hadi ghaedi

Myocardial infarction causes mitochondrial atrophy and loss of function by reducing mitochondrial volume. Therefore, researchers are interested in finding a way to reduce the injuries and treat them. The study aims to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training on follistatin (FST) gene expression in the fast and slow twitch muscles of rats with myocardial infarction.  The study was conducted in 2020 at the Cardiac Research Center, Shahid Rajaei University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran). For this purpose, 12 male Wistar rats with myocardial infarction were assigned to the experimental group high-intensity interval training (3 days a week for 30 min, each interval consisting of 4 min of running with 85-90% VO2max intensity and 2 min of active recovery with intensity of 50-60% VO2max for 8 weeks) and a control group. Then, the expression of follistatin in fast and slow twitch muscle contraction genes was investigated as triggers and inhibitors of muscle atrophy. Statistical data were analyzed with SPSS18 (α≥0.05). To determine the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, and in the case of normality of the data distribution, the independent samples t test was used. Independent t test results showed that FST gene expression in the slow twitch (ST) muscle contraction group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.001). Moreover, the expression of the FST gene in fast twitch muscles was significantly increased in the severe exercise group compared with the control group (P<0.001). Overall, 8 weeks of intense intermittent exercise decreased FST gene expression in slow and fast twitch muscles in rats with myocardial infarction.

Ghrelin is a peptide that consists of 28 amino acids and is produced by epsilon cells in the pancreas and stimulates the feeling of hunger, and this substance increases before eating food and decreases after it. The aim of study is to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma levels of acyl ghrelin hormone of obese men.

For this purpose, 20 obese men aged 18 to 22 years old with a BMI between 29/9 and 34/9 kg/m2 in two experimental groups of 10 each (six weeks of high-intensity interval training, three sessions per week that include four-minute intervals. It was exercise with an intensity of 90% of the reserve heart rate with two minutes of recovery per week. Interval training with high intensity three sets in the first week and one set was added every week until the fourth week ) and control was 10 people (without training intervention)and were studied in the pre- and post-test design. Before and after six weeks of training, the height and weight of the subjects of both groups were measured to measure the body mass index and their blood samples were collected and taken to the laboratory to measure the plasma levels of the acetylated ghrelin hormone. The data were analyzed using t-test and covariance analysis at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The results of the analysis of covariance showed a significant increase in ghrelin levels and a significant decrease in body mass index in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test in the experimental group and the control group (P<0.05).

The results indicate that six weeks of high-intensity interval training with an increase in acetylated ghrelin can reduce appetite and, as a result, reduce body mass index and be effective in reducing the weight of obese people.

Exercise and training can maintain the health and plasticity of the nervous system. Tropomodulin-2 (Tmod2) plays an important roles in the central nervous system and it correlated with various functions such as the formation of new synapses and increased neuritis extension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-intensity endurance training on Tmod2 protein levels and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats.

For this experimental research, 20 rats were randomly divided into two groups including training (n=10) and control (n=10), that for the training group, the endurance training program was run for six weeks at 20-40 percent of maximum running speed. Forty eight hours after the last training session, the rats were dissected and hippocampal tissue was extracted. Immunohistochemistry and Elisa methods were used for measuring the expression of Tmod2 protein and MDA respectively. Independent t-test was used to compare the groups at the significant level of p<0/05.

Based on the results, low-intensity endurance training significantly increased the expression of Tmod2 protein (p=0.01) but the MDA concentration (p=0.001) reduced during training as compared to the control group.

Endurance training showed a beneficial effect on Tmod2 and also the nervous system; however, reducing the concentration of MDA can be considered as a decreasing of the oxidative stress; a change that shows the protective effects of this training method against oxidative stress.

