azita rajabi

Tourism and regional development policies are closely interconnected. Tourism policy, a tool for economic development and job creation, is transforming into a means for regional development and preserving and enhancing regional heritage. In many regions, the tourism industry serves as a major source of economic growth and employment opportunities. Effective tourism development policies can be an effective tool for integrating less developed areas or providing them with equal access to growth benefits. The purpose of this study is to elucidate a sustainable tourism model for regional development in Sari. This research is goal-oriented, practical, and descriptive-analytical. The target population consisted of experts and specialists in the field of tourism in Sari city, with 45 experts selected through purposive cluster sampling. A questionnaire was distributed among these 45 tourism experts to collect data. In examining the economic capacity criterion, one of the variables of sustainable tourism in Sari city, it was found that with an average of 3.28, it is higher than the theoretical median, indicating a favorable situation in Sari city. Additionally, criteria such as infrastructure and environmental conditions, management factors with averages of 3.43 and 3.15 respectively, higher than the theoretical median, exhibit favorable conditions in Sari city. However, criteria like tourism capacity, tourist attractions, service levels, structural factors, and individual factors, with averages of 2.81, 2.83, 2.45, 2.86, and 2.64 respectively, which fall below the theoretical median, reveal weaknesses in Sari city.

In actuality, by utilizing innovative technology and sustainable building materials, green buildings contribute to the reduction of energy consumption and non-renewable resource use. By utilizing solar energy, dynamic air conditioning, efficient thermal insulation, and other sustainable technology, these buildings contribute to lowering air pollution and improving interior air quality. With this kind of management, everyone from independent contributors to construction management material producers achieves a shared goal of lowering environmental harm and boosting energy efficiency. Therefore, the current study's goal is to enhance supply chain management and control's ability to promote cooperation in the construction industry The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practice in terms of purpose. The collection of information in the current research is formed of library and documentary studies and field studies using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the current research includes stakeholders in construction projects such as engineers, builders, owners and investors. In the questionnaire tool, 50 people were randomly selected from among the statistical population as a sample size. After that, the condition of the selected buildings in Babolsar city was investigated using the WASPAS method and their prioritization. The results show that Building number 2 is ranked first, Building No. 3 is ranked second, and Building number 1 is ranked third and also shown that the purpose of creating a supply chain in green buildings is to improve the performance of construction products and services in terms of quality and sustainability.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) represents a significant facet of sustainable urban planning aimed at addressing urban traffic challenges through the strategic expansion of public transportation systems. District 11 within the municipality of Tehran exemplifies a central locality grappling with substantial traffic congestion and a multitude of challenges within its urban transportation network. This study endeavors to scrutinize the prospects of TOD implementation in District 11, with a focus on transforming the prevailing car-centric environment into a more human-centered space. Utilizing TOD indicators as evaluative benchmarks, the study seeks to gauge the district's current status and assess its potential for TOD integration. Employing an applied descriptive research approach, data acquisition via extensive literature review and document examination is conducted. Subsequent analysis is performed utilizing ArcGIS software, with methodologies such as the Kindal coefficient and Analytical Hierarchy Process facilitating data interpretation. Findings indicate a promising foundation for TOD implementation in District 11; however, the current setting lacks the necessary capacity to evolve into a fully-realized TOD hub. Addressing this shortfall necessitates comprehensive alterations in the area's spatial configurations to enable its transition into a robust TOD nucleus. 

The present study aims to investigate the impact of institutional and physical factors on regional development policy-making, with a focus on religious tourism. This research is considered applied, employing a descriptive-analytical method, and utilizing both library-documentary and field data collection methods. The statistical population comprised provincial and county experts as well as senior managers, selected via snowball sampling. A sample size of 30 individuals completed the questionnaire, which demonstrated reliability and validity. The findings revealed that institutional factors positively and significantly influence regional development policy-making concerning religious tourism (path coefficient = 0.223, indicating a moderate level of impact), as do physical factors (path coefficient = 0.565). Moreover, institutional factors positively and significantly impact physical factors (path coefficient = 0.609). The results showed that institutional factors have a positive and significant impact on regional development policy-making with a focus on religious tourism. Additionally, physical factors have a positive and significant impact on regional development policy-making with a focus on religious tourism. On the other hand, institutional factors have a positive and significant impact on physical factors. These results highlight the interplay between institutional and physical factors in shaping regional development policy-making for religious tourism.

