مرجان واحدی

In recent years, rural areas have become strategic points for implementing renewable energy projects; Because these areas have a high potential for the establishment of renewable energy facilities and, as a result, sustainable rural development. Despite the fact that political strategies have predicted the positive effects of renewable energy in achieving sustainable rural development, how to achieve this important goal in accordance with the current conditions of different societies, is still an aura of ambiguity. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting the implementation and development of the use of renewable energy in the rural areas of Ilam province. Instrument of data gathering in this quantitative research was a researcher-made questionnaire, which validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and Cronbach's alpha test. The statistical population of this research included all the experts in the field of energy in Ilam province (N=265), and using the sampling table of Bartlett et al., 154 of them were randomly selected as research samples. Data analysis using SPSS software showed that according to the belief of most experts, governance-political, economic-financial, managerial-organizational, social-cultural, educational-promotional, international, technical features, Physical-infrastructural, natural-regional and market conditions play a role at a higher than average level in the implementation and development of the use of renewable energy in the rural areas of Ilam province. The results of this study can play an effective role in changing the pattern of energy production in Ilam province and moving towards sustainable energy development.

Applying green management in government organizations, in addition to creating a model for other sectors, will reduce energy consumption and generate less waste and move towards sustainable development. This study was conducted to investigate the status of green management in the governorate and its affiliated units. The research methodology is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study included Ilam Governor's Office and 11 organizational units under it. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire based on the "Green Office Checklist" and Based on article 38 of the Sixth Economic and Social Development Plan of the country, it was compiled in 9 sections of energy management, water, waste, purchase, procurement, paper, transportation, sound and air. The apparent and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the panel of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by retesting method. Examination of the general status of each of the green management checklists in the organizational units affiliated to Ilam Governorate showed that Status of procurement, paper and air management components are at the highest level of green management (excellent level) and energy, waste, water, transportation, sound and purchasing components are at the good level of green management. The study of the general situation of green management in the organizational units of the Ilam governorate also showed that the governorates of Malekshahi, Abdanan and Ilam are in the highest status of green management. Because the governorate of Ilam at the provincial level and the governorates at the city level have a governing position and how they deal with the components of green management can be modeled for other organizations and enforcement agencies, It is suggested that considering the results of this research, the necessary planning be done for the optimal establishment of green management in all units of the governorate.

Pastures as one of the most important areas of natural resources in our country, play an essential role in achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic poverty and pastures degradation in rural areas of Ilam County. This research, in terms of purpose, was applied and a descriptive-correlation research method was used. The statistical population of this study included all rural households in Ilam County (N=6014) Based on the Cochran formula, 200 of them were selected by using a proportionate stratified random sampling method and studied by a questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and reliability was confirmed through a pilot- test and the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated for each section of the questionnaire (α=0.855). Data analysis was performed by using the SPSS20 software. The survey of the status of poverty components showed that 63 percent of rural people were considered economically and 42 percent socially poor. The results of regression analysis showed that variables of housing status, income status, nutritional status and, psychological and mental conditions have explained 56% of the changes in pasture degradation in rural areas of  Ilam County. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities provide the necessary conditions to improve the living conditions of the villagers in terms of economic and social aspects, to prevent the destruction of pastures in rural areas.

Water-based incidents are natural phenomena that have posed Iran to serious crises. Despite efforts to settle water crises and improve the conditions, we still witness a growing trend of water issues, especially in the agricultural sector in Iran. A necessary step to face water-based incidents and alleviate their implications is to have a deep understanding of resilience dimensions to enhance the tolerance level of the farmers. The present study evaluated farmers’ resilience level in the face of water-based crises in Harsin County. The research, which adopted a descriptive survey methodology, was conducted in 2020. The statistical population was composed of the heads of rural households in four rural districts of the county, amounting to about 6000 people. The sample size was determined to be 361 farmers based on Morgan’s table. The measurement instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and professionals and its reliability was confirmed for all sections as their Cronbach’s alpha was estimated at >0.8. SPSS was used for data analysis and Expert Choice was used for pairwise comparisons. Based on the results of the pairwise comparisons, infrastructural resilience to drought has the highest level of importance in the concept of resilience. According to the results of the study, the resilience level was evaluated to be relatively low in all studied rural districts, and the difference in the level of resilience among the studied villages is significant. Also, farmers with irrigated farming have a higher level of resilience than farmers with rainfed farming.

