معصومه کاظمی

Surprise is a phenomenon that all systems face with different natures and levels, and in many cases it can endanger its survival. Surprise is a cognitive state that occurs as a result of unexpected events, and due to having characteristics such as high acceleration and cognitive inconsistency, it can disrupt the decision-making mechanism. The aim of this research is to provide a model to understand the phenomenon of surprise. The current research is a type of basic research with a qualitative approach and using foundation data theory. Based on this, 35 in-depth interviews with specialists and experts in different fields were conducted in the field of how surprises occur and after analyzing the data; The number of 6215 open codes, 200 components and 30 subcategories were identified and finally modeled using the foundation's data theorizing paradigm model. The results show that three categories of capability-oriented, intention-oriented and environment-oriented components are among the causal conditions that explain the phenomenon of surprise. The components of space-time and substrate-speed are among the background conditions, and the components of the outer layer and uncertainty are also among the intervening conditions. Based on this, the main strategies for understanding surprise include the use of systemic thinking in regard to causal conditions and the use of strategic intelligence, which can lead to consequences such as identifying weak signs and processing scenarios related to system behavior, and as a result, reducing surprise from rare events. .

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the concepts of leadership and responsibility are reflected in primary school textbooks.

This study make use of a descriptive and content analysis type using "Shannon Entropy". The population includes all the books of the elementary school, the statistical sample of this research includes the books we read in the six grades of the elementary school in the year 2008-2019. The research tool was checklist and questionnaire. The unit of content analysis in this research is all the text of books, activities, pictures and questions directly or indirectly (their meaning) about each of the components of leadership and responsibility; is stated Then, the books to be read in the elementary school were studied deeply and purposefully, and the sentences containing the components and sub-components or having a concept similar to them were recorded. After collecting statistical samples, they were summarized, coded and categorized and finally processed. In this process, abundance distribution tables for each set of books and content units were counted and analyzed with Shannon's entropy method.

The results showed that in the read books, after interpreting the data based on the obtained importance coefficient; In the content of the textbooks, let's read the moral-cultural dimension with the importance coefficient (0.206) in the first place, social-political and environmental dimensions (0.201) in the second place and the legal dimension with the importance coefficient (0.195). ) has assigned the lowest priority among other dimensions of responsibility.

It can be concluded that the coefficient of importance of the dimensions of leadership and responsibility in textbooks are not the same.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation in improving the anxiety components of women with chest pain.
The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group, and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with chest pain in Karaj city in 2021. using a purposeful sampling method, 60 patients with chest pain in Shahid Rajaei Hospital were selected and randomly assigned into three groups autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation training, and control group. Autogenic training was provided in twelve 90-minute sessions, and progressive muscle relaxation intervention was administered in eight 2-hour sessions. Beck's (1988) anxiety questionnaires, Tylor & Cox (1998) revised anxiety sensitivity, and Rapee, et al (1996) perception of anxiety control was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis and post hoc test methods.
The results showed that autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation alone have been effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, anxiety sensitivity and perception of anxiety control and autogenic training was more effective in improving anxiety components compared to progressive muscle relaxation (p<0.05).
Considering the greater effectiveness of autogenic training on the anxiety components, it is suggested that relevant experts use this intervention to reduce the anxiety of patients with chest pain.

The aim of present study was comparison of the effectiveness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation on pain and cardiac enzymes in women with chest pain.

The current research was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with chest pain in Karaj city in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful and 60 patients with chest pain were selected in Shahid Rajaei Karaj Hospital and were placed in three groups: autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation treatment and control group. Autogenic training consisted of 12 sessions for 90 minutes and progressive muscle relaxation intervention included 8 sessions for 2 hours. To evaluate research variables MC Gill pain intensity and pain catastrophizing were used. Troponin and creatinine phosphokinase kit (CPK-MB) were used to measure cardiac enzymes. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis and post hoc test.

The results showed that progressive muscle relaxation is more effective in reducing pain compared to autogenic training (P<0/05) and there was no significant difference between autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation on cardiac enzymes (P<0/05).

Considering the greater effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation on pain reduction, it is suggested that relevant experts use progressive muscle relaxation to reduce the pain intensity of patients with chest pain.