The growing trend of globalization and the formation of knowledge-based economy and the increasing importance of the spatial dimension of knowledge production, sharing and use, reinforces the idea that the competitiveness of cities depends on the production, sharing and use of knowledge in the urban economy. Be, has been. As a result, urban areas, which are the main centers for the development of knowledge-based economy, are changing with dynamic processes of spatial and economic restructuring. This research is qualitative in nature, methodological, descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. To collect the required data, the documentary-library study method as well as the statistics of 2016 were used. In this regard, by Delphi method, by purposeful sampling, the views of 30 experts and experts related to the research topic were used to collect quantitative and evaluated data in line with the explanatory variables of the research and to advance the research goals and questions in the form of priorities. Factors of knowledge-based development and intelligent growth in Shiraz metropolis, AHP hierarchical analysis process model in Expert Choice software environment has been used. Based on the results of hierarchical analysis, the effective factors are prioritized according to which the socio-cultural factor with a weight of 0.295 in the first rank, the economic factor with a weight of 0.225 in the second rank, the institutional-managerial factor with a weight of 0.187 in the rank Third and urban environment factor with a weight of 0.156 are in the last rank.

Social sustainability today, as the most important dimension of sustainable development, has an important place in urban planning and its importance in planning is constantly increasing with the increase of social problems and divergence between neighborhoods in terms of performance and participation. Therefore, this requires more research in urban studies. This study was conducted to investigate the role of social participation in the development of social sustainability in neighborhoods. For this purpose, the significance of the significant effect of these two variables has been measured. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection was library and field method. The statistical population of the study consists of a group of experts who were selected by the available method of 20 people as the sample size of the study. Data collection tool is a questionnaire based on theoretical foundations and studies conducted on a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using structural equations with the help of Emus software. The results showed that the social participation of citizens in neighborhoods with a coefficient (beta) of 0.732 has a positive effect on sustainable social development of these neighborhoods and the relationship between these two variables is significant. In other words, sustainable social development will be strengthened by strengthening social participation. And the variables of sense of belonging, satisfaction with the neighborhood, participation in neighborhood activities and trust also have a positive effect on the variables of social participation in neighborhoods.

The expansion of urbanization and the concentration of facilities in metropolitan areas have forced people to live in these cities. However, this increase in population has led to insecurity, unemployment, air pollution, and environmental issues. New cities have been established to solve these problems and to organize the overpopulation. Examining the urban infrastructure of new cities leads to extracting their strengths and weaknesses. More accurate planning should be formed to attract the population and the coefficient of survival in these cities should be higher. Accordingly, in this study, two new cities, Andisheh and Parand, have been studied to measure the level of citizens' satisfaction with urban infrastructure. Explanation of criteria and indicators was extracted through a review of international articles and the level of satisfaction was assessed through a questionnaire (381 items) in each city and field survey. The research method is descriptive-analytical and to examine the indicators, t-test, factor analysis model, and linear regression in Amos software have been statistically analyzed. First, the significance of the indicators was examined and then the factor analysis method was performed and a load of each factor was extracted. Using the linear regression method, the indicators were prioritized in the studied areas. The results show that the level of citizens 'satisfaction with the index andsub-indices of the ecosystem and urban and technical-thematic landscape and inthe city of Andisheh, the index and sub-indices of justice and equality and ecosystem and urban landscape have a higher impact on citizens' satisfaction than other factors. On the other hand, financial-economic, technical-thematic factors, and human development in the new city of Andisheh have the lowest, and access and spatial and institutional formation in the new city of Parand has the lowest level of satisfaction among people. 

A comprehensive theoretical framework can help planners and managers deal with urban problems. On the other hand, looking at the physical dimensions of urban infrastructure shows that the soft dimension of urban infrastructure has been neglected. Therefore, the present article focuses on providing a comprehensive framework of urban infrastructure to take a comprehensive approach to the urban infrastructure for new cities, by considering its various dimensions. The present study has two aims 1- present a comprehensive theoretical framework of urban infrastructure 2- Examining the level of citizens' satisfaction with the state of urban infrastructure in the new cities of Andisheh and Parand.

The purpose is to investigate the residents' level of satisfaction of the two new cities of Parand and Andisheh as indicators of urban infrastructure. In order the level of citizens 'satisfaction, which of the components of urban infrastructure is more relevant and which component in urban infrastructure has a greater impact on residents' satisfaction and can determine the preference for housing in terms of infrastructure, the Factor analysis, and classification of criteria according to the output of the questionnaires was used. Using multivariate linear regression and considering citizens' satisfaction as a dependent variable, the criteria, and indicators obtained from the theoretical framework as independent variables are measured to measure their relationships. First, the questionnaire data is entered into the Amos software, then the variables are extracted using the factor analysis method. There are several fitness indicators to evaluate the fit of the structural equation model.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the level of satisfaction of residents of the two new cities of Andisheh and Parand with urban infrastructure indicators. In order to obtain the level of satisfaction of citizens, which one of the components of urban infrastructure is more related, and which component of urban infrastructure has a greater impact on the satisfaction of residents, and can determine the level of preference for residence in terms of infrastructure.

