دکتر محمد رضا قربانی پارام

Energy is one of the important and effective indicators in the direction of sustainable urban development; Because sustainable development aims to meet human needs and strives to preserve the environment. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the relationship and effects of optimal energy management in different parts of the city. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in the sustainable development of Shiraz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 1,565,572 citizens of Shiraz. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 people. Also, 21 related experts were used for interviews to identify and analyze the factors of reducing energy consumption in Shiraz city. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed as well as the reliability with Cronbach's alpha above 0. 70. The results show that the factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development include 20 indicators, which are in total through factor analysis in 5 categories including urban body and form (39. 05), expansion of urban public services (21. 25), use Renewable energy (10. 92), improvement of social indicators (8. 55) and climate adaptation (7. 25) were recognized. Also, based on the content analysis, reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development has 12 major effects, which using structural equation modeling, this effect is equal to 0. 76. The modeling results show that the most effective reduction of energy consumption on sustainable urban development is related to the improvement of the consumption pattern with a total effect value of 0. 88, followed by environmental protection with an effect of 0. 85, an increase in urban investment resources with an effect of 0. 83, and consumption Optimum energy in the building sector with a total effect of 0. 82.
Extended Abstract

The formation, maintenance and development of a city based on the sustainable development approach requires various indicators. In fact, due to the nature of integration and correlation of various indicators in the sustainable development approach, one cannot hope for the realization of sustainable development in a city except in the shadow of attention and planning based on various economic, social and environmental indicators. In this regard, one of the indicators that has a wide connection with sustainable development and preservation of the environment and various resources is the energy index. Today, with the expansion of population, urbanization and large industries, a large part of energy is consumed in cities. In many cases, the amount of energy consumption in different parts of the city is more than the standard amount, and this issue has created many challenges. Considering the importance of the subject, exploration in various sectors of sustainable urban development and energy consumption is very important and undeniable.
A large part of the sustainable development of Iranian cities can be realized by reducing energy consumption; Because energy and its optimal consumption play an important role in different parts of the development of cities. This impact can be seen in various fields of services, environmental management, urban traffic, construction management and buildings, etc. In this research, the aim is to identify and then analyze the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development, which was investigated in the case of Shiraz. The city of Shiraz has a special geographical, service, tourism and industrial position, and its multiple role-playing causes the effects of reducing energy consumption in the development of this city to be known and the related factors to be identified.

The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included the citizens of Shiraz and experts familiar with the subject. The population of this city was equal to 1565572 people according to the latest statistics available to the researcher and based on the population and housing census of 2015. Based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample was calculated as 384 people and the sampling method was random. A statistical sample of 21 experts was also selected. Data collection methods are in two forms: library (documents) and field (survey). The tools of data collection were questionnaires and interviews. The interview method has been used to identify the factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development and in order to prepare a questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the elite community, and reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha above 0. 70. For analysis, the data are summarized, coded and categorized and finally processed to provide the basis for analyzes and connections between these data in order to answer the questions. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Quantitative methods were used to measure and analyze the data, which included structural equation modeling and factor analysis. In the method of structural equations, based on the drawn model based on theoretical foundations, various indicators have been placed in the model and the effectiveness of each of the resilience indicators has been determined.

