hosein davoodi

When a claim is initiated, the defendant generally puts up a defense to prevent being convicted. This defense can be procedural, substantive or in the form of a counterclaim. The position of substantive or procedural defense is to a large extent clear. However, the case of a counterclaim is a bit complicated. Using the library method, reviewing the books and opinions of experts and taking into consideration the judicial precedent, the present research seeks to answer the question as to in which cases substantive defense is not adequate and the defendant should initiate a counterclaim to defend his rights. It seems that in two cases, the defendant should avoid merely presenting his defense in the form of a substantive defense and file a counterclaim. The first case is when the defendant is seeking to diminish certain privileges belonging to the claimant. This privilege can be material or moral, but in any case, the moral privilege should not be too abstract and should have a reasonable value. The second case would be where a counterclaim may exert a material impact on the defense put up by the defendant A clear example of a such a case would be a defendant's attempt to prove the invalidity of the notarial deed relied on by the claimant. In all other cases, it is not necessary for the respondent to file a counterclaim, and in order to avoid delays in the proceedings, it is recommended that this legal institution not be resorted to.

This research was conducted with the aim of developing a model of married life based on a positive approach and Islamic psychology and investigating the effectiveness of the developed model on the psychological well-being of conflicted couples.

The research method was of a mixed type (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the qualitative part of the research was specialists and therapists, and the statistical population of the quantitative part was all couples with marital conflict in Tehran in 2022 that 30 people were selected as a statistical sample and 15 people were in the experimental group 1 (model developed), and 15 people were in the control group. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, and the quantitative part included the Marital Conflict and Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire

Data analysis was done by coding the interviews and then using the covariance analysis test. Findings of the qualitative part of the research, 2 main themes and 9 sub-themes appeared from the participants' point of view, which can depict the understanding of experts on the phenomenon of Islamic psychology approach and positivity for the life of conflicted couples. Also, the findings of the quantitative section showed that the developed intervention model has a significant effect on the psychological well-being of couples with marital conflict (p<0.05).

In order for the proceedings to be fair, the rules derived from the legal principles of civil proceedings must be observed by the litigants and the authority. One of these principles is the principle of equality of arms. This legal principle requires that the procedural rights of the parties be granted to them in a balanced manner, and in case of victory of one of the parties, who unfairly had more effective procedural weapons, the victory won't deserve to be confirmed and implemented; Because the duty of the government is justice, and justice cannot be achieved without granting balanced procedural rights to the litigants. This principle is discussed in legal writings, mostly in criminal proceedings, and in civil proceedings, these questions are also raised: in which documents and judicial procedures of foreign legal systems is this principle reflected and what are its results? What are the effects of the principle of equality of arms in Iran's civil procedure law? And what cases violate this principle? The findings of this research, which was carried out in a descriptive and analytical way, are: This principle originates from the principle of fair trial in the European Convention on Human Rights and is reflected in the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and is included in the French Criminal Procedure Code. The manifestations of this principle in Iran's Civil Procedure Law can be seen from: balancing the procedural rights of the parties, in having the reasonable opportunity to prepare the defense; The duty of the court to prevent the abuse of procedural rights by the parties; Right of the parties to be informed of the proceedings; Right to have an effective legal representative and Right to be heard. This right is violated by limiting one of the parties' access to documents, abusing one of the parties' financial superiority or legal knowledge, and prohibiting search.

According to Article 387 of the Civil Code; if a specific object is lost before delivery and without the fault or negligence of the seller, the contract is void and the contractual price is returned to the buyer. While Article 362(1) of the Civil Procedure Code and Article 46 of the Law on the Execution of Civil Verdicts express that in case of loss of the object before delivery, it is possible to claim its actual price. This research presents a comprehensive method related to the determination of the rules governing the loss of specific goods at different stages. As a result, the termination of the sale in case of loss of the specific goods before delivery is conditional on the seller not being at fault and filing a lawsuit against the seller for the delivery if the plaintiff’ claim is valid, the seller’ fault is assumed. Therefore, if the loss of objects is in the stage of execution of the verdict, its actual price will be collected. In addition, although according to Article 362 of the Civil procedure Code, the new claim can’ be brought in the appeal, paragraph 1 of this article doesn’ consider the demand for the condemned price, which was the same as the subject of the original decision, as a new claim. Also, since no reason can be found to distinguish between the implementation of Article 362(1) in the district court and court of appeal, the provision of this paragraph at any time of judicial proceedings should be considered valid. In Conclusion; in case of loss of the specified object in each of these cases, the beneficiary can change the demand for its actual price and it will not be considered a new claim.