The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables and driving forces affecting the future of the water issue in the city of Isfahan and to compile the scenarios facing the city of Isfahan in the water issue. The current research method as an applied research and using the critical uncertainties approach has presented the future scenarios of water in Isfahan. To collect data, the method of library studies and expert panels has been used. Using the opinion of experts, 20 key factors in the form of five drivers, i.e. 1. The price of water, 2. Investing in new technologies, 3. Water policies, 4. urban population and 5. Water infrastructures were categorized. In the next stage, the two drivers of water policies and investment in new technologies as critical uncertainties were the basis for compiling the scenarios of Isfahan City in the field of water, and finally, four scenarios were compiled. The first scenario of the battle for the last sip narrates the situation in which Isfahan will face a severe drought; The second scenario, there is water but little, shows a situation where water policies are forward-looking and do not ignore long-term challenges, but technology is left out as a solution to solve problems in this area; The third scenario is water, but for the rich, it is a bipolar story about access to water; And the fourth scenario of green Isfahan describes a situation that city managers and officials, taking into account the potential of new technologies in the optimal management of water consumption and by adopting forward-looking policies, realize a green city that is favourable to different sections of the society. The results show that drivers and scenarios show that the most important factors determining the future water situation in Isfahan City are not environmental factors, but factors related to human decisions

The main purpose of this study was to examine the evaluation of effectiveness in short–term training courses of the students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 1390 according to Kirkpatrick model.                                                     

A quasi-experimental, the sample in this study consisted of students serving in the Education Unit, Faculties of Medical Sciences University in the two groups (trained, 60) control group (untrained, n = 60) have been studied. Members of the matched sample of job experience, job duties, hours of training, course selection have been studied. The main tool for data collection was a questionnaire based on Kirkpatrick Model.

The results showed that the implementation of short - term training courses on the increase of knowledge, improvement of attitude and increase of skills of the students of the students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences was effective.

The results of this study showed that trained students in four levels of reaction, learning, behavior, and outcomes than non-trained staff has positive result

Responsibility is one of the important cultural and social goals of education, which is also emphasized in the teachings of Islam. The important goal of education for educating future generations is to institutionalize the responsibility of individuals to fulfill various responsibilities in their lives in the dimensions of society, family and themselves. The main purpose of this study is to design and validate the optimal model of student responsibility in the elementary school curriculum. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of mixed method is exploratory type, which was used to design the desired model, qualitative method and to validate the proposed model, quantitative method was used. The statistical population for the design of the desired model, the background of internal and external research, theoretical foundations, global experiences and existing models in the field of research, as well as semi-structured interviews with 15 curriculum planning specialists and for the validation of the desired model, consisting of curriculum planning specialists with criteria such as The PhD degree had practical experience as well as writing articles and books in the field of research. Theoretical sampling was purposive and criterion-oriented.The data collection tool was a questionnaire to design the desired model using the Acker model and to validate the proposed model. The method of analysis of the results was descriptive-analytical inference and the synthesis research method and one-sample t-test were used. Based on the face-to-face interview of the target persons, according to the ten elements of Aker from the results of the face-to-face interview, open coding, central coding, selective coding was done, and qualitative content analysis according to Aker's theory with conclusions and obtaining responsibility components based on theoretical foundations. , written and research background was obtained. Then, according to the ten elements of Ekr, synthesis research was done. Finally, the findings show that the ideal model of the responsibility curriculum based on the theoretical foundations and the curriculum consists of three dimensions (social, ethical, legal, environmental and political), main categories (cognitive, emotional, creativity and skill), and the ten elements of Ekr, which according to the experts and curriculum planning experts, the results of the T-test exam of the internal validity evaluation samples of the designed model showed that the opinion of the experts is related to the evaluation with the level of meaning It has a value of 0.001 and at the alpha level of 0.01 it was significantly higher than the average level (P < 0.01), it was recognized as valid. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to design a suitable model for the students' responsibility curriculum in such a way that its components have the necessary interaction with each other, and the said model can provide the necessary practical results at the time of implementation, and finally, by validating the model proposed by the experts, showed that according to the curriculum model, especially in the curriculum of students' responsibility, there is a logical connection between the studied areas and the elements of the curriculum.