The measurement of sustainable urban development indicators through the T-Tech test shows that except for a few employment indicators of citizens with a significance level of 0. 222; Access of citizens to technology and technology with a significance level of 0. 071 and participation of citizens in city management with a significance level of 0. 055, other indicators were significant at a level less than 0. 05 and equal to 0. 000. Examining the significance direction according to the average indicates that sustainable development indicators include quality of life (2. 882), youth employment (2. 078), economic efficiency (2. 291), poverty reduction (2. 289), improvement of lifestyle Life and consumption pattern (2/085), participation of citizens in city management (2/752), use of clean energy (solar and. . ) (2/205), prevention of excessive city growth (2/362) Preservation of historical and cultural monuments (2/057), preventing the destruction of the city's environment (1/966), air pollution management (2/151) and appropriate distribution of uses (2/640) are in a weak state and this Indicators need serious planning. Also, the result shows that the three indicators of citizens' access to technology and technology with an average of 3. 114, citizens' access to appropriate education with an average of 3. 323 and access to appropriate medical and health centers with an average of 3. 625 are in an average situation and In fact, compared to other indicators of sustainable development in Shiraz, they have more suitable conditions.
The results show that the factors for reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development included 20 indicators. At the level of variables, the highest factor loading was related to the building density factor with a value of 0. 926. Also, two factors of using intelligent energy consumption control systems with a factor load of 0. 920 and using wind energy with a factor load of 0. 910 are known in the second and third ranks. These 20 indicators in total through factor analysis in 5 categories including urban body and form (39/05), expansion of urban public services (21/25), use of renewable energy (10/92), improvement of social indicators (55) 8. ) and climate adaptation (7. 25) were categorized.
Also, based on the content analysis, reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development has 12 major effects, which using structural equation modeling, this effect is equal to 0. 76. In total, it can be said that the 12 examined indicators, including the prosperity of production and economic activities, reducing urban pollution, reducing household expenses, improving the quality of urban life, improving the consumption pattern, increasing access to services, reducing greenhouse gases and etc. can be effective in improving sustainable urban development. Examining the effectiveness of 12 indicators in sustainable urban development shows that the total effect value is 0. 76, and in total, the reviewed indicators can explain about 76% of the variance, role-playing and positive effects in the sustainable urban development of Shiraz. According to the results of this model, the most effective is related to the improvement of the consumption pattern with an explanation of 0. 88. The urban environment preservation index has an explanatory power of 0. 85, the increase of investment has an explanatory power of 0. 83, the optimal energy consumption in the building sector has an explanatory power of 0. 82, and the reduction of household expenses also has an explanatory power of 0. 79 in the field of improving sustainable urban development.

 In general, it can be concluded that optimal energy consumption and its reduction can be effective in the sustainable development of Shiraz city, and this influence is realized through different patterns and indicators. Also, the result shows that the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in various economic, social and environmental dimensions show their effectiveness and therefore affect various dimensions of sustainable urban development. Considering these points, the important role of optimizing energy consumption in the development of Shiraz cannot be ignored. In this regard, it is suggested that 1- local (traditional) patterns should be emphasized in order to reduce energy consumption in the buildings of this city in terms of architecture, form, etc. 2- In order to reduce energy consumption in the building sector and achieve sustainable development, it is suggested Incentive schemes for citizens can be strengthened in order to optimize energy consumption. 3- It is suggested that the costs of reducing the optimal energy consumption should be spent in the urban services sector so that citizens can see the results of their optimal consumption in the energy sector. 4- It is suggested that in order to optimize energy consumption and sustainable development of the city Shiraz, the smart infrastructure sector of this city should be upgraded. 5- It is suggested that suitable financial and credit facilities for citizens to use solar energy should be emphasized and planned. 6- It is suggested that the educational dimension related to energy consumption at the level of Shiraz city neighborhoods and in public places. be explained to the citizens.

Comfort is one of the key factors in the desirability and psychological compatibility of architecture. Also, skin refitting processes can guide refitting processes and redefine it. At present, the idea of dynamic proportionality is widely used in architecture, such as adaptation and response, although these concepts seem to be similar to natural patterns, but their similarity to the existing processes of nature remains debatable. In this article, through the descriptive research method, the basics and definitions related to the subject are given, and in the next step, due to the lack of similar experience in studies and researches in the country, by using the comparative research method, all existing and available global experiences are collected. They are collected and categorized, and then some of the best experiences mentioned are explained and finally, the original conclusion of the research is presented. The research results have shown that in adaptive fitment, the possible scenarios for fitment ability define the fitting criteria of a building and the designer develops a specific strategy (change/transition/change/adaptation) to optimize these criteria. According to the findings of this research, the possible and future-oriented scenarios regarding the building envelope can be grouped into two categories: changing needs and patterns, the 6 main factors of psychological adaptation and thermal comfort in architecture in the adaptation of the skin and building shells related to the patterns are: 1) the naturalness of the space, 2) expectations, 3) experience, 4) duration of presence, 5) perceptual control, 6) environmental stimulation, 7) culture, 8) visual and aesthetic factors, 9) native and non-native factors. Being and 10) the time factor are the changes that are expanded in various conditions of thermal comfort.