 This study aimed to evaluate the changes in cardiac oxidative stress-antioxidants following the use of tribulus terrestris extract and crocin after exhaustive exercise in the heart tissue of elderly male rats.  In this study, elderly male Wistar rats with an average weight of 300 g and an age range of 14 to 18 months were used as the statistical population. A total of 56 rats were selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into seven groups of 8, including control, exhausting exercise, exercise + crocin dose of 50 mg, exercise + crocin dose of 100 mg, exercise + thrush dose of 100 mg, exercise + thrush dose of 200 mg, exercise + tortoises were divided into 400 mg doses.  The results showed that GPX concentration in training groups with doses of 50 and 100 crocin was significantly higher than in the vulnerable training group (p<0.05). In addition, GPX concentration was significantly higher in the groups with 50 and 100 doses of crocin than in the exercise groups with 100 and 200 doses of thistle (p<0.05). GPX was significantly higher in the exercise group and crocin 100 than in the exercise group and thrush 400 (p<0.01). The results also showed that SOD concentration in training groups with doses of 50 and 100 crocin was significantly higher than  in the specific exercise group (p<0.01). SOD concentration was significantly higher in the exercise groups with 50 and 100 doses of crocin than in the groups with 100 and 200 doses of thistle (p<0.05). Also, SOD was significantly higher in the exercise group and crocin 100 than in the exercise group and thrush 400 (p<0.017).  Therefore, using of antioxidants is recommended to improve heart tissue function in the elderly.

Obesity is the main problem of different societies, especially women, which can cause various diseases. On the other hand, physical activity is effective in controlling and improving obesity. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of concurrent exercise with different volumes and intensities on the effective proteins in the process of sarcopenia and muscle atrophy in obese women over 50 years old..

In the group of concurrent training (aerobic/resistance) and concurrent training (resistance/interval), the difference in the mean of myostatinin between pre-test and post-test in both training groups was associated with a significant decrease (p<0.001). Also, in the group of concurrent exercise (aerobic/resistance) and concurrent exercise (resistance/interval), the amount of follistatin increased significantly (p<0.001). In inter-group comparison, the effect of none of the training groups was superior to the other on the two measured indicators..

 In the concret training group (aerobic / resistance) (p <0.0001) and the concret training group (resistance / periodic) (p <0.0001), the difference between the mean myostatin between pre-test and post-test in both training groups was significantly reduced. Was Also in the group of concorent training (aerobic / resistance) (p <0.0001) and concarrent training (resistance / periodic) (p <0.0001), the amount of myostatin was significantly increased. In comparison between groups, none of the training groups were superior to each other.

 Concrete exercises with different intensities and volumes can activate the muscle growth pathway in obese people and improve their health by reducing myostatin and increasing follicatin.

Obesity is a chronic pathological condition that is one of the most important contributors to the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity has been linked to a variety of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and some types of cancer, and has been identified as one of the health-threatening causes. As obesity is on the rise, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of HIIT training and thyme consumption on testosterone-cortisol and testosterone-cortisol ratio in obese men. After studying the forms completed by the bidders taking into account the entry criteria as well as the specifications collected including height, weight and VO2max. Of the volunteers, 48 were selected after approval by a cardiovascular specialist with the above conditions. Subjects were then matched using weight, height, and BMI and divided into 4 groups: 1) control (n = 12), 2) thyme (n = 12), 3) thyme-training HIIT (n = 12), 4) HIIT exercise (n = 12). , Were divided. The results showed that two weeks of HIIT training with thyme supplementation significantly decreased cortisol levels and testosterone to cortisol ratio and increased testosterone levels in the experimental group. The results also showed that after two weeks of HIIT training with thyme supplementation, cortisol levels and testosterone to cortisol ratio were significantly lower than the control group.

 Resistance exercise and supplementation by Shirazi thyme has beneficial effects on inflammatory processes. The present study aims to assess the effect of 8 weeks of resistance exercise combined with Shirazi thyme supplementation on plasma levels of Interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha (TNF-α) in men with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).

 This is a clinical trial with a quasi-experimental design. Participants were 60 non-athlete men with NAFLD selected using a convenience sampling method and divided into four groups of placebo (n=15), exercise (n=15), supplementation (n=15), and exercise + supplementation (n=15). The exercise program consisted of eight weeks of resistance exercise at 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 50-80% of one repetition maximum). For supplementation, a 20 mg soft capsule (Barij Gastrolith) was prescribed three times per day and half an hour before meals. Blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance considering a significance level of 0.05.