Nowadays, one of the main concerns of architects and urban designers is environmental crises and high energy consumption in buildings, especially in metropolitan areas (specifically in Tehran city). According to other research conducted on all land uses, residential buildings have higher energy consumption than other building types, which indicates the importance of efficiency and management of energy consumption in residential buildings and shows the significance of providing solutions for this concern. Therefore, academic education in sustainable architecture strategies and principles requires a revision for implementation of these strategies by architects and designers. Since environmental crises are still a marginal field in academic architecture courses, the issue of sustainability has been included in the curriculum as a single course. Regarding the abovementioned issues, this study aims to investigate the position of university education in sustainable architecture in universities and higher education institutions, as well as the effectiveness of residential buildings designed in Tehran city based on sustainability principles.

This research is a kind of applied research. In terms of methodology, it combines descriptive-analytical research and survey research methods. In this research, the researcher describes the real and regular objective characteristics of the study. This research is comprised of two main parts: qualitative and quantitative parts. In the first part, the qualitative part, the theoretical foundations of the research are studied. In order to obtain the desired results in this research, the information is collected through bibliographic studies. Questionnaires were given to twenty students and professors of architecture. In the questionnaire, the position and role of sustainable architecture education in universities were investigated based on three main components (quality of indoor environment, innovation in design, and community). Smartpls2 software was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and the Friedman test in Spss software was used to prioritize the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was also used to determine the normality or abnormality of the data.

The priority of the variable components regarding the position of academic education in sustainable architecture was reported in order of importance using the Friedman test. Based on the findings, the order of importance for the component variables is “community”, “design innovation”, and the “indoor quality” components, respectively. Regarding the “community” component, the items of “increasing awareness for young architects and graduates to implement sustainable architectural solutions” and “providing incentive policies by officials and superiors (providing financial facilities)” were the most and least important items. Then, amongst the items of “design innovation” components, “using heating and cooling systems with the least energy consumption” was ranked as the most important item. Finally, regarding the “indoor quality” component, “thermal, visual, psychological, and health comfort” items received the highest scores.

Based on the research results, it can be acknowledged that academic education in the field of sustainable architecture has been effective to some extent for the students. The sustainable architecture course introduces the environmental crises and explains the need to use sustainable architecture solutions in buildings. Therefore, effective measures have been taken to use materials compatible with the climate and heating and cooling systems with low energy consumption in the building. However, residential building design and implementing active solutions to reduce energy consumption remain the primary concern. Relying on active solutions for reducing energy consumption in sustainable architecture, such as using revolving windows, photovoltaic panels, etc., must be accentuated. Finally, the quality of the interior environment in the design of residential buildings, which is one of the important criteria of sustainable architecture, was the least considered item in designing sustainable residential buildings. In order to improve the effectiveness of this criterion in residential building design, higher authorities can provide incentive policies and special financial facilities to architects and urban planners to improve the quality of the building environment based on sustainable architectural approaches.

Executive functioning behaviors are the cognitive processes necessary for goal-directed behaviors. They include working memory, selective attention, and cognitive flexibility. They have long been a focus within developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive flexibility has emerged as an essential correlate of healthy development both concurrently and longitudinally, making it a critical ability to study early childhood. Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing. Female students with Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), students with Learning Disorders (LDs), and normal students have major differences in neuropsychological functions. However, in previous research, it is unclear which group of children has more problems in working memory, selective attention, and cognitive flexibility than the other group. Understanding these problems provides the basis for designing special education for their dominant problems. This study aimed to compare the neuropsychological functions (selective attention, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) of typical female students with those students with ADHD and LDs.

The research method was causal–comparative. The statistical research population comprised all the female students referred to the counseling center and psychological services of education and learning disorders center in Marand City, Iran. Among this population, 90 female students were recruited and assigned to the LDs group (n=30), the ADHD group (n=30), and the normal group (n=30). They were matched in terms of age, gender, and education level. The subjects were selected by the available sampling method and participated in the research. The inclusion criteria were diagnosis of ADHD and LDs based on the opinion of a clinical psychology expert, not suffering from other psychiatric disorders, not suffering from physical diseases, having consent to participate in the research, and being a girl. The exclusion criterion was the failure to complete the questionnaires. The study data were gathered via Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Grant & Berg, 1948), Stroop Color–Word Computerized Test, and Wechsler Working Memory Test (Wechsler, 1930). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one–way analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Tukey's post hoc test) in SPSS version 20 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed a significant difference in the variable of selective attention between the normal students with the ADHD group (p<0.001) and the LDs group (p<0.05). Also, the normal group was significantly different from the ADHD and LDs groups in the variable of cognitive flexibility in the components of the number of completed classes (p<0.001) and residual errors (p<0.001) and the working memory variable in the components of the memory of forwarding numbers (p<0.001) and memory of inverse numbers (p<0.001). So that the normal group performed better. Also, there was a significant difference between the LDs group and the ADHD group in the cognitive flexibility variable in the number of completed classes (p<0.05) and working memory in the component of memory of inverse numbers (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the difference between the two groups in the variable of selective attention was not significant (p>0.05).

