of women from their perspective. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trust in reporting and publishing were respected.

This study shows that Muslim doctors, in addition to prescribing medicines for the treatment of uterine diseases of women and other diseases, also use surgical and surgical techniques such as: Czutting, fissuring, veining, cupping and burning to cure diseases. The womb was used by women.

The innovation and creativity of Muslim doctors for the treatment of women's uterine diseases in the course of the discussion, and in particular the role of surgery in their treatment, shows that Muslim doctors, with a detailed description of the diseases of women, provide appropriate and useful therapies for the treatment of these diseases and used surgical procedures as needed to minimize the outcome for the patient.

Baths have therapeutic functions in Iranian medicine.. This paper, using descriptive-analytical method and using authoritative sources, sought to answer the fundamental question of what therapeutic function of the bathroom was. The findings also suggest that baths have been used in two areas of prevention and treatment of the disease. What this research emphasizes is that the bath and its various methods improve the health of people. Baths are used to treat various illnesses including fever, gynecological diseases, eye diseases, stroke treatment, and so on. A look at the results of this study shows that Iranian physicians believed that the bathroom had a special place in the field of prevention and preservation of the balance of the womb as well as in the field of treatment

Scientometric studies can help the researchers to trace the dynamics and life of a scientific filed and contribution and position of each country and see the whole picture of the structure of that scientific filed. This study aimed to investigate the trend of scientific productions on traditional medicine in the world and contribution of Iran to this area in Scopus database.

This study was conducted through scientometric method. The research population was all scientific documents published on traditional medicine in Scopus database in a ten-year period as of 2007 to 2016. The documents in Scopus were searched by an appropriate search strategy using title, abstracts and keywords. Retrieved information was analyzed by Excel software.

23260 documents on traditional medicine have been indexed in Scopus during the time period studied here. 159 countries have contributed to the science production in this area and Iran was ranked sixth with 1253 documents (%38.5). The number of articles published from Iran has been increasing and has increased from 27 titles in 2007 to 264 titles in 2016. The position of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in science production was significant and this university was one of the top universities and institutes producing science in this area. The articles on traditional medicine from Iran have been published in 159 journals. Only 21 journals have published more than 10 titles from Iran, out of which 3 journals are among the 20 top journals.

This study showed that Iran’s contribution to the world scientific productions on traditional medicine has dramatically grown in an increasing trend in recent 10 years. However, what is important is addressing the quality of these documents. Publishing articles in the top journals on this area and international cooperation with researchers from other countries can increase the chances for receiving a citation, which is one of the most important indicators of quality.

Background and Purpose:

The role of nutrition in traditional medicine and medical history shows its special status in preserving and, in case of illness, restoring health. One of the appropriate and healthy meals in traditional Iranian tablecloth is Âbgušt (broth). Âbgušt (Arabic: ماءاللحم) is also one of the traditional medicines in Persian medicine used for curing the patients. This meal is used in traditional medicine both as food and medicine. Iranian scholars have written about its significance and nutritional value in separate articles and theses. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the ideas of various experts regarding the method of cooking different types of chicken meat and its role in preserving and restoring the health of the body. In this regard, as a sample, some parts of the book of Faqid al-Muqalata (Without Fallacy) is introduced and explained.

Methods and Materials:

The study was conducted via the library research method. Investigating those medical books of the Islamic period which consider medicinal aspects of Âbgušt, the manuscript of Faqid al-Muqalata (Without Fallacy) was introduced.

The research was conducted via a descriptive-analytical method and with a review of the Persian medicine sources in Islam and Iran, especially the independent book of Faqid al-Muqalata (Without Fallacy). Results of this study showed how many Iranian physicians have emphasized the role of different types of Âbgušt in preserving health and curing illnesses.  

In this study, the microstructure in different regions of dissimilar welding sections of type 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) to type A517 high-strength quenched and tempered (QTLA) steel was investigated using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The joints were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding by two types of filler metals including ER309LMo and ER2209. The metallographic analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the weld metals were completely free of common destructive phases and no trace of sigma phase and chromium nitride was found. The ER309LMo weld metal has austenitic with lathy ferrite microstructure and ER2209 weld metal sample has an austenitic continues networks in the matrix of primary ferrite. The studies by SEM from joint interface of A517 side revealed, in both welding samples, the unmixed zone formed and in the case of ER309LMo addition to this zone, a decarburization layer is also visible. HAZ of 2205 steel is non-width and with coarse primary ferrite grains and this region in A517 steel side has been width and with not-tempered martensite microstructure.The ER309LMo and ER2209 weld metal’s hardness respectively were about 240 and 300 vickers.

In the present study, dissimilar joints welding of Incoloy 825 superalloy / 316L austenitic stainless steel by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were investigated. In Inconel 625 weldment, dendretic microstructure was seen where cell-dendretic microstructure was found in base metal. There was no solidification crack in structure. In weldment/base metal interface, grain growth was seen in all of them except in 316L base metal/weldment 308L.Improved mechanical properties of weldment were attained by using of Inconel 625 welding wire.