 Resistance exercise (9.20±5.67), Shirazi thyme supplementation (8.36±4.80) and their combination (7.80±4.02) had no significant effect on INF-γ level (p≥0.05). Moreover, resistance exercise (4.56±1.69), Shirazi thyme supplementation (4.25±2.43) and their combination (5.21±2.22) had no significant effect on TNF-α level (p≥0.05).

 Resistance exercise alone, Shirazi thyme supplementation alone, or their combination cannot improve inflammatory markers of fatty liver in people with NAFLD. However, it requires further research.

Exercise and nutrition help improve body health through several mechanisms, including progress liver function.

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) with green tea (GT) on liver enzymes in athletic female.

In this quasi-experimental study, 40 female volleyball players aged 16 - 25 years based on body mass index (BMI) were divided into four groups of 10 persons including (1) placebo (P), (2) GT, (3) RT, and RT + GT. During eight weeks, groups 3 and 4 performed RT for three sessions per week, and groups 2 and 4 consumed 3 capsules of 500 mg GT daily after each main meal. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and factorial ANOVA tests were used to analyze the findings (P ≤ 0.05).

Eight weeks of RT, GT and RT + GT had no significant effect on AST (P = 0.78), ALT (P = 0.83) and ALP (P = 0.91) serum levels.

It seems that eight weeks of RT, GT and RT + GT are not effective on changes of liver enzyme levels in athletic female.

Antioxidant use can affect delayed muscle soreness, inflammation, and oxidative markers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dried barberry root supplementation on muscle pain and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) following a session of eccentric exhausting activity in non-athlete women.

In this quasi-experimental study, thirty non-athlete women aged 20 to 30 years were randomly divided into three groups of 10, including 1- eccentric exhaustion activity (control group), 2- eccentric exhaustion activity + placebo (placebo group) and 3- eccentric exhaustion activity + barberry supplement (Barberry group). On the pretest day, all three groups participated in an exhaustive eccentric activity. Blood samples were taken from the subjects before and after the activity. Then, the subjects participated in a group-specific supplementation program for 2 weeks. Groups 2 and 3 received dried barberry root and flour powder with a daily dose of 3 capsules of 250 mg respectively. After two weeks of receiving the interventions, all three groups again participated in the post-test similar to the pre-test in the eccentric exhausting physical activity with the same intensity and duration .Blood samples were taken again from the subjects before and after this activity To analyze the data, 2 4 ×  factor analysis of variance (2 groups and 4 times of measurement)  including Benfroni post hoc test was used(P≥0.05).

Eccentric exhausting activity and eccentric exhausting activity + barberry supplement had no significant effect on changes in serum levels of SOD and CAT (P≤0.05). Althougheccentric exhausting activity significantly increased serum GPX levels and muscle pain (P≤0.05), this increase was less in the barberry supplement group (P≥0.05).

It seems that one session of eccentric exhausting activity can increase muscle soreness and serum GPX levels in non-athlete women. However, 14 days of barberry supplementation can reduce its levels.

The studies of the last two decades have shown that regular training is associated with the reduction of mortality among patients with breast cancer, and has an important role in inhibiting breast cancer progression as well as treatment of the disease. However, the micro-molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood yet. However, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the expression of miR-126, miR-296, HGS gene, and VEGF-A protein level in tumor tissue of the mice with breast cancer.  

For this purpose, 12 BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks, weight 19 ± 1.05 g), after induction of cancer (MC4-L2 subcutaneous injection into the right side of the mice), were randomly divided into two groups with 6 in each group: HIIT and control. Each session of HIIT group program includes six intervals of three minutes and 20 seconds with an intensity of 85 to 90 percent of VO2max and 1-minute recovery with 30 to 35 percent VO2max intensity between each interval; and the animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last training session and the expression of miR-126, miR-296, HBS gene and VEGF protein levels in tumor tissues were examined.