Based on the findings, students with ADHD have more problems with cognitive flexibility and working memory. Therefore, it is suggested to provide special educational interventions to improve their cognitive flexibility and working memory.

The globalization and emergence of multinational corporations and the consequent diversity and characteristics of different individuals, organizational culture and the cohesion of individuals for synergy, has become a major challenge in teamwork. Culture is a particular way of life, interaction, and patterns of behavior that distinguishes it from other groups, and organizational culture is a set of assumptions, beliefs, values, attitudes, thoughts, norms, feelings, actions, and behaviors shared among employees of an organization. The main purpose of this study is to measure the effect of employees' perceptions of different dimensions of organizational culture on job satisfaction and the tendency of employees to leave the service. The research is descriptive and correlational. The sample size of this study is 420 employees of Ardabil Electricity Company who were randomly selected and completed the standardized questionnaire of organizational culture and service leave "Doherty" and "Macintosh" and the standardized questionnaire of job satisfaction "B. land. In order to analyze the data and test the hypotheses, the method of path analysis and structural equation modeling were used. Findings show: There is a significant relationship between some aspects of organizational culture such as organizational climate, organizational formality and dependence on the organization with job satisfaction of employees. Also, there is a significant relationship between the atmosphere of the organization, the formality of the organization and the position of the organization with the tendency of employees to leave the service.

One of the most important goals of future studies is to draw positive images of the future and motivate people in society to change to achieve those images. But these images do not form suddenly, several cultural, social, economic, political, and psychological factors are influential in their formation and as long as the people of the society do not hope for the realization of a better society in line with the images made, they will not take steps to draw and realize them. Positive and optimistic collective images are necessary but not enough to achieve a better situation in the future. We need something beyond merely positive images of the future to ensure movement and commitment to change the current situation for the better, and that is social hope. Social hope is one of the most important future-oriented emotions that should be studied because the health and dynamism of a society depend on the level of hope of most members of that society. At the social level, the more people hope for the transformation of the society, the greater their participation in building the future of that society will be. By this hope, all individual and collective capacities to change future growth and are used together to build a better society. In the meantime, hope has been less studied from a social perspective. Even globally, very few studies have addressed the issue of social hope, and most of the studies conducted are merely philosophical views of hope that have been published in the form of books. The anonymity of social hope as a subject of research on the one hand and the need to address it, especially in the turbulent years that Iranian society is going through, on the other hand, are the main ideas of the present study. This study is a scientific attempt to investigate the problematization of social hope among contemporary Iranian scholars. Also, the irreplaceable importance of hope in futures studies as an interdisciplinary shows the epistemological and methodological aspects of this research.  

The present article is a developmental study carried out in the qualitative research tradition framework using conventional content analysis. In this study, any text or article that directly or indirectly addressed the issue of social hope in Iran and was published as an article, lecture, memo, interview, or news, was collected. The collected texts, including the articles published on the websites, made up between 1200 and 1500 pages of text. These texts were carefully studied and all the sentences, paragraphs, or sections that created a common concept were put together and then conceptualized. In the next stage, the created concepts led to the formation of categories. When naming categories, the ones that are logically most relevant to the data were selected.  

After analyzing the selected sources, 21 key contents were extracted. Finally, 5 main themes or topics were identified after analyzing, merging, and overlapping the original codes: social hope as a shared matter, demystifying of social hope, futures, agency, the duality of good and evil of government.    Social hope is a construct, not a structure, that is, the policy of social hope must produce and reproduce hope as a social construct. The production of hope takes place in languages and discourse worlds. Hence, the idea of social hope must be introduced into the linguistic world of social discourse, politics, and systems of knowledge, especially the discourse of the social sciences. The creation of social hope by sharing individual hopes and creating positive images of the collective future is the most important social task of Futurists. Of course, the capacity of social institutions must also be used to create social hope. A hopeful society includes many institutions that can grow in free space and be a source of social hope by creating a space for dialogue and participation.