Residence is in the field of typology. Man needs an architecture that reveals his position on the world in order to achieve an existential foothold that fits with things, others and himself. This includes both the direct understanding of what is general and the knowledge of what is detailed. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the role of the physical elements of the yard in order to increase the satisfaction of the residents in eco-oriented housing, which was carried out in the city of Tabriz. The real method is a survey and one of the data collection tools includes library and documentary studies. The face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability have been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. The questionnaire is in the form of a Likert scale. In order to analyze the data through SPSS software and descriptive statistics, the level of satisfaction has been used. The results of the research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the ten criteria such as the percentage of green space in the yard, children's play area, water pond, the direction of the yard, etc. And the indicators related to it have the highest level of satisfaction and importance of the residents. It is suggested that these criteria, which are effective in increasing the satisfaction of the residents of the housing, should also be used in the design of the courtyards of new houses.

The overall goal of international human settlement development programs is to improve the social, economic and quality of life conditions, especially the nature and ecosystem of rural areas. The development and improvement of living conditions in human settlements relies on technical cooperation, attracting the participation of different groups of local people in development projects at different levels of decision-making in human settlements. This approach should be considered as the strategies and principles of the development of human settlements. It is a descriptive analytical research method and a meta-analytical method that refers to the research results by summarizing and analyzing international treaties and using data collection tools based on library studies and documents. The findings of the research show that the following are important: 1. Sustainable and balanced rural development and coordinated with the country's development, with a diversity of economic activities compatible with the rural environment, development of human resources and equipping rural spaces; 2. Taking advantage of the local environmental and natural capabilities of rural areas in order to organize a multi-level service delivery system and reform the rural development planning system, emphasizing on increasing the coordination between different levels of planning and localizing its process; and 3. Optimum use of the capacity of rural environments to preserve and maintain the population in accordance with the regional economy, ecological capabilities and effective and balanced use of the country's scattered basic resources in rural areas.

From the terminological aspect, the term "biophilia" means "loving life or living systems" and was first used by "Eric Fromm" to explain a psychological tendency regarding the "attractiveness of all living things". ", Was used. "Edward Wilson" used this term in a similar sense to describe and justify "mankind's unconscious desire to connect with other elements of life". On the other hand, one of the most important complications of living in today's cities is the "diminished connection with nature" and alienation from natural elements and processes, which has had a special reflection in international studies. , the principles of design based on biophilic architecture have been reviewed and analyzed in design performance to achieve sustainable development goals; For this purpose, first, the most important design issues are examined with this approach and its different patterns are identified, and then, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the identified approaches and patterns of this type of architecture are prioritized. Realization results show that in the three main design approaches based on biophilic architecture, it means (1) the presence of nature in location patterns, (2) the presence of natural analog elements and patterns in the environment, and (3) the fluidity of spatial patterns. Also, patterns of visual interaction with nature and tangible experience with it in architecture have more priority.

The two concepts of "urban sustainability" and "sustainable urban development" are used interchangeably due to the convergence of meanings, while sustainability includes a set of situations that continues over time. That sustainable development evokes a process in which sustainability can appear. Since sustainability in an ecosystem, especially an urban ecosystem, does not happen according to predetermined principles, but a stable and dynamic state occurs in it, that is, in simpler terms, sustainable development in an environment or country by considering Ecological power, human power and financial resources belonging to that natural environment or urban structure can be realized, the necessity of evaluating this concept in every science with a specific field of thought in a territorial territory seems to be a basic and necessary matter. Local scales. The approach of the current research is an analytical and descriptive approach that has used most of the available sources in the context of library and documentary studies and studies conducted in the past years in Iranian landscape architecture and landscape design. The findings of the present research can be considered the principles and components related to the concept of sustainability in landscape architecture in the approach of landscape localization and landscape architecture, which is necessary and at the same time necessary in the process of interventions in the field of planning and designing the current landscape of Iran for Maximum compliance with the environmental components, cultural and social conditions, and the ruling executive and management structure should be given attention.