The statistical results showed that the implementation of HIIT significantly reduced the expression of miR-296 and subsequently increased the HGS gene expression and led to increased expression levels of miR-126 and decreased levels of VEGF-A protein in the training group compared to the control group (p<0.05).

It seems that HIIT, by suppressing tumor angiogenesis signaling pathways, could be an effective intervention to inhibit the growth of breast tumors.

Among the non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases are among the most important causes of death, worldwide. Exercise, by modulating hematological factors and fat profile can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and their complications. This study compares the hematological factors and fat profiles between active and inactive male workers.

To conduct this cross sectional and case-control study, a total of 82 workers from Mehriz Cement Factory were selected based on the available sampling method. According to Beck questionnaire, 48 workers assigned to the inactive and 34 workers assigned to the active group. After 12 hours from the last meal, 10 ml of venous blood of the workers was taken to analyze for hematologic variables (red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cells) and fat profile (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL). To analyze the data, SPSS  software and independent t-test was used.

The results showed that red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were significantly higher in the active group than the inactive group (P-Value≤0.05). In addition, compared to the active group, triglyceride level in the inactive group was significantly higher (P-Value≤0.05), but the levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were not significantly different between the two groups.

Since physical activity can improve hematological factors and fat profile, workers are recommended to take benefits from regular exercise.

Due to the protective effects of resistance training and Zataria Multiflora supplementation on hepatocytes, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with supplementation of Zataria multiflora on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis index of men with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

In this semi-experimental study, subjects were randomly assigned into four groups: control, resistance training, supplementation of Zataria multiflora and resistance training with Zataria multiflora supplementation. The training program consist of eight weeks resistance exercise training for, 3 sessions per week, each session with intensity of 80-50% one repetition maximum. For Zataria multiflora supplementation, the Barij capsule was used for 8 weeks, three and half hours before meals. Blood samples were taken to evaluate the status of liver steatosis and liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT) before and after the exercise program. For data analysis one-way analysis of variance was used at a significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that resistance training alone and in combination with Zataria multiflora supplementation improve lipid profile (Increased HDL (p<0.001 and p<0.003, respectively), reduction of cholesterol (p<0.02 and p<0.001, respectively), LDL (p<0.003 and p<0.001, respectively) and triglyceride (p<0.002 and p<0.001, respectively)), compared to control group. However, such significant effect was not observed as a result of Zataria multiflora supplementation on the mentioned variables. In addition, eight weeks of resistance training with and without Zataria multiflora supplementation had a significant effect on hepatic steatosis index and hepatic enzyme levels (AST, ALT and GGT) (p<0.05).

According to these findings, it can be concluded that resistance training and not Zataria multiflora supplementation may be a beneficial intervention to improve indicators related to fatty liver (GCT, AST and ALT) in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver. However, understanding its mechanism requires further research.

Exercise training is a well-established therapeutic tool for treating type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to examine the beneficial effects of personalized sprint interval training (SIT) and combined aerobic endurance and resistance training (Com) on insulin resistance and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentration in women with type 2 diabetes.

Fifty-two overweight female type 2 diabetic patients (age 45-60 years and body mass index [BMI] > 30) with HbA1c value of 6.5% or higher and fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) were selected. Participants were recruited from patients filed in the outpatient department of Shahrekord Hospital (Shahrekord, Iran) in 2016. The participants were assigned to SIT (n=17), Com (n=17), and control groups (n=18) according to HbA1c levels. The exercises included 10 weeks of Com and SIT.

HbA1c concentrations decreased significantly in SIT (P=0.002) and Com (P=0.006) groups. The dependent t-test revealed that differences were significant for the FBG in the SIT groups (P<0.001). Serum insulin levels showed significant increases in the SIT (P<0.001) and Com (P<0.001) groups. Data showed significant differences in homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in SIT (P<0.001) and Com (P<0.001) groups. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test showed significant differences in serum insulin (F=3.622, P=0.02) and HOMA-IR (F=5.511, P=0.0001) levels and no significant difference in HbA1c (F=0.597, P=0.556) and FBG concentrations (F=1.853, P=0.171).