The Unification of Judgments Decision, which is the subject of this article's criticism, was issued following the Disagreement between the first and fifth branches of the Supreme Court, in the case of Embryo donation lawsuit. The fifth branch of the Supreme Court of Iran, considering the request for embryo donation as a lawsuit that has a defendant, declared the competent court according to those The fifth branch of the Supreme Court of Iran, considering the request for embryo donation as a lawsuit that has a defendant, declared the courts of Tehran as competent court, but the first branch of the Supreme Court of Iran did not consider the said request to be a petition and considered it as non-contradictory affairs, Also, based on the decision of the mentioned branch, the couple has the possibility to file this request at their place of residence. With the occurrence of the disagreement, the No 755 Unification of Judgments Decision was issued in 2015 and according to that, the decision of the first branch of the Supreme Court of the country, was found accordance with the law. The said Unification of Judgments Decision, like many Unification of Judgments Decision that has been issued, has strengths and weaknesses, and it was determined by analyzing these strengths and weaknesses that: The Unification of Judgments Decision has been issued considering the non-contradictory nature of the embryo donation request. The effects of non-contradictory affairs requests are loaded on it and it is in harmony with social requirements, but besides these features; The Unification of Judgments Decision has expanded its scope beyond the branches disagreement, it has repeated the same provisions of the regulation. and, contrary to the family protection law, it has not deemed it necessary to submit a petition.

AbstractThe present study was conducted with the aim of developing a model of psychological well-being of divorced women based on public health, financial distress and social support mediated by positive thinking. The statistical population of the present study included all divorced women (20 to 45 years old) in Khomin city in 2021-2022. The sample size was 429 people and 3 non-random sampling methods were available. All completed the Goldberg & Hiller (1979) General Health Questionnaire, the financial distress of Prawitz et al. (2006), the social support of Zimet et al. (1988), the positive thinking of Ingram and Wisnicki (1988), and the psychological well-being of Ryff (1989). Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling using SPSSV19 and AMOSV20 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the variables of general health (0.20 and 0.14), financial distress (-0.18 and -0.17) and social support (0.33 and 0.20) had direct and significant effects on positive thinking, respectively. And had psychological well-being. In addition, positive thinking (0.15) had direct and significant effects on psychological well-being. The results also showed that the three variables of general health (0.10), financial distress (-0.10) and social support (0.11) have an indirect and significant effect on the psychological well-being of divorced women. Based on the results of this study, all three variables of public health, financial distress and social support have significant direct and indirect effects on psychological well-being through positive thinking. Therefore, this model can be used to strengthen and promote the psychological well-being of divorced women, and therefore the knowledge of counselors, psychologists, therapists, social scientists and other specialists of these variables to promote the psychological well-being of divorced women is important.

The present judgment that is criticized in this article is in line with the common idea that has been taken into consideration in the judicial precedent of most courts. In this approach, family rights and the disputes arising out of them are considered like other financial and non-financial claims. This idea emphasizes that in child visitation case, it must be seen whether the parents’ son or daughter has reached puberty or not. In cases where the child in question has reached puberty, the court considers itself free from dealing with the child visitation case,since it considers such a case to belong to the same category as other non-financial cases and therefore refuses to hear it after the child has reached puberty and holds that the child in question, even if she is a nine-year-old girl, should make his or her own decision about meeting his or her parents, and this idea can be criticized; This is so because the son or daughter who lives with one of the parents is more influenced by the opinions of the parent with whom is living than he or she is a decision-maker about his personal life and failure to consider the other parent's request deprives both the son or daughter and parent of their basic rights. Therefore, the courts should be obliged to make a decision in such cases and this should be considered necessary to protect the rights of the child and the parents. This approach would be in line with hadiths and jurisprudential views as well as human rights instruments.

The purpose of this study was to model the effect of self-assessment on the progress of mathematics lessons with the mediation of self-regulation and self-efficacy.

The method of this research was correlation-structural equations. Its statistical population was all female students of the second year of high school in the first semester of 2017-2018 in Qom province, 278 students were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data from self-assessment questionnaires (Judge, Erez, Bono & Theorsen), self-regulation (Bouffard, Boisvert, Wiese & Lerach), self-efficacy (Patrick, Hicks, & Raine) and turn-taking math score. The scores of the coordinated test were collected and analyzed with the help of SPSS 25 and AMOS software and using path analysis of structural equation modeling.

The results of the data analysis showed that there is a correlation between self-assessment and the progress of the math lesson (r=0.42), self-regulation and the progress of the math lesson (r=0.40), and the self-efficacy of the math and the progress of the math lesson (r=0.50). All relationships are significant at the 99% confidence level. The model fit indices also showed that the designed theoretical model has a good fit.

self-assessment has an effect on the progress of students' math lessons through the mediation of self-regulation and  math self-efficacy.