Knowledge-based companies have been considered as the engine of economic development of developing countries. But these companies have not grown significantly in western Iran. The present quantitative research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of effective factors on the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies in western Iran in a descriptive-correlative manner. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts from 45 agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the country, numbering 276 people,. The value of the multiple determination coefficient for the main structural equation 0.79, which indicates that the independent external variables of the research, including educational-research, economic, political-legal, managerial, ideals and participatory factors, have been able to achieve about 0.79 of Predict changes in the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies. The political-legal factor had the first priority and the managerial, participatory, educational-research, economic and ideal factors had the second to sixth ranks, respectively. It is necessary for all organizations in charge of growth and development of agricultural knowledge-based companies to pay serious and fundamental attention to the identified indicators and components. Have agricultural knowledge-based companies in research for development and progress.

The purpose of current applied research was to explain the promotional educational factors affecting the sustainability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products. The research was conducted with a mixed exploratory perspective. The participants of the research in the hierarchical analysis section included 45 experts related to the research topic who were involved in extracting, ranking and weighting the criteria and sub-criteria of sustainable supply chain and determining the importance of educational-extension methods in sustainability of supply chain of healthy agricultural products. Also, in the quantitative section, the statistical population of the study consisted of all farmers participating in training and extension courses related to supply chain management supported by the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ilam Province in 2020 and 2021 years. The sample size was determined using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. Data were collected using a questionnaire and the apparent and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a group of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by the sequential alpha (α = 0.98). The results of hierarchical analysis showed the most important factors for the sustainability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products were economic, social, and environmental factors. Also, Result and Method demonstration method was the most appropriate extension training method for the sustainability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products. Logistic regression analysis revealed that promotional educational factors confirmed 72% of variance of the stability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products.

The general purpose of the present study is to investigate the effective factors on the acceptance of electronic banking. This research used a mixed approach and an exploratory sequential design. In the qualitative part, the statistical population of this research included experts and subject matter specialists in the field of electronic banking. After conducting in-depth interviews with 20 of them, the data was obtained using the Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the 200000 customers of all 30 branches of Keshavarzi Bank in Ilam province, who used electronic banking services at the time of study (2020-2021). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table, the number of samples in the statistical population was set at 384. Sampling was performed based on the stratified random sampling technique. The data collection tool (in the quantitative part) was a questionnaire, the face and content validity of which were confirmed by professors and relevant experts, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0887). Based on the results of the qualitative part, five factors affect the acceptance of electronic banking technology. They include: Understanding the ease of application of the electronic banking technology by the customer; Understanding the usefulness of the application of electronic banking technology by the customer; Social and cultural factors, Specific features of electronic banking technology; and the type of electronic banking services. The results of the quantitative part indicated that based on the fit indexes, the general structure of the research model is approved, and that understanding the ease of application of the electronic banking technology by the customer, understanding the usefulness of the application of electronic banking technology by the customer, Specific features of electronic banking technology, and the type of electronic banking services affect the adoption of electronic banking technology, while social and cultural factors have no effect on the adoption of electronic banking technology.

This research aims to investigate the lived experience of non-formal education sector activists of non-compliance of technical and vocational training and the nature of non-formal educations. And are the skill trainings of the Technical and Vocational Education Organization of the country effective in terms of equipping and providing skilled manpower for the fluctuating labor market? The research method is qualitative which was done in a phenomenological way and based on targeted sampling, 12 non-formal education activists in the technical and vocational education organization of the country were selected and interviewed in-depth. The credibility of the respondent was used to ensure the credibility of the obtained information and to ensure the dependabilit a second researcher was used in the role of observer to focus on the exact stages of the study, goals and research questions. Van Manen (1990) method was used for data analysis. The results showed that using the method, 131 basic descriptive concepts, 14 basic interpretive categories and 2 explanatory categories were obtained. The explanatory categories are the activists' experience of organizational actions and the activists' experience of extra-organizational actions, and finally, this experience of non-formal education activists in the technical and vocational education organization of the country showed that the educational procedure and structure of the organization are largely incompatible with the nature of non-formal education, and the trainings of the organization have little efficiency in terms of equipping skilled and specialized human resources for the unpredictable labor market.

The present study seeks to design and explain a comprehensive model of indicators for improving the productivity of employees of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ilam province by considering ethical variables.

The method of the present study is qualitative and based on grounded theory. The statistical population of the study was human resources and organizational behavior experts in Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ilam province. In-depth interview was used to collect data and the method of data analysis was open, axial and selective coding.

Based on the research findings, causal conditions include: determining the supportive atmosphere and paying attention to the learning organization; The main phenomena include: individual and moral characteristics; Intervention conditions include: internal and external factors, the prevailing context of organizational culture and rules and regulations; The main strategy includes: human resource management actions, competent leaders and individual and ethical skills of human resources and finally the main consequence of this model is the productivity of human resources with emphasis on ethical characteristics.