Results highlight that individualized exercise training, independent of the mode of training, is effective in improving glycemic control in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes.

This study aimed to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training using elastic bands and green coffee supplement on hepatic steatosis index in obese middle-aged Women.

In this randomized clinical trial, 60 obese (33.58±2.96) and middle-aged women (42.99±3.08) were selected as the subjects and were randomly divided into four groups of 15 people: supplement, exercise+supplement, exercise+placebo and placebo. The training groups received eight-week elastic band resistance training program at 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes each session. Daily supplementary groups received a 400 mg capsule of green coffee extract. Blood samples were measured 24 hours before the start and 48 hours after the end of the protocol in the fasting state. In order to compare intra-group and extra-group, the t-test and the two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test were used.

The results showed that 8 weeks of exercise with supplementation, despite significantly reducing the serum levels of liver enzymes in the experimental groups, there had no significant difference with the control group. Also, 8 weeks of resistance training combined with green coffee supplementation made a significant difference in the index of hepatic steatosis in obese women.

However training with elastic bands and green coffee consumption improved hepatic steatosis index but considering that its effect on liver enzymes was not significant. it seems, improvement in liver function indices in obese women may require longer periods of resistance training and green coffee supplementation.

Obesity is associated with a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and fatty liver, which are a serious health threat and cause many deaths worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a spirulina supplementation course with nonlinear resistance training on liver enzymes in obese women. Forty obese women in Parsian city were selected through Purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into four groups of 10 people including nonlinear resistance exercise, spirulina supplement, nonlinear resistance exercise + spirulina supplement and placebo. Interventions were performed for 8 weeks. Twenty four hours before and 48 hours after the intervention, blood samples were taken from all four groups at 12 hours fasting. For each sample, AST, ALT and ALP levels were measured. The supplement and placebo group consumed 2 capsules of spirulina daily or starch in the morning and evening meals, respectively. To compare the differences between variables in study groups and blood sampling times, mixed ANOVA was used. The results showed that there was no significant difference in AST (p = 0.25), ALT (p = 0.92) and ALP (p = 0.76) enzymes between groups. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that eight weeks of nonlinear resistance training and spirulina supplementation have no effect on the liver enzymes in obese women and thus do not improve the enzymatic markers of their liver function. Inadequate training and supplement intake and lack of proper diet control may be the reason for lack of improvement.

The aim of this study was to compare the three endurance training intensities on the expression of Perlipin A protein in subcutaneous adipose tissue and pancreatic B-cells function in male diabetic rats.

In this study, 40 healthy male wistar rats were divided into five groups, including diabetic with low intensity endurance training, diabetic with moderate intensity endurance training, diabetic with high intensity endurance training, diabetic control and healthy control. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin, endurance training was performed with low intensity, moderate and severe for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The relative expression of Perilipin A was measured by western blot technique.

The results indicated a significant effect of endurance training with three intensities on serum levels of insulin and glucose and pancreatic B-cells function (P-value: 0.001). Also the results showed that there was no significant difference between Perlipin A expression in healthy and diabetic control groups with endurance training groups (with low, moderate and high intensity) (P-value: 0.07).