Surface alloying by TIG process, is one of the techniques to improve the surface properties of the steels. This method can be conducted without changing the substrate properties. Alloying is carried out by adding certain alloying elements before or during surface melting. In this study, Surface alloying is done using nickel and Tungsten Carbide reinforcement particles, and by gas Tungsten arc welding process on steel St52. Surface melting was conducted with applied current of 130 mA and the effect of increasing the percentage of WC powder on surface hardening of the samples were evaluated. The range of increasing hardness the coatings made between 225 to 680 Vickers was measured and the amount hardness of the uncoated sample is about 180 Vickers. Infrastructure assessment of worn surfaces was performed by scanning electron microscopy SEM. Typical abrasion resistance was evaluated by means of reciprocating wear machine. The results of wear surfaces showed that by increasing the amount of WC reinforcement particles, the matrix strength against changing the form is increased, and eventually causes to improve the wear resistance of the samples. The wear test results showed that with increasing percentages of Tungsten Carbide reinforcement particles up to 80%, the amount of weight loss were significantly reduced, and the wear rate of the samples decreases up to 100 ⁄ .

Friction-stir welding process is a novel method of solid state welding, which produces heat due to friction between the pin, the shoulder and the workpiece. This heat causes a paste area. Shoulder pressure and pin spin cause edges integration and lead to welding. In this study, firstly, the feasibility of welding of steel sheet (EN10130) with a thickness of 1.5mm has been tested by 58 experiments. After making perfect welds, the ranges of 500-1000 RPM and 30-160 mm/min were selected as the suitable upper and lower levels, respectively, for rotational speed and linear speed. To achieve a maximum tensile strength, 29 tests were designed by using the Box-Benken method considering specified levels of the parameters. Then, the response surface methodology was used for optimization of the parameters. Results showed that the optimal outputs and experimental data were in good agreement, which indicate the adequacy of the design of experiments and optimization predict results. Micro-hardness tests, metallography and normal tensile test were carried out on three series of plates produced with the most appropriate tensile strength and elongation. Results showed that heat-affected zone weaked the sheet of advancing side compared to other welding zones.

Obstetrics and Gynecology as one of the most important branches of modern medicine¡ enjoys a thousand-year history of the views of scientists and physicians of various civilizations of India¡ Greece¡ Iran and other nations. This field of study from ancient times¡ has been considered as one of the oldest professions in the world¡ dating back to the length of human life. Obstetrics and Gynecology¡ as an academic discipline¡ not only is related to the birth or pregnancy¡ but has also been playing an important role in the treatment of women. According to historical resources¡ Islamic medicine is indebted to Greece and Rome¡ and many works of Islamic medicine root in Greek schools. It should be borne in mind that Greek medicine owes its turn to Mesopotamia¡ Egypt¡ Persia and India¡ respectively. In the Islamic period¡ based on Islamic law¡ specific instructions for the survival of human life¡ the importance of marriage and family formation and physical health of men and women are taken to a formal program. Many works in the field of midwifery and gynecology at the beginning of the Islamic period have been developed which are determined by examining the physicians of Islamic civilization¡ also known as the majority of uterine diseases. Dystocia¡ infertility and other diseases were treated among women such physicians theoretically¡ have written treatises on midwifery and gynecology¡ or at least chapters of their books were dedicated to issues. The present study is aimed at surveying Muslim Physician’s views on the etiology and treatment plans for Uterus diseases. The dominant presupposition serves the fact that Muslim physicians were knowledgeable about such problems¡ and provided convenient clinical remedies to cure them. The analytic-descriptive nature of this study has taken advantage of library documents to describe various treatment plans and explain their diversities in managing Uterus-related issues. The study proceeds to conclude that most Muslim physicians agreed with each other on surgical and medicinal techniques to manage Uterus-related diseases; they did not believe in superstition or magic though.

Joining of titanium alloys to other materials especially steels has attracted much attention in recent years due to the exceptional properties of titanium such as excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties and its increasing application in various industries. According to the Fe-Ti binary phase diagram, these two elements do not have complete solubility. This leads to difficulties during fusion welding of these two alloy. One of the best methods for joining dissimilar alloys is brazing. In this research, the metallurgical and mechanical properties of brazing lap joints of steel to commercially pure titanium using a commercial filler metal (BAg-8) made under different time and temperature conditions were investigated. The study of the microstructure interface shows the formation of a chemical layer close to the titanium side of the joint, while no chemical compounds were created on the steel side. A coarse structure is formed at the interface between the steel and silver solder alloy. The observed coarse grain structure is related to the grain growth along with recrystallization in the steel substrate at high temperatures. Analysis of the joints was carried out by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements. The results show that with increasing temperature, as well as brazing time, the average shear strength decreases due to the increased thickness of the intermediate layer.

The invasion of Iran by Mongols in 1217 AD had a profound impact on different aspects of social life, in which some aspects still exist and are undeniable.
One of these aspects is Mongol’s folk medicine. A review of Iranian folk medicine in Qajar period shows how medicine in this period which was a mixture of oral culture and religious beliefs was influenced by Mongol’s folk medicine.
By comparing Mongol’s medicine and Iranian traditional medicine in Qajar period, this article elaborates on how Iranian traditional medicine was influenced by Mongols

Free convection flow in an enclosure filled with a congealing melt leads to the product with a nonuniform structure involving large grains. The convective flows are decreased by applying an appropriate magnetic field, obtaining uniform and small grain structures. In this work, using the finite volume method, we investigated the application of a magnetic field to the convective heat transfer and temperature fields in steady and laminar flows of melted gallium in an annulus between two horizontal cylinders. The inner and outer walls of the annulus are hot and cold, respectively. Moreover, the effect of the magnetic field on the flow and temperature distribution has been investigated. The influence of the variation of other parameters including the Rayleigh number and the angle of the magnetic field on the flow and temperature field also have been studied. It has been revealed that on changing the field angle to the horizon, the Nusselt number (Nu) is increased, which is of importance in a specific range of Hartmann numbers. Also with increasing the Rayleigh number, the change in Nu with the magnetic field intensity does not occur.