Today, with the expansion of cities and migration to metropolises, the needs and problems of urbanization are changing day by day. With the increase of the population and their needs, and the transformation of villas into towers and skyscrapers, and due to the multiplicity of units and floors, social interactions in them are distorted and the use of electricity and fossil fuels has increased on the one hand all over the world, due to the existence of problems Because of the excessive consumption of energy and its high economic costs, the use of renewable energy from the sun has become very important to reduce energy consumption.The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a residential tower with solar energy approach in the 22nd district of Tehran. In terms of purpose, it is practical, in terms of analytical descriptive nature, and in terms of data, it is quantitative and qualitative, and energy modeling (simulation) is used. Data collection was done by library and field methods. The results of the current research show energy saving according to the orientation of the building, the volume and overall shape of the building, the placement of internal spaces, the walls of the passage net, shade, the use of the second shell and performing energy calculations.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of biophilic urban planning theory and its effects on the tranquility and environmental security of cities. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through survey method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's coefficient greater than 0.78. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and specialists in the field of urban planning and urban planning, which due to the lack of accurate statistics in this field, the sample size of 100 experts was considered. Analysis of the results showed that the theory of biophilic urban planning in urban design, planning and management has been significantly equal to 0.000 but the average of these indicators confirms 1.81, 2.53 and 2, respectively, that this theory in development The city has not been used. Also, the result of one-sample t-test showed that biophilic urban planning is effective in reducing stress, reducing social pressure, creating psychological security, creating calm, reducing urban crises and reducing social crimes at a significant level of less than 0.05. The greatest impact of biophilic urban planning has been on reducing urban crises with an average of 3.90 and then creating calm with 3.81. The correlation between urban development index and biophilic architecture with tranquility and environmental security is equal to 0.760, which is a direct correlation. In total, the features of urban planning and biophilic architecture are able to explain 76% of the changes in the dependent variable, ie improving peace and security.

Conflict and anxiety are the result of several factors. Architecture can affect some of these factors. There is a direct relationship between people's behavior and ethics with the physical environment and space. Iran's historic buildings with such traditional architecture have such an identity. Traditional Iranian architecture has many components in the field of establishing peace and order for people. One of the styles that has many components in this field is biophilic architecture. Exploration in both fields of architecture (traditional Iranian architecture and biophilic architecture) leads the research to interesting points. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on collecting survey data. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the instrument and the reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's coefficient above 0.70. The statistical population of the research consists of 240 students of architecture of Kashan State University and Azad University. The population size was calculated based on Cochran's formula, 145 people. The result of Friedman test showed that all components were significant at the error level of less than 0.05 and there is a significant difference between the mean of the components and can be ranked. The lowest rank among the influential factors is related to the use of natural ventilation in the building and the highest rank is related to the office building overlooking nature. According to the Chi-square test and frequency, the most important components of peace and security include the office building overlooking nature, creating spaces with privacy for employees, the office building next to natural elements such as the river and the use of plants indoors .

Biophilic architecture is in fact designed and constructed according to nature in ‎mind. Of course, biofilm design does not mean we can make our buildings green ‎with grass and vegetation and simply enhance their attractiveness and beauty using ‎trees and shrubs. Rather, the subject of our discussion is much more than that about ‎the place of humanity in nature as well as the place and place of the natural world in ‎human society. The purpose of this paper is to compare the impact of biofuel ‎architecture on the design of traditional and modern houses (Case Study: Gorgan ‎City). The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in ‎nature. The method of data collection is also documentary and field. One-sample t-‎test was used to evaluate the research questions. The results show that attention is ‎paid to the principles and characteristics of biophilic architecture when designing ‎and executing traditional and modern houses in Gorgan in the following aspects: ‎visual and non-visual relation with nature, unbalanced sensory stimulation, thermal ‎variability and Airflow, scattered light emission, biomorphic patterns and forms, ‎complexity and order, landscape, refuge, etc. have a major impact on improving ‎their quality and consequently increasing their residents' satisfaction. Although ‎these principles are now fully observed in the design of traditional houses in ‎Gorgan, but in the design of modern houses out of the 18 principles outlined, only ‎‎10 principles are visible. That requires follow-up to apply other factors in the design ‎of modern homes‏.‏

Understand the challenges of environmental, social and economic importance of informal settlements stage design of policies and practical solutions for real. The studies in this area should be scientific and rational basis in the light of the current realities of the society have materialized; So that they can be used in the field of infrastructure planning processes and the management of the city; And the effectiveness of measures to improve city management. And process and knowledge process in urbanization is investigated. This research is descriptive-analytic method. The data collection instrument consisted of library studies and documents available benefited. Finally, to clarify the role of the steps, approaches and methods of ethnography in urban studies is described briefly.