However, Moderate and high intensity endurance training compared to low-intensity training can compensate for the loss caused by diabetes in the expression of the Perlipin A protein but the difference was not significant. It seems that more intensity endurance training lead to more increase in Perlipin A expression in diabetic rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nonlinear resistance training along with supplementation of spirulina on serum leptin and Ghrelin in obese women. A sample of 40 healthy obese women with body mass index (BMI) of 30 and above were selected through stratified sampling method. They were randomly assigned to four groups of nonlinear resistance training, spirulina supplement, nonlinear resistance training + spirulina supplementation and Placebo. Interventions were done for 8 weeks. 24 hours before and 48 hours after the end of the interventions, blood samples were taken from groups in a 12-hour fasting state. For each sample, leptin and ghrelin serum levels were measured . The nonlinear resistance training program included exercising weight training at varying intensity, with emphasis on muscular endurance. Supplements and placebo daily consumed 2 capsules of 500 mg of spirulina or starch. In order to compare and evaluate in two blood sampling times, the inter-interstitial analysis of variance analysis was used in a 4 × 2 test. There was no significant change in the level of Ghrelin (P>0.05). Leptin levels decreased significantly in the two groups nonlinear resistance training + spirulina supplementation and nonlinear resistance compared to the other two groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the variables of the two nonlinear resistance training + spirulina supplementation and nonlinear resistance training groups and between the variables of the two groups of spirulina and placebo(P>0.05). Probably eight weeks of nonlinear resistance training will lead to improved fat metabolism in overweight

RIP140 is one of the proteins that play a role in regulating and metabolizing lipid droplets. The aim of this study was to compare the three endurance training intensities (low, moderate and high) on the expression of RIP140 protein in visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in male diabetic wistar rats. Forty male wistar rats were assigned to five groups (n= 8) including diabetic group with low intensity endurance training (DLE), moderate intensity endurance training (DME), high intensity endurance training (DHE), diabetic control (DC) and healthy nondiabetic sedentary (NS) groups. After induction of diabetic rats by injection of streptozotocin, endurance training was performed with different intensities for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The relative expression of RIP140 protein was measured by western blot technique. To compare groups, dependent variables were analyzed by One Way ANOVA، Kruskal–Wallis and the post hoc Mann-Whitney U Test. Results showed significant effect of exercise on insulin resistance values (P-value: 0.001). Comparison of expression of RIP140 protein in diabetic and high intensity endurance training group, diabetic and moderate intensity endurance training group and diabetic, and low intensity endurance training group, diabetic control and healthy control by using Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference between these groups (P-value:0.006). Moderate and high intensity endurance training can significantly reduce the expression of RIP140 protein, and subsequently increase glucose uptake and ultimately reduce insulin resistance in diabetic rats

Physical exercise is a well-established therapeutic method in type 2 diabetes treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks combined and High Intensity Interval Training on serum apelin levels and pancreatic β-cell function in overweight women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fifty-two overweight female patients with type 2 diabetes (aged 45-60 years old, BMI> 30) with HbA1c>6.5% participated in the study voluntarily. The participants were assigned to High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) group (n= 17), combined training group (n= 17), and control group (n= 18) according to their HbA1c levels. The exercises included 12 weeks of combined training and HIIT. Levels of HbA1c and fasting glucose and insulin were measured. There was a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose in the HIIT groups (P-value: 0.001). Serum insulin levels showed significant increases in the HIIT (P-value: 0.001) and combined training groups (P-value: 0.001). Changes in apelin level were not significantly different within HIIT and combined training groups (P-value: 0.13 and 0.09, respectively). The data showed significant differences in pancreatic β-cells function in HIIT (P < 0.001) and combined training groups (P= 0.003). Furthermore, the ANCOVA test showed that there were no significant differences in fasting blood glucose concentrations (F= 1.853, P-value: 0.171), apelin (F= 0.511, P-value: 0.12). However, significant differences were observed between groups in insulin (F= 3.622, P-value: 0.036), and β-cell function (F= 4.243, P-value: 0.003). Physical exercise is an effective training method to improve glycemic control in woman with type 2 diabetes.

