مقالات رزومه دکتر جهانگیر فقهی

The Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii) is one of the most important bony fish speciesof the Caspian Sea and has high conservation and commercial value. There were decreasingtrends in its catch levels in the last years. Identifying temporal trends of its catch could helpadopt proper plans to maintain the stocks of this important species and achieve sustainableexploitation goals. In the present study, we conducted a time-series analysis for catch data ofthe species over a decadal period.

The commercial catch data of Caspian Kutum, over the seine netfishing points of the northern coastal regions of Iran during catch seasons 2002/03 to 2011/12,were used as catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPUE). A 5-point moving average of CPUE was used todistinguish the fishing points as optimum (with normalized CPUEs ≥ 0.6) and non-optimum(with normalized CPUEs < 0.6) fishing locations. Time series modeling was conducted usingthe seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model based on seasonal 3-month intervals. The performance and predictive ability of the models were assessed using aset of indices, including Akaike’s information criteria (AIC), Bayesian information criterion(BIC), root mean squared error (RMSE), normalized root mean squared error (nRMSE), meanabsolute error (MAE), normalized mean absolute error (nMAE) and the Pearson correlationcoefficient (r). CPUE trends over the five years of 2013 to 2017 were predicted using the bestfittedSARIMA models.

Five optimum (HR) and six non-optimum ranges (CR) were identifiedover the whole fishing points range (WR). The fitted SARIMA models based on the whole dataof all fishing locations as well as classified optimum and non-optimum ranges of fishinglocations did not have significant non-seasonal autoregressive and moving averagecomponents, indicating no increasing nor decreasing trends for CPUE over the study period,while for some of the ranges of fishing points, there were significant autoregressive and movingaverage components with clear seasonal increasing trends. The overall trend of CPUEs showedmainly an increase from 2002 to 2006, and then after relatively constant levels, there weredecreases from 2009 to 2013. The obtained predictions from the models for data sets havingsudden temporal fluctuations were less accurate. In contrast, higher accuracy levels ofpredictions and trends were observed for fish catch time series with no sudden alterations inCPUE levels over the studied period. Most of the obtained predictions for 2013-2017 similarlypresented stationary fluctuation trends with apparent seasonal increases in CPUEs.

Time-series modeling for R. frisii using the SARIMA method mainly indicatedclear increasing seasonal trends without any general trend of change over the whole fishingpoints. The simplicity of the obtained models considering the obtained seasonal and nonseasonalcomponents could be explained by the short time frame and the low number of datapoints. However, spatial classification of fishing points resulted in more detailed models andhigher recognition potential of them. The findings of this research could lead to a betterunderstanding of the temporal trends in catch levels of Caspian Kutum and use them by fisheriesmanagers to adopt efficient management plans regarding the available stocks of this species inthe future.

In terms of natural structure and geographical location, our land has major constraints on the biological and sustainable production of biological systems, and most of its biomes are forests that naturally have fragile biological systems and, if exploited outside their capability, they are simply exposed to destruction. Therefore, due to the multifunctional nature of forests, it is necessary to assess the environmental impacts of forest management plans. The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate the impacts of forest activities as well as planning to minimize and prevent negative environmental impacts and maximize the positive environmental impacts of the Lirehsara forest management plan using the destruction model approach. In this regard, environmental degradation modeling was performed to determine the environmental impacts of forestry activities in the Mashalak Forest. In this study, compartments were selected as the impact unit. After determining the degradation factors, 14 identified factors were included in the model and the final destruction map was created. The results of the degradation model showed that the study area was divided into four zones of potential development, requiring restoration 1 and 2 and requiring conservation measures. Accordingly, 49.70% of the study area was in degradation class 1 and susceptible to development, 35.15% and 9.78% in degradation class 2 and 3, respectively, in need of restoration and 5.3% in degradation class 5 and in need of protection measures. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that protection measures and further development in the area be prioritized and remedial measures for forest protection should be considered. One of these measures could be the elimination of the destructive factor of the mine and the other non-accumulation of waste in the forest.

Biodiversity is important in human performance and interference in natural environments. Investigation on biodiversity in main forest communities makes the improved management of these valuable ecosystems possible. The aim of this research was the comparison of biodiversity in four major forest communities in Hyrcanian forests.  The four forest communities (i.e., Fagetum, Fageto-Carpinetum, Querco-Carpinetum, Parrotio-Carpinetum) were surveyed by full-callipering method in Patum District of Kheirood forest. Applying the collected data, the biodiversity of them were studied in three levels of trees, shrubs and seedlings. Biodiversity was studied among the mentioned three levels in each association and among the communities separately. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the applied indices (Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Brillouin) in the study area. Also Shannon-Wiener index decreased in order from Querco-Carpinetum to Parrotio-Carpinetum, Fageto-Carpinetum and Fagetum. There was no significant difference among the associations in the biodiversity of shrubs. The diversity of shrub species in the study area is also independent of the diversity of tree species and seedlings. The study of Shannon-Wiener index showed that the studied communities are different from each other in terms of species diversity, which should be considered in the development of management strategies. Finally, it should be noted that in sustainable forest management should be sought to preserve the diversity of plant species and prevent its decline.