The aim of this study was to develop an attachment-based mindfulness therapy and evaluate its effectiveness on the quality of love and empathy in women experiencing marital infidelity. The research method of the present study was a comparative analysis using the Breddy method in the qualitative part and a quasi-experiment with pretest, posttest and control group with two-month follow-up in the quantitative part. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the women with marital experience who turned to counseling centers in the city of Tehran in the autumn 2020. For the study, 25 women with marital experience were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight sessions of attachment-based mindfulness therapy over two months. The questionnaires used in this study included Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale (STLS) and the Marital Empathy Scale (MES). Data from the study were analyzed using the variance method with repeated measures and SPSS23 statistical software. The results showed that attachment-based mindfulness therapy has acceptable content validity. Moreover, this therapy has an impact on the quality of love (P<0.001, Eta=0.54, F=32.94) and empathy (P<0001, Eta=0.66, F=46.45) in the women with marital infidelity. According to the results of the study, attachment-oriented mindfulness therapy can be used as an efficient method to improve the quality of love and empathy in women with marital infidelity by using theoretical concepts of mindfulness therapy and attachment.

Research has shown that teacher education systems can be affected by social crises such as Covid-19, so the purpose of this study is to provide a model of personality components and psychological factors affecting teacher teaching during the outbreak of Covid-19.

The research method is descriptive correlation and path analysis using structural equations. The statistical population of the study is all primary school teachers in District 2 of Mashhad who are teaching in the 98-97 academic year. The studies revealed that 873 people are teaching in primary schools, of which 329 were women and 544 were men. The instruments used in the present study are the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire, the Social Factors Questionnaire and the Hexaco Personality Factors Questionnaire, which were completed by the sample members in accordance with the ethical principles of the research. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equations with partial least squares approach using LISREL software.

Statistical findings showed a good fit of the model and significant confirmation of the researcher model (P≥0.001).

It seems that paying attention to personality components is an important factor in providing teaching during the outbreak of Covid-19.

litigants sometimes refer to own wrongdoing and expect the courts to rule in their favor. If such lawsuits or defenses are accepted, justice will not be done and a solution must be found to solve this legal problem. In this case roman maxim " Ex turpi causa non oritur action, ex dolo malo non oritur action " are cited in legal systems . The most important thing about that is the concept and scope of its application. Therefore, the concept and scope of this maxim was examined in some legal systems, especially common law system, and some instances of it were researched. It became clear that in most legal systems, this principle is considered a certain legal principle. This maxim cited in foreign law in three sections: contracts, civil liability, and trust. The meaning and rules of applying this maxim in foreign law are not very clear; However, legal principles and policies and methods have been proposed to apply it, and there are instances such as illegal transactions, bribe restoration, slayer rule, and the responsibility of the offending managers to company, Which sometimes was criticized and Has been set aside. This maxim have a moral basis and considered as a requirement of justice. However, in practice, in order to avoid its mechanical application, its application is at the discretion of the judge, and this is done with the balance of the importance of the wrong and the amount of damage, and with Considering such rules as prohibition of unjustified enrichment. Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law like any other legal systems, has it inside. This maxim can also be considered in litigations, and as a procedural rule prevents the parties from invoking their violations and prohibits the hearing of lawsuits or defenses that documented with violations of the plaintiff or defendant

Cognitive bias modification procedures are considered therapist-independent, computer-based, and relatively new interventions, which are mainly used as outpatient therapies for anxiety, emotional disorders, and different types of addiction. This paper aimed to present the latest findings of the studies on cognitive bias modification to enhance the knowledge of experts and researchers of the effects of such procedures in both practice and theory. At first, cognitive bias modification was briefly defined. Then, its different procedures (attention bias modification, interpretation bias modification, and memory bias modification) and the therapies based on these modification procedures were introduced. Then, the studies conducted on the effectiveness of such therapies were reviewed and their results were discussed.

All the studies suggested, in a relatively consistent and significant way, that it is possible to modify cognitive bias processes in various disorders, such as anxiety and emotional disorders, mood disorders, chronic pain, obsessive disorders, addiction, and intellectual rumination. Furthermore, computer programs for cognitive bias modification and dot-probe tasks are suitable alternatives or complementary options for reducing or treating clinical symptoms and cognitive biases. In addition to the need for inventing therapy applications and adapting cultural characteristics of English versions for the Iranian population, new investigations are required to evaluate both the clinical crowd and the effectiveness of these modification procedures for various disorders.

The growth and development of any society depends on the educational system of that society. The educational system can be efficient and successful when it considers the academic performance of learners in different courses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mental self-care education on studentschr('39') mental health and academic motivation.