Organizational productivity is an issue in which the role of ethical principles is very important and should be viewed from a systemic perspective on the issue of human resource productivity in organizations.

Despite the rich literature on entrepreneurial marketing in various texts, the nature of research in the field of cooperative businesses with different cultural and economic burden has undergone major changes and the existing patterns and models of entrepreneurial marketing do not explain well the entrepreneurial marketing methods of these businesses. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the implementation model of strategic entrepreneurial marketing in production cooperatives. This study, in terms of purpose, is considered as an applied research and it is a qualitative research in terms of data collection method. To identify the pattern of strategic entrepreneurial marketing implementation in production cooperatives, 124 articles were reviewed, of which 26 articles were selected for the final analysis using the Critical Assessment Skills Program. In this study, first 298 indicators of strategic entrepreneurial marketing were identified and classified into 46 concepts and 12 categories. Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of the indices. On the basis of the research findings, the main dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing implementation include strategic marketing thinking, intra-organizational factors, strategic planning, target market selection, network of communication-organizational capabilities, entrepreneur-centered marketing strategies, strategic requirements, entrepreneurial requirements, Systematic support for cooperatives management, market entry methods, market research and consumer behavior analysis, and market control and evaluation. Finally, it can be concluded that managers of production cooperatives can use the results of this study to identify new customers and their diverse needs, increase market share and create a competitive advantage.

This research aims to identify the most important damaging factors in the organizational structure of the technical and vocational education organization of the country to determine the drivers affecting the inevitability and necessity of re-engineering the organizational structure of the technical and vocational education organization of the country with a future study approach. In order to collect information, deep interviewing method with 14 non-formal education activists in the country's Technical and Vocational Education Organization was first used and qualitative information was collected and after qualitative analysis of the data by conceptualization and development method Classification and extraction of indicators (harm-causing factors), a researcher-made cross-sectional analysis matrix was designed.  Triangulation method and documentary and library information, direct observation and deep interviewing were used to ensure the reliability of qualitative data. After the first and second phases, the designed questionnaires are provided to the experts and they examine the relationship between the variables in the cross-sectional matrix and the interrelationship between them. Micmac software has been used to analyze the data.

Ecotourism is a sustainable strategy for earning revenues while preserving natural resources. Therefore, this study set out to provide a framework for developing ecotourism in Kermanshah province's target tourism villages using grounded theory. The required data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 20 experts who were selected through snowball sampling. The collected data were then analyzed in Maxqda12 software using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding approach, resulting in 433 codes, 124 concepts, 23 sub-categories, and 6 main categories. The main categories of the model included causal categories (participatory, economic, regional attractions and potentials, policy, social and cultural, managerial, infrastructure, ecotourism services and facilities, and the core category of ecotourism development), intervening categories (economic, managerial, and educational), strategic categories (economic and educational), and consequential categories (positive and negative economic consequences, and social, cultural and environmental consequences) were grouped together in a paradigmatic framework.

this study was conducted with the aim to identify the educational promoter and deterrent affecting the successful management of agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the Iran for development in the summer of 2020; it was done qualitatively and with the method of Grounded theory. In order to identify the components From in-depth solo interviews Used with the Managing Director of knowledge-based agricultural companies in the west of the country (N = 45) Which was obtained after interviews with 21 Managing Director. The selection of Managing Director for the interview was purposeful and judgmental. Data analysis by line-by-line analysis and in the form of conventional content analysis using MAXQDA12 software Leads to the identification of 26 main components In the form of 4 categories of Educational factors In the field of marketing, Cultural, Entrepreneurship And technical-specialized as Promoter. Educational deterrent affecting the successful management of agricultural knowledge-based companies also includes 25 main components in the form of 4 categories Barriers to vocational training were central knowledge, communication and management. The main educational promoters with the highest frequency of repetition by the respondents Establishment of professional research centers to train Managing Director in conducting applied research and training on how to conduct applied research in knowledge-based agricultural companies; Two barriers to the lack of entrepreneurial skills among managing director and lack of knowledge of technologies produced in universities with the highest frequency of repetition were identified as the main obstacles.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social institutions in sustainable agricultural development. . For this purpose, 42 experts, managers and implementers of agricultural projects were selected as the study sample and the required information was collected through questionnaires distributed among them. In order to analyze the data obtained from structural equation modeling, the partial least squares method was used by PLS statistical software and the results of the conceptual model fit indices indicate the appropriate fit of the measurement model, structural and It was a general model of research. All hypotheses related to the factors affecting the sustainable development of agriculture were confirmed. The validity of the research was confirmed using a panel of experts, project implementers, professors and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability, convergent validity and convergent validity. The results showed that causal factors (education-comprehensive planning), central category (economic conditions), intervention factors (policy-judicial-climate), underlying factors (government-infrastructure), strategies (Banking regulations) affect the sustainable development of agriculture (collection of loans), and the productive root of a comprehensive pattern of collection of loans in the agricultural sector is economic factors, based on which farmers' incomes are affected. With the increase of farmers' incomes and coherent planning for the repayment of agricultural loans and the implementation of the necessary and efficient infrastructure by the government, the proper implementation of appropriate methods and methodology for receiving loans in the agricultural sector will be provided.