Problem Statement: 

The city is a complex system of social and economic interactions between a multitude of human and non-human factors that require new approaches to planning and managing it. Futures studies and foresight are new discourses with an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature which are among collaborative approaches and can create new perspectives on urban management in combination with conventional urban planning.

The main objective of this study was to provide alternative images of the future of Isfahan city in the framework of scenario method.

The present study was an applied research that, by using cross-impact analysis approach, provides scenarios of future of Isfahan. Participants in this study were 21 experts in urban planning and foresight.

By using the library studies and referring to the upstream documents of Isfahan, 22 primary factors influencing the future of Isfahan were identified. From these 22 factors, by using the Mick-Mac software, 7 factors were selected as key factors. These seven factors were summarized in the format of three driving forces as the bases for developing scenarios facing the municipality of Isfahan: technology, urban economics, and the environment. These scenarios were named: «Garden with Wi-Fi», «Isfahan 13 to B13» and «Now we are all fine but don't believe it». The first scenario illustrates the optimistic and utopian scenario, the second scenario the cynical and destructive one, and the third scenario depicts the continuation of the current status.

Innovation: 

Application of Scenario Planning and Participatory Approach as a new approach in Isfahan urban management.

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is not only a major medical problem but also a social and economic problem. According to the results of some studies, Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and labor may play a role in premature rupture of membranes by mechanism of inflammation in the placenta. Considering to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lack of knowledge about of the determinants of premature rupture of membranes, this study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels with premature rupture of membranes.

This case-control study was performed on 200 pregnant women with gestational age of 28-41 weeks who referred to Ardabil Alavi Hospital in 2018. 100 pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes were selected as the case group and 100 pregnant women without rupture of membranes as the control group. Blood samples were taken from both groups to measure serum levels of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D. Demographic information, laboratory data, history and type of maternal delivery were collected. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and Chi-Square and T-tests. P<0/05 was considered statistically significant.

Serum level of vitamin D in the case group was 22/73 ±11/87 nanomoles per liter and in the control group was 25/16 ±12/48 nanomoles per liter; the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p=0/09).

There was no association between maternal vitamin D levels and premature rupture of membranes. Further research with a larger number of samples and complete control of the intervention agents is needed to investigate the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels and the occurrence of premature rupture of membranes.

The quantitative growth of higher education system and consequently medical education in recent years has caused the quality of Important Components in Education, specially the exams with less consideration..

The purpose of this study is “the Identification of effective factors in improving the quality of medical specialty board exams from the perspective of stakeholders”

In order to analyze this descriptive-analytical study, in the first step, three groups of stakeholders including board members, assistants and program managers were asked to give their viewpoints on the factors affecting the quality improvement of the speciality board exam in the four fields studied using a questionnaire.

Based on the results of the study, it was found that the participants rated the impact of organizational, psychological, physical and factors along with the designing of the test questions on improving the quality of the specialty board exams above the average. Moreover in the quantitative analysis, the results in the four fields showed that the highest percentage of difficult questions were related to questions with moderate difficulty and in index of discrimination, questions have appropriate dicriminatin index. Also, the KR20 Reliability test in all four fields have been above 0.8.

The results of this project emphasize more on the influential components that improve the quality of tests which include organizational, psychological , physical and factors along with designing the test questions. Moreover, the participation of all the stakeholders in the survey provides comprehensive findings which may or help improve the holding of the specialty board exam along with the preparation and design of test questions. Keywords: improvement , board examination , stakeholders

nowadays, computer games play an important role on the cognitive and behavioral health of the community. The purpose of this research was to investigate the short-term effects of Flow Free® on the players' neurologic characteristics.

A total of 40 healthy male students aged 20 years and over were randomly divided in the control and experimental groups. All tests were performed before and after the game in experimental group. The tests performed only once in the control group without participating in the game following watching the game. Saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol and alpha amylase levels. Cognitive tests and electro-encephalography were performed. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed ranked test

There was no significant difference between groups in demographic characteristics and pre-intervention measures (same as experimental participant without playing game). Post-tests showed no significant change in control group. In experimental group, PASAT results indicated a significant increase in mental health (P=0.037) and sustained attention (P=0.046); the changes in the concentration of alpha amylase (P=0.009) and salivary cortisol (P=0.01) after the game showed a significant increase compared to the pre-test. Also, an increase in the mean surface of the pattern of stress index (p=0.039) and attention index (P=0.048) were recorded. Post-test measures in experimental group were also significantly different from control group.