According to the surveys, in the two new cities of Andisheh and Parand, the criterion of ecosystem and urban landscape is at the highest level of citizens' satisfaction, which should be maintained and improved. On the other hand, in order to increase the level of satisfaction of the residents, the weak points should be given more importance than the strong points. In the new city of Andisheh, the factors of financial-economic, technical-thematic and human development, and in the new city of Parand, the factor of accessibility and spatial and institutional formation is at the lowest level of satisfaction, which requires more attention at different levels of management and planning. The present study explained a comprehensive theoretical framework in the field of identifying urban infrastructure in the new city.

Empowerment is effective in increasing the welfare and improving the livelihood of rural residents. But for various reasons, the role of empowerment of rural residents in planning and policy-making has not been considered. The present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner, has assessed the position of rural empowerment in the economic sustainability of rural settlements. The statistical population of this study is a rural settlement in the central part around the city of Hamedan. From the total statistical population, 50 settlements were randomly selected. Selection of rural settlements using stochastic combined sampling includes relative or stratified sampling. Cochran sampling method was used to generalize the obtained information to the whole statistical population. The sample size is equal to 382 random households. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Kendall Taubi, correlation and path analysis) were used to analyze the data. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between empowerment and economic stability in the villages around the metropolis of Hamadan at the alpha level of 0.01, so that with increasing empowerment of villagers in the studied villages, their economic stability. It also increases, the most general effect of empowerment on access to sales markets (0.551) and the least effect on economic diversity (0.126). Empowerment of villagers in the study area, which has taken place in the form of development programs. It has increased employment in services and increased investment, easy access of villagers to financial and credit services, access to sales markets and non-governmental investments in various fields.

Rasht city, as the only metropolis in Gilan province, has experienced unique conditions compared to its surrounding cities since the beginning of its formation, and has had an increasing tendency towards centralization. The formation of a one-way relationship and the direction of most of the vital and functional flows of the cities of the province towards the city of Rasht has caused isolation and immobility for other residential areas of the province, which seems to increase the scope of the city's activities. Rasht will expand further. This research has examined the areas of centralization in the city of Rasht in three areas: administrative-political centralization, economic-service centralization, and population centralization, and while explaining the most important manifestations and examples of centralization in the above fields; In order to reduce centralism in Rasht city and direct the flows to other places and consequently balance the flow and mutual relations; It has used the new model of regional development strategy (RDS), the regional development strategy with its strategic, community-oriented and flexible thinking is very effective in establishing regional balances because in this model, efforts are made to He looked for benefits, capacities, actions and cooperation of all regions and organized it in the best possible way.

Obviously, although empowerment is effective in changing the way of life of rural residents, but due to various reasons, the role of empowering rural residents has not been taken into consideration in the planning and policies of the country. The current research, in a survey way, deals with the impact of the type of planning in empowering the villagers and finally its effect in the sustainable socio-cultural development of the rural settlements. The statistical population of this research is a rural settlement with residents in the central part of Hamedan city. From all 107 inhabited villages of Hamedan city, 50 settlements were randomly selected. Selection of rural settlements using random composite sampling includes relative or stratified sampling. Cochran's sampling method was used to generalize the obtained information to the entire statistical population. The selected sample size is equal to 382 households randomly. Descriptive and inferential techniques were used to analyze the data. The obtained results show that the current planning approach has not been successful in promoting empowerment indicators in the socio-cultural development of rural settlements. Therefore, the present study suggests the participation and accompaniment of villagers in the process of rural development programs.

Natural and human hazards pose significant challenges in the historic districts of cities, where a lack of awareness, preparation, and social participation among residents can lead to substantial damage. Recognizing the issues arising from such events, attention to social resilience becomes imperative in these areas. Consequently, this research endeavors to explore the indicators of social resilience, aiming to formulate a model specifically tailored for old neighborhoods, with a focus on the Evin neighborhood. The research methodology involves a comprehensive study utilizing both library documents and field data. The statistical population comprises 150 residents of the neighborhood, along with a group of 15 experts selected through the snowball method. Data collected through questionnaires were subjected to analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Shefes post hoc test, and partial least squares (PLS) model. The findings reveal that Evin neighborhood exhibits positive outcomes across various indicators, with an economic index of 304, a physical index of 2.89, an environmental index of 2.88, and a social capital index of 2.84. Factorial and inferential analyses further confirm the favorable status of all social resilience indicators in the neighborhood. Structural equation model analyses highlight the significance of the social capital index, particularly the sub-index of participation and spontaneity, as crucial factors in the social resilience model for old neighborhoods, especially within Evin. Examining other indicators, such as economic, physical-institutional, and environmental factors, indicates their respective contributions to shaping the social resilience model of Evin neighborhood. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of understanding and enhancing social resilience in Tehran's old neighborhoods, with a specific focus on the Evin neighborhood.