Changes in the expression of lipid droplet adipocyte proteins, such as prelipipin A (PLINA) cause alter lipolysis and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the three endurance training intensities (low, moderate and high) on the expression of PLINA protein in visceral adipose tissue, serum glucose and insulin levels in male diabetic Wistar rats.
40 male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups (n=8) including diabetic group with low intensity endurance training, moderate intensity group, high intensity group, diabetic and healthy control groups. After induction of diabetic rats by injection of streptozotocin, endurance training was performed with different intensities for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The relative expression of PLINA protein was measured by western blot technique. One-way variance analysis and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the difference between the groups.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between PLINA levels in healthy and diabetic control groups with endurance training groups (with low, moderate and high intensity) (P=0.018). These differences were between low intensity training and healthy control groups (P=0.033) and between diabetic and healthy control groups (P=0.020). Serum glucose and insulin levels were significantly different between the diabetic control and endurance training groups (low, moderate and high) (P=0.001). This difference was between high-intensity training group with low intensity training (P=0.046), diabetic control (P=0.001) and healthy control (P=0.011) groups.
Moderate and high intensity endurance training can compensate for the loss caused by diabetes in the expression of the PLINA protein and reduces serum levels of insulin and glucose in these mice. It seems that more intensity endurance training leads to more increase in PLINA expression in diabetic rats.

introdution: The aim of this study was investigating the effect of different endurance training intensity on the expression of FSP27 protein in visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in male diabetic Wistar rats.
40 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of eight, including diabetic group and low intensity endurance training (DLE), diabetic group and moderate intensity endurance training (DME), diabetic group and high intensity endurance training (DHE), diabetic control group (DC) and healthy control group (HC). After diabetic injection with streptozotocin, an endurance training (low, moderate, and high) was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 30 minutes. serum levels of insulin , glucose and insulin resistance index and also the relative expression of FSP27 protein was measured. One-way ANOVA and Tukey and Games-Howell post hoc tests were used to determine the difference between groups.
The results indicated a significant effect of Endurance training with three intensities (low, medium and high) on serum levels of insulin and glucose and insulin resistance values (p = 0.001). Reduction serum levels of insulin and glucose in high intensity training group and moderate intensity training group compared to diabetic control group and low intensity training group were significant (P≤0.05). Insulin resistance values were significant between moderate and high intensity training groups compared to low intensity training group, diabetic control group, and healthy control group (P≤0.05). FSP27 expression was not significantly different in endurance training groups with three intensities compared with diabetic control and healthy control groups.
Although in this study, none of the endurance training interventions made a significant difference in FSP27. Considering the desire to increase the FSP27 with increasing intensity endurance training, It seems that endurance training with an appropriate intensity can be increase insulin sensitivity and improve insulin resistance in diabetic rats.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lordotic and kyphotic deformities among different age groups. 349 subjects (male and female) from three different classes of age, namely, the adolescent (n=141), the young (n=114) and the adult (n=94) participated in this study. Flexi curve ruler and the Cobb method were used to measure the spinal column curves and determine the angles, respectively. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by Chi-square method. the prevalence of lower back deformities among the aforementioned age groups was as follows: normal subjects; 34.1%, flat back; 10.6%, lordosis; 25.8% and hyperlordosis; 29.5%. These amounts were significantly different (P≤0/05). Adolescents had the highest prevalence of lordosis (42%) which was significantly different from the prevalence of this deformity in the young and adult groups (P≤0/05). With regard to the gender of subjects, the highest and lowest prevalence of lordosis were observed among female adolescents and adults respectively (22.3% vs. 11.9%). lordosis and hyperlordosis was the most prevalent among the young (38.8%) and adult (, 48.7%) females. There were not significant differences between all groups (P>0/05). The results of present study also showed that the prevalence of spinal deformities including, flat back (3.4%), kyphosis (27.2%) and hyperkyphosis (14.1%) and the differences between them were significant (P≤0/05). There were not significant differences in kyphosis between adolescent (29.85%), young (29.85%) and adult (40.3%) subjects (P>0/05). Adult men have the highest prevalence of kyphosis (31.9%) which was significantly difference from the other groups (P≤0/05). we concluded that the highest prevalence of lordosis belonged to adolescent women and adults had the highest prevalence of kyphosis. In advanced countries, screening tests are conducted to determine the prevalence of deformities and then, according to the resultant data, the most appropriate program is chosen to prevent occurrence of deformities in future. Therefore, administrating such tests in our own country and among all age groups seems to be an appropriate action for prevent more and complex deformities in the elderly age