Sustainable development and sustainability will be achieved if there is a balance between the human dimension and ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sustainability and resilience of forest ecosystems in the Totshami watershed, which seeks to maintain a balance between the human and ecosystem dimensions. Implementation of this model includes assessing the sustainability and determining the resilience of the basin. ArcGIS software was used to analyze and measure the sustainability of the IUCN method and after the final combination of indicators and criteria to produce the map. Identification of functions of the basin with 54 types of functions and was classified into four major services: provider, regulator, habitat and culture. Based on the research results, the final score was 35 for ecosystem dimensions and 50 for human dimensions. The two main objectives including maximizing the water production and minimizing the annual soil losses, along with responding to local demand, have been achieved in the process of optimizing the functions in this study. According to the projected watershed management operations in the basin, it is expected that the ecosystem sector will reach the desired level of sustainability, and in order for the basin to remain sustainable, the economic and social sections must also be considered, and it can be achieved by taking steps to improve people's living standards. Evaluation of the results of Totshami watershed resilience measurement during indicates low tolerance threshold and flexibility of Zagros forests and the result is a reduction in the resilience of these ecosystems to potential threats and disruptions.

Tourism development in tourism-friendly areas is now one of the ways to reduce poverty, migration and social and economic problems. Ecotourism occupies a special place among the various types of tourism and has grown rapidly over the past two decades. In this study, the recreational potential of the Bamoo National Park and Tang-e-Bostanak (Behesh -e- Gomshodeh) protected area in Fars Province was first assessed using the Makhdoum method and then using Clawson's socio-economic assessment method to assess the recreational needs and demand for these areas . The results of the leisure demand assessment showed that most people choose places with natural attractions for recreation, 63.3% of Bamoo National Park visitors and 71.5% of Behesh -e- Gomshodeh visitors had such an opinion. Access by private car should be provided in these two areas. Spring and summer are the most popular times of the year to visit these areas. The provision of infrastructure facilities in a manner homogeneous with nature is desired by around 90% of the visitors in both areas, and they are willing to pay a fee to provide these services and to increase their facilities and quality, as well Protection and participation in nature conservation and the restoration of natural landscapes is one of the interests of the people in these two areas. In general, it can be concluded that people welcome Ecotourism attractions provided they are accompanied by the provision of services and needs of ecotourists; They also work together to preserve nature.

Forests and the environment play important role in providing income, food, energy, medicines and genetic resources, and a variety of essential materials for the well-being and living conditions of the people and the preservation of culture. In this research, an attempt has been made to elucidate the functions of forests and the environment in Iran and their links to food security and nutrition by reviewing documents and referring to statistics and data of national and international organizations. Direct forest and environment ecosystem services include the sale of wood products, fuel wood or firewood and by-products or   non-wood products. In this study, the statistics related to Iran's forests were briefly pointed out, which include revenues from the harvesting of wood and non-wood products, energy obtained from firewood in cooking for optimal use of food and the direct role of some  non-wood products in direct provision in the food system. Indirect forest and environment ecosystem services play a major role in the “availability” and “stability” components of food systems, including biodiversity, climate change, water regulation and quality, and soil and nutrient cycling conservation. Biodiversity makes production and livelihood systems more resilient to shock and stress including climate change. Climate change and climate diversity threaten the provision of a wide range of important products (timber and         non-timber) and forest environmental services. In this study, while examining the relationship between global environmental changes and food security, the strategies for overcoming the current situation were enumerated.

Tree green space has a remarkable positive effect on neighboring land and building prices mainly due to its shading and aesthetic quality. Yet, this value are often overlooked. This paper aims to estimate the effect of tree green space on building price in Jahanshahr neighborhood of Karaj city. Hedonic pricing method was used to value tree green space. The data on 220 residential real estate transactions in 2016 within study areas were obtained from the state-owned Rahbar informatics services company. Spatial information and characteristics of neighborhood and tree green space were collected using QuickBird satellite image and Arc Gis10/3 software. Tree green space neighboring studied buildings was quantified using the percentage of tree crown cover within different radius window surrounding the properties. Then, the optimal radius providing the highest correlation between tree cover and building prices was used in the hedonic model. The findings showed that the characteristics of building and tree green space have significant effects on per-m2 price of buildings. The optimal radius used to calculate tree cover around residential buildings found to be 300 meters. Price elasticity revealed that every 1% increase in the tree cover raise the per-m2 price by 0.6% at the sample mean. Therefore, tree green space in Jahanshar with average tree cover of 29/4 % raise the per-m2 price of buildings by 17/6 %. The results also showed that a 1% increase in the road distance to closest park reduces the per-m2 price of buildings by 9.1%. Finally, % morexpensive.