In recent decades, the city of Tehran has experienced vast changes in its various levels with the increase in population and various activities and infrastructures related to it, and these human activities and changes in land use on an urban scale lead to an increase in temperature and the formation of urban heat islands. has been This issue has become one of the serious challenges and has occupied the minds of the scientific community. Considering the importance of the topic, the purpose of this research was to model thermal islands according to the environmental factors of Tehran city. The research conducted is based on a quantitative, descriptive-analytical method. First, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images were obtained to calculate the surface temperature of the earth using TM, OLI, TIRS sensors from the United States Earth Science Base, related to the summer season of 2010 and 2021, identification of high-risk and low-risk urban heat island clusters from the global Moran test (spatial Moran autocorrelation) and local Moran (hot spot and cold spot analysis) were performed. After ensuring that the spatial distribution pattern of urban heat island is clustered, high-risk and low-risk clusters of urban heat island were identified. According to the spatial distribution pattern of high-risk and low-risk clusters, the possible influencing factors such as height, slope, direction, solar radiation, traffic density, etc., were investigated and analyzed. In the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the three independent variables of height, vegetation and construction density had the greatest influence in the model.

The logic of security in geopolitics obligates a country with a strategic geopolitical position to create a balance between the national sovereignty and the potential of possible threats. In terms of national border security based on geostrategic policy the threat is always accepted. Iran have probably more right to be present and create a balance in the neighboring region than USA which is adjacent to our territorial waters from a distant continent. If we accept the logic of the superiority of the geopolitical position of Iran's territory over its surrounding regions, we must also accept the necessity of maintaining the security balance. The concern of surrounding countries about the increase in the level of our security and defense capabilities, or the influence of Iran is totally understandable. Such concerns can be controlled and managed with psychological, economic, social, and ultimately political and security methods.  

The purpose of this research is to extract the executive challenges of crisis management and passive defense in Andisheh City.

This research is applied and investigates variables related to causes and challenges of implementing crisis management and passive defense in the city of Andisheh. The data collection was done by mainly library and field studies (interview and observation).

Geographical Context: 

The scope of research in this study is Andisheh City.

Iran's new defense strategy in most of its duration, scope and diversity covers the discourse of deterrent defense. The new city of Andisheh in the southwest of Tehran is crucial because of the presence of important and strategic centers within and around this city. These centers, despite the comprehensive plan and guidelines are at stake due to ignoring the principles of passive defense and crisis management.

The results of the research show that the principles of crisis management and passive defense are not implemented and observed in the city of Andisheh, which is often due to the high cost.

 Rural areas have always been exposed to natural and man-made hazards while they are of special importance due to providing and distribution of countries' food security so that in rural reform projects, the principles of passive defense should be taken into account. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the role of the passive defense principle on rural regeneration plans of suburban areas.

 This is a descriptive-analytical research and practical applied in terms of objectives. Data were collected using questionnaires and library studies and analyzed through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, factor analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and coefficients of variation using SPSS software.

 The factor analysis test showed that the principles of strengthening and securing vital structures and selecting the optimal scale of dispersion and economic justification of projects have the most and least compatible with rural regeneration plans in Fardis village. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that the success of rural regeneration plans in order to achieve the principles of passive defense is evident in the principles of strengthening and securing vital structures. Finally, the results of the variation coefficients and percentage distribution of the items showed a higher percentage of regeneration in the economic, social, environmental, and physical dimensions of most of the items from medium to high ranks.

A prerequisite for the successful regeneration of worn-out rural texture is the integration of sectoral approaches, emphasizing the principles of passive defense.

The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. An inaccurate usage of available capacities of civil transportation system, may reduce its` resilience and provide environment with irrecoverable harms. The main purpose of this research is to investigate managers` attention to the managerial criterions in the resilience of internal transportation network with the emphasis on accessing sustainable environmental development in Tehran region one. The method of present study is survey descriptive and the sample group were 400 residents in 10 districts of Tehran region one during 2020 that were selected in relative classified method through Cochran formula as the sample group. The data was gathered through validated researcher- made questionnaire. The obtained results of one sample t-test showed that managers` attention to organization capacity improvement, systematic management, risk reduction, infrastructure utilization and information technology usage in not in an optimal level. The results of Friedman ranking test also revealed that from residents` point of view, managers` attention to information technology usage was the most important element in increasing the resilience of internal transportation system. In addition, managers` attention to infrastructure utilization of transportation replacement was the least important managerial criterion of Tehran region one. Hence, it is possible to eliminate existing weaknesses through accurate and efficient planning with the recognition of present condition in region, and managers` extra attention to managerial criterions in internal transportation system resilience enhancement.