Flow Free®, as a stimulant of the central nervous system, imposed increased activity of the stress path and changes in brain signals. As a result, it strengthened the cognitive element of attention in the players after the game.

Strategy scholars have argued that capabilities can influence firm performance through a variety of means and mechanisms. Present study, based on the current state of the pharmaceutical companies and their need for dynamic capabilities, is trying to identify dynamic capabilities that make prospective and pioneering and fulfill their vision in current changing environment. In order to identify these capabilities, the qualitative approach and the Grounded theory approach have been used. In this regard, main capabilities were identified by 12 deep interviews with pharmaceutical industry experts. In the first phase of the study, 42 codes including market scanning, competitor monitoring etc. were extracted from interviews. And in coding phase, the codes obtained from previous step were classified into 13 codes of environmental scanning, creating an intelligent information system, idea generation, new product development, new process development, organizational flexibility, technological flexibility, adaptability, ability to evaluate and apply foreign knowledge, creating a communication network, managerial recognition, strategic decision making and managerial human capital. Finally, the ability to understand the environment, innovation capability, flexibility capability, attractiveness capability, and managerial capability were identified as dynamic capabilities of the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical companies will be able to identify the conditions and changes through the ability to understand the environment and they will be able to provide appropriate response to these conditions by innovation and flexibility capabilities, attractiveness and managerial capabilities.

The overall purpose of this research is to present a model for creativity based on organizational culture and organizational justice among staff of the Education Department of Ajbshir city. The population of the study is all teachers of the first and second elementary schools and the secondary education of Ajbashir city is 550 people. The sample size was 226 people based on Cochran formula and selected by stratified random sampling. The data gathering tool consisted of three questionnaires: Randsip's Creativity Questionnaire (1979), Organizational Culture Questionnaire (2001), and Greenberg's Justice Justice Questionnaire (1987). After assessing validity and reliability, it was provided to the statistical sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the statistical data. Thus, the effect of organizational culture and organizational justice on the creativity of the staff of the Education Department of Ajbshir city was used by Pearson correlation coefficient and regression test with SPss software. To provide a model for creativity, Amos software was used. Results show that justice Organizational and dimensions of distributive justice, procedural justice and the justice of interactions and organizational culture and the dimensions of entrepreneurial culture, participatory culture, mission culture and bureaucratic culture are effective on the creativity of education staff in Ajbashir city. Also, in a simultaneous effect between the dimensions of organizational culture, entrepreneurship culture and organizational justice dimensions, justice affects interpersonal relationships on the creativity of Ajbashir County Education Department staff. And the pattern presented for creativity based on organizational culture and organizational justice indicates that the model is fit and validated

One of the most important goals of future study is to develop knowledge and to conceive a complicated set of possible futures and, as a result, paving the ground to create and to expand the best guidelines to face with confronting challenges. As a result, active and provocative decision making is ideal under such circumstances. Due to its normative nature and its emphasis on desired futures and considering uncertain conditions, back-casting is one of the best approaches to confront such challenges.
Present study is conducted to investigate this approach on growing future study field. In this research, back-casting emergence trend, types of back-casting, steps of back-casting and its functionality are explained and this approach is contemplated. Also, forecasting and visioning methods are briefly reviewed and, ultimately, back-casting is compared with forecasting format as a contrary approach by considering a philosophical view against lack of justification, uncertainty against determinism and teleology against causality. It is also compared with visioning to open a window to conceive differences between back-casting and other techniques as guidance in using such techniques in practice

Background and

In this study, the learners' performance has been developed as a tool for recording learning experiences, documenting the stages of learning and assessment of apprenticeship training, providing appropriate comprehensive coverage, teacher and educational system as well as curriculum modification.