The purpose of this study was to design an adaptive capacity model of wheat farmers in Mehran city in confronting with particulate matter and its effective factors. The statistical population included wheat farmers in Mehran city including 315 people for 14,500 hectares of wheat lands. The sample size was estimated 173 of wheat farmers using the Cochran formula which increased to 180 to enhance the accuracy of the calculation. The random sampling method was used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Bootstraping technique was used to evaluate the significance of path coefficients. Educational-extension mechanism (path coefficient = 0.446 and t-value = 3.409) and agronomic mechanism (path coefficient = 0.428 and t-value = 2.470) show a significant effect on adaptation to fine dust phenomenon have given. While the effect of managerial mechanism (path coefficient = 0.153 and t-value = 1.391), technical mechanism (path coefficient = 0.118 and t-value = 0.637) in this regard was not significant. Factors such as lack or lack of awareness, education and communication and extension weakness, conducting research without considering the adaptation and needs assessment and not simplifying their results for farmers, not considering the required credit and capital, not paying attention to adaptation to the phenomenon of fine dust. As a necessity, the lack of infrastructure to pave the way for implementation of activities compatible with the phenomenon of fine dust and the disproportionate tariffs for agricultural insurance can play a significant role in the non-significance of these mechanisms. However, the structure of adaptation to the fine dust phenomenon directly and the mechanisms related to it indirectly had very significant and significant effects on the adaptability.

Nomads make a significant contribution to the country's economic prosperity.One of the strategies for achieving job security in nomadic areas is education and extension.This study is conducted with a mixed perspective and with the aim of evaluating the level of learning and examining the impact of agricultural education on employment and livelihood sustainability of Ilam nomads. The qualitative part of the research was done by the basic theory method and the quantitative part was done by the quasi-experimental method.The statistical population in the qualitative section were 24 helpers promoting nomads in Ilam.The sampling method used was snowball and information from nomads was collected through interviews.Findings in the coding process were classified into concepts.The results showed that the factors affecting the sustainability of nomadic livelihood in Ilam province include six components that extension training plays a significant role in this regard.In a quantitative section to evaluate the amount of learning and the effect of education on employment and livelihood sustainability, among 60 nomadic promoters in Ilam, 40 were selected using purposive sampling in 1398,of which 21 in the workshop and another 20control group in the study.A pre-test-post-test questionnaire was used to collect data.The reliability of the test was determined using Cronbach's alpha and its validity was determined using the opinion of the steering committee.For data analysis, spss21 software and Scheff test were used.The results showed that the knowledge and ability of nomads to carry out economic activities before and after the training of medicinal plants production was significantly different.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the success of ICT businesses in Ilam province. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection is a descriptive correlation study. In this research, the factors affecting the success of businesses in technical and vocational education skills are studied from the perspective of six factors: managerial, economic, social and cultural, educational, political, institutional, regional and geographical. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7860 people who had developed their own business in Ilam province. The sample size was estimated 364 using Cochran formula. These samples were selected by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 58 items in the Likert spectrum was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software in two descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 51.2% of the dependent variables explained by the three variables included in the model (economic, managerial and educational factors).

The purpose of this study was to determine the educational needs of farmers in different stages of planting, holding and harvesting organic tomatoes. This research was applied and a quantitative descriptive research method was used. The statistical population of this research included 31 experts and all tomato growers in Dashti Township (N=550). Using proportionate stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran formula, 226 of them were selected as the sample. Research instrument to collect data was questionnaire that its content validity confirmed by an expert panel and convergent validity confirmed by calculating CR= 0.81 and AVE=0.73. Ordinal theta (using R software), was calculated to measure reliability of the questionnaire (Θ =0.75 - 0.82). Educational needs were analyzed based on the Bourich model and the most important needs in organic production were identified. So proper soil management and land preparation under cultivation, identify and eliminate pest breeding areas, and planting new cultivars that are resistant to pests and diseases, were identified as the most important educational needs in two groups of farmers and experts. An agreement was reached between these two groups using the Mann-Whitney test and the results showed that these two groups had the same view on most of the educational need items. Based on the findings of ordinal regression, three variables of education, crop yield and area under cultivation had significant effect on the probability of indicating tomato growers' educational needs. Thus, the more educated and productive farmers are, the higher their sense of need.