With a short view of the conditions of the world's environment in the last two decades , we can say that despite the recent controls in the field of the environment, not only the adverse human effects have not been decreased, but also problematic issues such as high atmospheric pollution, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse phenomenon and global warming and numerous effects caused by these phenomena have been emerged. On the other hand, the extreme growth of urbanization and the increase of the urban population in different countries after the Second World War has emphasized on the need to consider urban issues for planners and the experts involved in urban affairs. The important point that has received attention by all individuals is urban growth and development patterns. In recent decades, cities and urban areas have expanded their original size mostly in a short period of time. Their development in separate, unplanned and unorganized parts has become recognized as the pattern of urban expansion or horizontal distribution and is the source of many problems in developing and developed cities and has adverse impacts on the urban environment and forest areas of the city. The present research is aimed to examine and measure the growth pattern of Shirgah city on the environmental quality of forest areas of the city. The research methodology is based on descriptive-analytical approaches, in which statistical models and SWOT technique have been widely used to measure the effects of physical development of the city on the environmental quality of forest areas. Besides using documents and library studies, a questionnaire is developed for data collection, which was distributed among a sample of 352 people. Based on the opinion of experts in the internal and external factors matrix and the planning matrix by SWOT model for data analysis, the quantitative strategies were extracted. The results of the SWOT technique showed that in the internal matrix with a total score of 2.587, it indicates the amount of strength, and in the external matrix with a total score of 2.431, it indicates the amount of threat. We found that the strengths and threats related to the impacts of the city growth pattern on the environmental quality of the forest areas were dominant; thus, four strategies have been presented in this regard. It is worth to mention that ST strategies are prioritized, so the implementation of ST strategies in the activities is highlighted to achieve the desired result.

The expansion of urbanization and the concentration of facilities in metropolitan areas have forced people to live in these cities,. New cities have been established to solve these problems and to organize the overflow of the population. Examining the urban infrastructure of new cities leads to extracting their strengths and weaknesses. More accurate planning should be formed to attract the population and the coefficient survival in these cities should be higher. Accordingly, in this study, two new cities, Pardis and Hashtgerd, have been studied to measure the level of citizens' satisfaction with urban infrastructure. Criteria and indicators have been explained through a review of valid international texts and the level of satisfaction has been collected through a questionnaire (381 items) in each city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and to examine the indicators, one-sample t-test, factor analysis model, and linear regression in Amos software environment have been statistically analyzed. For this purpose, first, the significance and appropriateness of the indicators have been studied and then factor analysis has been performed, and each factor's load has been extracted. Using the linear regression method, the indicators were prioritized in the studied areas. The results show that the level of citizens' satisfaction with the criteria of governance (justice and equality) and performance in the new campus city and the economic and urban landscape in the new city of Hashtgerd was higher. economic criteria in the new campus city and socio-cultural in the new city of Hashtgerd have the lowest level of satisfaction

The purpose of this study is to explain the appropriate practical model for performance evaluation, and improve the efficiency of the new cities of Hashtgerd, Andisheh, Pardis, Parand. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose (type of use). In terms of the method of conducting research in general, this research is a descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of the study includes all residents of Pardis, Parand, Andisheh and Hashtgerd cities. The sample size based on Cochran's formula was 383 people for all 4 cities were selected by simple random sampling. Research tools include a 17-item questionnaire (transportation, telecommunications, water, sewage, electricity, housing, social, city general equipment, educational, economic, managerial, river and canal, green space, health, waste management, energy and facilities Gas). To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the point of view of 5 experts in the field of urban planning, its validity was examined several times, and also the validity of the structure based on confirmatory factor analysis was used. Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability, which is 0.83 and in good condition. In the data analysis section, with the help of spss22 and Amos software, the research questions were examined using structural equation modeling. The results show that the performance of different cities in different fields and services has been such that Hashtgerd city is in the first rank, Andisheh is in the second rank, Pardis is in the third rank, and Parand is in the last rank, based on the performance of the surrounding cities. The city of Tehran was neither higher than 0.65, and the two cities of Parand and Pardis were even below 0.50, which is a sign of weakness in this regard.