This research is a descriptive study conducted in 1397 in the country. The statistical population of this research is all the experts responsible for higher education in 47 universities. After reviewing the texts and performing a focal group, a preliminary questionnaire was compiled and a sample was taken. The apparent and content validity of the questionnaire was carried out using the opinions of the experts of the Ministry of Health and Health and some managers and educators on the basis of scientific criteria. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha test of 96%.
Findings: The questionnaires were compiled with 17 modules and 205 skills based on the approved curriculum. After the survey, the expected competency level of each skill was obtained. In the Procurator Skills section, a total of 32 trial skills were extracted and the proposed clinical performance was presented in the form of a scoreboard.

The results of the study introduces a valuable tool for evaluating the ability of learners who are interested in evaluating the skills of learners based on modern and up-to-date assessment methods

Acute phase exercises can cause severe morphological damages to skeletal muscles involved in those activities. According to the growing importance of sports supplements, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of L- Arginine supplements on the oxidative and nitrosative stress induced in gastrocnemius muscle acute exercises in rats.

Thirty two male Vistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC); sedentary control with L-Arg treatment (SC Arg); exhaustive exercise (E); and exhaustive exercise with L-Arg treatment (E Arg). E and Eʸ groups performed a 1 hour acute running test, or until exhaustion on a treadmill (16-26 m/min) and Arg and Eʸ groups treated orally with the L-Arg (2% diet, for 30 days). Sampling was performed 1 hour after exercise. Nitric oxide production was evaluated by measuring nitrite formation, using Griess reagent. oxidant-Antioxidant’s ratio was measured as TOS / TAC levels.

Acute exercise decreased NO in (SC Arg), (E) and (E Arg) groups compared to the control group but it was significant change just in (E Arg) group. The antioxidant-oxidant’s balance of TOS / TAC decreased in (E) group compared to the control group. CPK increased in (E), (SC Arg) and (Eʸ) groups compared to the control group (SC). (p≤0.05).

The results of the present study didn’t show existence of oxidative-nitrosative stress and supplementation effect in gastrocnemius muscle 1 h after the acute phase exercise.

Humans in modern societies expose to substantially elevated levels of electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions with different frequencies.The neurobiological effects of EMF have been the subject of debate and intensive research over the past few decades. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of EMF on visual learning and anatomical dimensions of the hippocampus and the prefrontal area (PFA) in male Rhesus monkeys.
In this study, four rhesus monkeys were irradiated by 0.7 microtesla ELF-EMF either at 5 or 30 Hz, 4 h a day, for 30 days. Alterations in visual learning and memory were assessed before and after irradiation phase by using a box designed that cchallenging animals for gaining rewards Also, the monkeys’ brains were scanned by using MRI technique one week before and one week after irradiation. The monkeys were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (10–20 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.2–0.4 mg/kg), and scanned with a 3-Tesla Magnetom, in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes using T2 weight­ed protocol with a slice thickness of 3 mm. The anatomical changes of hippocampus and the prefrontal area (PFA) was measured by volumetric study.
Electromagnetic field exposure at a frequency of 30 Hz reduced the number of correct responses in the learning process and delayed memory formation in the two tested monkeys. While, ELF-EMF at 5 Hz had no effect on the visual learning and memory changes. No anatomical changes were found in the prefrontal area and the hippocampus at both frequencies.
ELF-EMF irradiation at 30 Hz adversely affected visual learning and memory, pprobably through these changes apply through effects on other factors except changes in brain structure and anatomy.

In order to study the allelopathic potential of six medicinal plants Valeriana officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, Melissa officinalis, Juglans regia, Dracocephalum kotschyi on Beta vulgaris and its two important weeds (Convolvolus arvensis and Avena fatua) and also to find a model of natural herbicides, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design. Shoots of B. vulgaris, C. arvensis and A. fatua were sprayed with water extracts (0 and 100 percent) of the allelopathic plants twice in 48h. Two days after spraying, the changes of dry weights, total water content, electrolyte leakage, concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were assessed in the target plants. Results of mean comparisons showed the water extracts of all studies medicinal plants had allelopathic effects on the target plants, but in different degrees. Amongst, D. kotschyi caused to make the least level of MDA (%11.6), H2O2 (%42), electrolyte leakage (%8.5) and the least reduction of total chlorophyll (-%13.1) in B. vulgaris. These values were –in turn- (%32.3, .6 folds, %50 and -%48.4) in C. arvensis and (%34.8, folds, %70.8 and -%56) in A. fatua. Generally, it is concluded that utilization of allelopathic ability of D. kotschyi would be a promising model to produce natural herbicide for sugar beet farms.