The present study was conducted to design a model of ecotourism development in Kermanshah province's target villages by quantitative-qualitative method. Qualitative data analysis was performed using maxqda12 software in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The method sample in the qualitative section was snowball and inclod 20 experts and in the quantitative section by cluster method with the help of Morgan table 384 persons (statistical population 530 thousand) were tourists and 336 persons (statistical population 2678 persons) were heads of households. The research tool was an interview and a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative phase of the research and background. Data analysis using Pls2 and Spss24 software showed that the model of Ecotourism development in the villages under study was appropriate. On the other hand, it was found that all the dimensions of the conceptual model of the research were extracted from the qualitative and literary studies of the research literature in order to measure the factors and had a good function in measuring these concepts. Multiple coefficient of determination for the main structural equation was 85.5%, indicating that the independent extrinsic variables of the study including economic, social and cultural factors, participation, attractions, management, policy making and infrastructure and ecological facilities were able to reach 85.5%. Anticipate the variations of ecological tourism development. Priority economic factor and socio-cultural factor, attractions, ecosystems infrastructure, participatory, managerial and policy making priorities are second to seventh respectively.

The purpose of this applied research was to formulate and apply a framework for assessing the ecosystem of ICT startup businesses in Ilam province using an exploratory mixed methodology. In the first phase, based on the formulations of the focus group and with the participation of 14 ICT key informants, a framework for three levels of ecosystem components, dimensions and indicators, and seven components (policy, finance, culture, support, human capital, market and Environmental attractiveness) was identified. In the second phase, using the AHP method, the importance degree of each dual criterion of the importance and accessibility amount was calculated and then by using the weights obtained, the identified indicators in the first phase, ranked by the using TOPSIS model. Respondents at this phase were also former participants in focus group who were selected among the ICT startup ecosystem stakeholders in Ilam province through purposeful sampling. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the findings of the first phase. Assessing the status of the ICT- based startups ecosystem showed that there is the highest gap in dimensions of the government, insurance and tax, financial capital, cultural role models, support services and startup network

The purpose of this cross-sectional survey research was to investigate the role of micro-credit fund on the economic empowerment of rural women in Chardavol Township, so that, in the planning to achieve this end it will be taken into account. The statistical population of this study was composed of All rural women of rural micro-credit fund (N=70), that they all participated in the study by census method. They validity questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert and to determine the reliability of different parts of the questionnaire Cronbach's alpha (0/7

The main purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of social capital on the success of the fishery cooperatives in Ilam Province. This research, in terms of purpose, was applied and a descriptive-correlational research method was used. The population of this research were all members of the active fishery cooperatives in Ilam province (180 members) that because of limited number of statistical population, all members were studied by census method. The research instrument implemented was a questionnaire that its content validity was confirmed by panel of experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through a pilot- test and Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated (α=0.81). Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistical method (frequency, mean, variance, standard deviation) and inferential statistical method (correlation and multiple regression) with using SPSS software. Findings showed that there was positive and a significant relationship between variables of education level, background of membership, social trust, social awareness, social solidarity, and social participation with dependent variable of success of fishery cooperatives. Also findings of regression analysis showed that variables of membership background, social awareness, education, and social participation could explain % 51 of changes in dependence variable of success of fishery cooperatives.

This research was aimed to identify and prioritize the enterprises related to medicinal plants in Chardavol County. In the present study, due to the nature of the subject, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (Dominant-Less Dominant and two phases Design) was used. In qualitative and quantitative phases, depth interviews and descriptive- survey method were used, respectively. The population of qualitative phase was experts of medicinal plants of which 12 people participated in the research by using purposeful sampling method. In quantitative phase, the population was 84 experts of which 50 people were selected by using simple random sampling and based on Chocran formula as the sample. Questionnaires, designed based on the results of qualitative phase and literature review, were the instrument of data gathering in quantitative phase. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts and the reliability of questionnaire was tested by Cronbach alpha coefficient using SPSS software. Results showed that planting of medicinal plants, business of drying, powder and packing of garlic, business of oil extraction and packing of rapeseed, production of turpentine natural chewing gum, were respectively the most important priority of business of services and production, initial processing, secondary processing and final processing of medicinal herbs.