Extended AbstractIntroductionThe philosophy of collective life formation and coexistence has been the factor of security and defense.crisis management and passive defense and its application in the city have a historic antiquity,the truth of this claim can be found in defensive measures ,such as: moat,wall,kohandej,sharistan,robat,dam,etc.Thet exture,construction,function,from,performance of cities in strategic nd changes, areas have been a reflection of the amount of possible and experienced threats and crisis management has emerged in the intellectual field of Iranian designers,architects,urban planners and engineers.in every man-made phenomenon a defense aspect is evident,in the contemporaryera,the growth of technology a in the nature and quantity of risks and threats;measures of requirements,approvals and new defense assumptions have also been proposed.passive defese as an unarmed stregy based on principles such as:dispersion ,stealth ,concealment,cover,deception consolidation ,territorial defense training,etc.has become mandatory in the cities of iran in,the last two decades. MethodologyThe current research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose.The method of collecting information was in the from of documents and library.In this research,the matrix technique has been used to examine the conformity of the Andisheh urban system with the principles of non-agent defense and urban crisis management.In this regard,in order to know the elements,the centers of vulnerable areas and centers through surveys and interviews in the format of specified formats,prepared by experts and with the matrix method.Point have beengiven to these element and centers,and the strengthe and weaknesses of sensitive ,important and vital areas and centers have been extracted and finally led to the presentation of a strategic implementation model of crisis management and non-active defense for the city of Andisheh. Results and DiscussionComprehensive perspective of city as a system that has the related social, physical, economic Optimum location can be considered the most important non-active defense measure in reducing the vulnerability of vital and sensitive centers.Because if in the zero phase of the design,construction and establishment of vital and sensitive centers,factors and criteria under defense and security,such as Maximum use of natural feaures,Land preparation,Dispersion,Avoiding crowding and bulking ,primary resistance and … .compliance Monitored and controlled will prevent the occurrence of many subsequent problems. ConclusionAs one of the important cities of Tehran province with special strategic implemented;As our main research question and why ,the test that was obtained from this city with different techniques and data statistics ,it has been determined that these requirements have not been impelemented in this city,and if there are sometimes maches in some urban systems,due to the fact that urban planning has overtaken urbanization in this city,Beis is a new city.According to experts and filed studies,the reasons for the non-implementation of these principles include:cost,lack of Knowledge and awarenss of officials,non-implementationof some principles,defectes in the community plan,defects in the entry table, and non –biniding nature of these principles in the urban system,It is a construction.

Aristotle, Mackinder ,hoffer,Spykman,mahan,kissinger,brzezinskicohen,huntington,fukuyama and Scientists who have worked on power, international relations, and geopolitics, they all agree that Iran is a strategic country ,That " s why he has always been under threat .the new city of importance in southwest of Tehran due to the existence of important and strategic centers in and around the city. These centers, in addition to the management of crisis management and non-factors management ,are at risk due to non-operating defense principles and crisis management ,and the threshold of resistance ,deterrence and swing are low ,the purpose of this study is practical. The variables investigated in it include the identification of strengths, in order to reduce losses resulting from probable risks, Enemy attacks are the lifting of defensive power ,the threshold of national resistance ,deterrence and planning or the city is defensive .the data collection method is mainly library and is used according to the type of research from field (studies of interview and observation .in this study, the SWOT technique has been used to explore the city's strengths and weak ness and to study the city system's compliance with non-factor defense principles and crisis management . which leads to the enforcement requirements of the strategic paradigm of crisis management and civil defense for the city of thought. The results show the lack of implementation and not respect of the principles of crisis management and non-factor defense in the city of thought.

Coastal tourism is one of the important motivating factors in tourism, and the development programs of most areas that have beaches are considered an important factor in achieving sustainable development. This will be realized if planners and managers at all levels and all forms of tourism do not consider one-dimensional development and pay attention to all stakeholders. A subject that has received less attention in most development programs. The present study aims to analyze the stakeholders' perception of tourism in the coastal city of Babolsar for the purpose of sustainable urban development. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and research methodology. The statistical population consists of four categories of beneficiaries including tourists, citizens, economic activists and experts (managers), and the sample size among the first three groups is 383 people using Cochran's formula and 20 people among the experts group were selected in an available manner. In order to analyze the data, spss software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to check the normality of the data, and one-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in terms of the level of perception of the stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainable development of Babolsar city, tourists with a score of 3.41, citizens with a score of 3.63, economic activists with a score of 3.1, and experts and managers with a score of 3.27 and in total with a level of They are average. And according to them, there is a significant difference between the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainability of economic, social-cultural, physical-infrastructural, management-institutional and environmental indicators.

Urban regeneration from the point of view of non -active defense means reducing the vulnerability of buildings, facilities, equipment and urban and regional arteries through natural hazard management and social mobilization (popular participation) in reducing damages related to inefficient tissues. Be In this regard, the aim of the present study is to analyze the effective factors in achieving the principles of passive defense in the regeneration plans of Qarchak city using grounded theory. In terms of the purpose, the current research is part of the fundamental and descriptive researches, and in terms of the method, it is included in the group of qualitative researches. The sample size for interviewing experts in the framework of final theoretical saturation using targeted sampling, 18 experts (experts, university professors and city managers of Qarchak) were selected. The grand theory method was also used to analyze the data. The result of interviews with experts to analyze the effective factors in achieving the principles of passive defense in regeneration plans in Qarchak city using contextual theory, including 6 core codes (causal, contextual, intervening, strategic conditions) consequences and obstacles). Causal conditions from 5 categories and 16 concepts, contextual conditions from 4 categories and 15 concepts, intervening conditions from 5 categories and 13 concepts, strategies from 3 categories and 11 concepts, consequences from 5 categories and 14 concepts, and finally, the obstacles consist of 7 categories and 17 concepts.