Forestry cooperatives are among the few formal institutions to involve local people in natural resource management. Therefore, many efforts have been made to hand over natural resource management to forestry cooperatives. However, there are many issues regarding the success of forestry cooperatives in achieving planned objectives. In the present study, the performance of forestry cooperatives of Kurdistan province in Marivan, Sarvabad, and Sanandaj counties was evaluated. Capacity development scorecards were used to assess cooperatives' performance in four criteria including conservation, restoration and rehabilitation, development, and utilization of forest resources and indices corresponding to each criterion were used based on the forestry plans. The statistical population of the study consisted of the managing directors of six registered forestry cooperatives and experts in charge of cooperatives affairs in the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of the Kurdistan province. Data were collected through field observations and interviews. The results showed that in terms of built capacity, Negel Cooperative was in better condition, and Barghrrou Cooperative was in poor condition. The mean score of conservation, restoration, and development criteria for all cooperatives was close to 1 and 2 for utilization criterion in the level of built capacity. This level indicates that measures are planned to be implemented, however, lack of funding, lack of oversight over implementation, scarcity and inadequacy of budget, temporal actions in initiation years, and limitations of the taken actions, lead to failure in meeting the objectives. Efforts are needed to redefine the cooperative institution and its expected tasks and roles in the field of renewable natural resources management. Hence, responsible organizations need to take more vigorous actions to empower forestry cooperatives.

Height Measurement of all trees in a forest or forest stand is almost impractical. For this reason, today different researchers prefer to estimate the tree height by the relationship between the DBH and height of trees.

In this study, to fitting different statistical models in different stages of forest development, after field inspection, three one hectare sample plots located in different development stages in Beech forest of Kheirud forest, Natural Resources Faculty in Tehran University were selected. Then the DBH of 251 trees have been measured randomly and 80 percent of trees were used for modeling and 20 percent were used to validate 22 regression models. In order to determine the best model for each of development stages, R2, E, MBE and NMPE criteria were used.

The results of this study indicated the suitability of Rational Function and Weibull models in initial stage, Modified Exponential in optimal stage and Gompertz and Richard models in Decay stages.

Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that different regression models doesn’t have the same ability in fitting the data of DBH and height of different forest stands and the same model can’t be used to fit the data of DBH and height of different forest stands.

The northern mountains of Tehran are amongst the most valuable natural ecosystems in Iran, which have been destroyed in recent decades due to improper use of land and land-use changes. Therefore, studies on the land-use changes via spatial occurrence probability maps are necessary to deal with this phenomenon. In the present study land use/land cover of 2000 and 2017 were mapped using Landsat satellite images by supervised classification method and maximum likelihood algorithm for the Kan watershed in the Tehran Province. In order to determine the most important factors affecting land-use change as well as zoning the probability of changes, digital data of biophysical (nine variables) and human (four variables) factors were analyzed in the GIS. Finally, the map of probability of land-use changes was produced by applying logistic regression. Validation of the model was performed using relative operating characteristic, which indicated the high ability of the model to describe the changes and determine the areas prone to changes. The results showed that about 60% of the Kan watershed is classified as highly prone to land-use changes. In those areas, variables such as elevation, aspect, slope, soil depth, average growing season precipitation, and average growing season temperature were identified as the most important factors affecting the land-use changes. Conclusively, the results of this research indicated significant land use/cover changes in the studied area during the recent years, as well as a high occurrence probability of future land-use changes.

The use of land without considering landscape topography and climate of the region, can lead to disastrous consequences, such as erosion, desertification and environmental degradation. The present study aimed to investigate the landscape spatial pattern changes using ecological metrics in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province between 1997 and 2011. After providing the land cover maps in four categories of residential, forest, rangeland, and agriculture, ecological metrics at the class level including class area, edge density, largest patch index, patch density and number of patches were analyzed. The results showed that according to the class area metric in the studied period, the rangeland area decreased compared to the other three land uses. The edge density metric for the four land uses increased, which means increase in the fragmentation of these land uses. According to the largest patch metric, the rangeland has been significantly reduced, indicating the fragmentation of this land use. The patch density metric has increased for all land uses, which is higher for rangeland. Also, the amount of the number of patches metric increased for four land uses, which is more evident for rangeland. In general, based on the findings of this study, rangeland had the highest degree of degradation and fragmentation during the studied period.