In today's urban planning literature, the neighborhood is considered as a social structure and a cultural phenomenon with a clear border and identity and various factors are crucial and effective in weakening or strengthening it. Today, local communities exercise a positive impact on urban social sustainability on account of their nature. But despite the human focus on defining sustainability, it is Surprising that scant attention has been accorded to the definition of social sustainability in environmental disciplines. However, social sustainability is one of the three pillars and frameworks of sustainable development. One of the foremost categories of social sustainability is the socialization of neighborhoods for all social strata and groups and the occurrence of social interactions in light of social sustainability for them. The need to create social communities and interactions includes building trust, sense of belonging, and participation because the restoration of civil society and the promotion of participation shall not be possible without the restoration of local communities, the protection of the local public sphere, and the provision of local participation. And local communities are considered as one of the main prerequisites for moving towards a sustainable urban future. In other words, these communities are vital elements and one of the strategies for sustainable social development of a neighborhood. In the meantime, the metropolis of Tehran as a political, economic and social center of the country for reasons such as lack of social convergence, lack of social capital and participatory spirit among local residents, lack of sense of spatial belonging and weakness in neighborhood management ties in the field of social sustainability are prone to weaknesses and have not thus benefited from social capitals. And these issues have led to the loss of real formation of local communities among neighborhoods in Tehran and this has led to severe divergence in social interactions and communications. Therefore, this study aims to measure the effectiveness and the role of social interactions in neighborhoods pertaining to region 8 of Tehran in social sustainability. 

The present study has been developed by using a descriptive-analytical method with an applied nature in the form of structural equations. Data were collected by library and field method (by questionnaire). The statistical population of the experts group consists of geography and urban planning, urban planning and sociology, which is used to determine the sample size using SAMPLE POWER software and using structural equations method in the data analysis section, as well as in order to generalize and rate the scales and consider the confidence interval of 0.95 and the coefficient of influence of 0.19 and considering the number of hidden and obvious variables. One hundred people were estimated to be selected by simple random probable method. According to theoretical literature and background and studies, research variables including social sustainability as exogenous variable and local communities which can be measured by three social, economic and cultural variables were identified as endogenous variables and a total of 20 indicators. For a proper validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of professors and elites have been used so that the indicators explaining the indicators were sent to 25 people in the form of questionnaires and they were asked to measure the initial validity between the indicators of the questionnaire. Finally, the data collected in SPSS software and taking descriptive statistics and subsequent analysis in structural equations (SEM) were implemented. Data analysis was performed by Amos software.

In studying the paths and coefficients obtained in the research assumptions in the first stage, three economic, social and cultural conditions have a significant effect on local communities and local communities on social sustainability. Based on the amount of path coefficient (beta), the intensity of the effect and the direction of these studied pathways have also been evaluated positively. Beta value in the path of economic situation affects local communities with coefficient of 0.155, social status on local communities with coefficient of 0.570 and cultural status on local communities with coefficient of 0.403 and finally local communities affect social stability with coefficient of 0.632. Among the variables affecting local communities, social status had the greatest effect and then cultural status and finally economic status. Finally, local communities have an effect of 0.632 on social sustainability in region 8 of Tehran. In other words, if the exogenous variable (independent) of local communities changes one unit, social sustainability will change by 0.632 units in the same positive direction. Therefore, it can be said that the research hypothesis, which is the role of local communities on sustainable social development, will be confirmed. 

According to the conceptual model of the research, it was found that economic factors and social factors and cultural factors affect local communities, but the impact factor of each of these factors on local communities is different. The results which confirm the positive and significant role of local communities on social sustainability, with the results of Sajjadi and Vahedi Yeganeh (2017), who considered the role of local communities' participation in social sustainability significant and also, with the results of The Research of Dadashpour et al. (2012), which investigated and explained the position of trust in local communities and considered it significant; also, with the results of the research, Dadashpour et al. (2012), who investigated and explained the position of trust in local communities and considered it significant. The results achieved by Pourahmad et al explained that the role of neighborhood management in social sustainability is aligned.

International migrations, especially illegal migrations, have different reflections and consequences on the urban space and so on. The present study seeks to identify the consequences in the physical space in the border city of Zahedan due to the arrival of Afghan refugees. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is the experts who were selected through convenience sampling (available) method (20 people). The results showed that insufficient or short supervision over the implementation of urban planning laws by officials and immigrants has been identified as the most important factor influencing the urban space, the border city of Zahedan. Low rate of public participation with government agencies in neighborhood development, lack of comprehensive vision and lack of appropriate studies for future development of the city, limited amenities in Afghan areas, environmental pollution in Afghan neighborhoods, lack of organization in urban areas, lack of health services and low quality of sanitation facilities, lack of adequate space in primary Afghan neighborhoods, unbalanced distribution of facilities and disproportionate volume of services to population size, uncertain landscape and visual and geometric disturbance in Afghan residential and commercial neighborhoods, lack of security in Afghan neighborhoods by police, customary governance in Afghan neighborhoods, low and non-standard per capita urban services in Afghan neighborhoods, lack of organization and lack of attention to urban spaces, lack of private sector investment in marginal neighborhoods by wealthy Afghans, lack of sufficient information and data on the situation inside Afghan neighborhoods and closing their relations with groups other than themselves, non-standard commercial and service spaces, expansion of peddlers and beggars in parks, formation of undesirable and unpleasant spaces in the city, the rule of distrustful atmosphere in a responsible city and urban management were also recognized as other important and influential factors on urban space.

Traditional- historical textures are the undeniable realities of cities that have a historical background. Members and area of the city who continued to live their life, not so much ago and they were receptive to the comings and goings and material and spiritual transactions of the people of that time. In other words, the ancient textures of the city are creative and lively places to understand the state of human beings in the world and their connection with the past; it is a place for changing the environment and changing the perspective of life (rajabi,1397:52). Due to the historical power and attractions of the old textures in the neighborhoods of cities, creating a "neighborhood museum" in cities is a strong possibility for many cities which based on it, revival of historical texture is possible. Historical neighborhoods are the main elements of historical textures and the scene of many historic events and linking of the cultural and historical spaces of the city, which showing the social and cultural identity of the city throughout history. In this regard, one of the Courses of action to preserve, maintain and enhance this texture is using creative regeneration pattern. That is based on the connection between economics, culture and producing creative and innovative places. In this filed, the historical centers of the cities have unique capacities for building and revitalizing the creative spaces needed to attract and retain innovative groups. One of the patterns of creative re-creation in the historical context of the city is the transforming the city into a neighborhood museum. Museum-Neighborhoods are also valuable sites in terms of national and local culture and it is also a powerful collection for producing wealth and financial gain. Tehran in the present era, because it is place of many historical actions and influential events in the country, It has several historical sites which indicate the ups and downs of the city. Therefore, considering the historical monuments and the high capacity of these monuments in the Tehran’s 12 district, it is possible to turn the neighborhoods of this area into an open space museum and use these monuments as museum objects. Which this action, while protecting the valuable historical sites, It will be an action towards improving the neighborhood's economic potential, revitalization of historical neighborhood of districts and urban regeneration in these neighborhoods. So the main issue in this research is presenting the pattern of the neighborhood museum in the historical textures of the Tehran’s district 12.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical and correlation in terms of data collection. Also in this study, at first by using non-random sampling of snowballs has been identified and interview with experts. Then by using random sampling method, a questionnaire was distributed among the residents of Tehran 12 district. The sample size in the present study was 371by using Cochran's formula. Two methods, library and field, have been used to collect information. The analysis in the present study was performed using software, SMART PLS, SPSS.

After a deep interview with experts in geography and social sciences, dimensions, components and main characteristics of the neighborhood museum and valuable historical textures was extracted by using content analysis method, the final research model in the form of external reflection model of standard coefficients estimate and the external reflection model in the form of significant coefficients were obtained. The main components were identified to present the pattern of the neighborhood museum in the valuable historical textures that economic component (historical texture) with 94 percent agreement and an average rating of 9.9, physical and social component with 92 and 93 percent agreement and an average rating of 8.8, are known as the most important components of a network organization. On the other hand, the economic component of the neighborhood museum was ranked 7.7 and the physical component was ranked in third and fourth. And finally, the institutional component with an average of 5 rank has the last rank.

In the present study, the aim was to present the model of the neighborhood museum in the historical textures of cities; case study is Tehran 12 district. At first, while examining the current situation in this region, the existing problems and issues in the neighborhood including: social problems, texture wear, and physical instability, low level of urban services, low quality of life and security was analyzed. After a deep interview with experts the dimensions, components and characteristics of the research were extracted and a questionnaire was prepared. And after analyzing the questionnaire by using the mentioned software, the status and impact of each of the extracted components was achieved in the neighborhood museum and the proposed model for the neighborhood museum model has been endorsed to preserve and enhance valuable historical texture.