The design of this study was quasi-experimental with unequal control and experimental groups. The statistical population of this study was students referring to school counseling that 40 of them (20 in the control group and 20 in the experimental group) were selected by random sampling. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and Academic Achievement Scale were used to collect data. Psychological self-care training was presented to the experimental group in 10 sessions of 2 hours. Then post-test was taken from both groups. Data analysis method was performed at the inferential level using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings indicate that mental self-care education was effective on students chr('39')mental health (P <0.05) and also the results showed that psychological self-care education was not effective on studentschr('39') academic motivation.

It can be concluded that mental self-care education is used to improve mental health and also mental self-care education has no effect on academic motivation.

Marital conflicts lead to marital burnout, and divorce inclination in the couples. Therefore the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of emotionally-focused couple therapy on the marital burnout and divorce inclination in the couples applying for divorce. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all the couples applying for divorce who referred to consultation centers in the city of Tehran in three months of the autumn of 2019. 30 couples applying for divorce were selected through purposive sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15). The experimental group received nine ninety-minute sessions of emotionally-focused couple therapy (Johnson, et al, 2005). 2 couples from the experimental group and 2 from the control group discontinued participating in the study after the start of the intervention. The applied questionnaires in this study included marital burnout questionnaire (Painz, 1996) and the questionnaire of divorce inclination (Rosevelt, et al, 1986). T Findings the results showed that emotionally-focused couple therapy has significant effect on the marital burnout and divorce inclination in the couples applying for divorce (p < 0.001)

Transformational teaching is defined as stated or unspoken goals to increase students' mastery of key concepts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of teachers' social factors through the mediation of personality components on transformational teaching.

The research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study is all primary school teachers in District 2 of Mashhad who are teaching in the 2018-2019 academic year. The studies revealed that 873 people are teaching in primary schools, of which 329 are women and 544 are men. The instruments used in the present study are the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire, the Social Factors Questionnaire and the Hexaco Personality Factors Questionnaire, which were completed by the sample members in accordance with the ethical principles of the research. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equations with partial least squares approach using SPSS software.

 Statistical findings showed a good fit of the model and significant confirmation of the researcher model (P≥0.001).

It seems that these findings indicate the importance of paying attention to social and psychological characteristics in transformational teaching of teachers.

Lack of life expectancy of prisoners is one of the psychological problems in these people and the review of research shows a research gap in the field of effective treatments. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of compassion therapy and reality therapy on the life expectancy of male prisoners.

This study was performed using a semi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test design with a control group. From the statistical population of male clients in Aligudarz prison, 45 people were selected using targeted sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. The research tool was the Life Hope Questionnaire - Miller and Powerz (1988). Bavarian covariance and follow-up test were used to analyze the research data.

The research findings showed that both compassionate therapy and reality therapy had a significant effect on increasing the life expectancy of male prisoners (p≤0 / 001); Ben Freuni's test showed that compassionate method Therapy was more effective than reality therapy (p≤0 / 001).

Despite the fact that both reality therapy and compassion therapy are effective in increasing the life expectancy of imprisoned men, the use of compassionate therapy is recommended due to its greater effectiveness.

Recognizing and examining the factors that contribute to the consolidation of marriage and the social institution of the family can be a useful step towards promoting the culture of society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the model of marital commitment based on attachment styles mediated by self-differentiation.

In a correlational study, among the married students of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran in 2017, using the available sampling method, 400 persons (200 women) were selected. They participated in the study, completed the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSIR), and Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ). Data were analyzed through multiple regression in two stages in a, and b paths and c path .

Results showed that safe and anxiety attachment styles significantly explain the variance of selfdifferentiation. Also, safe and anxiety attachment styles significantly explain the variance of marital commitment. Finally, self-differentiation can significantly explain the variance of marital commitment. The results show that self-differentiation has mediator role in relationship between safe and anxiety attachment styles with marital commitment.

The results showed that since marriage and marital relationship are one of the important decisions in adulthood, focusing on attachment styles in adults can be supplemented with pre-marital education on marital commitment and continuity of relationships in couples.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide (1). Reducing suicide rates requires a wide range of public health interventions (2, 3). However, researchers and policymakers recommend strengthening positive social and family ties because family and social dependencies can reduce suicidal behavior in young people and adults (2). It is believed that the high prevalence of suicide in adolescents can be based on variables such as substance abuse (4), mood-emotional disorders (5), antisocial behavior (6), low self-esteem (7); Predicted family conditions (8), and poor economic conditions (9). However, few studies have examined the factors influencing it in families on the verge of divorce. The aim of the study was to determine the prediction of suicidal ideation based on the difficulty of emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, family flexibility and distress tolerance in adolescents and young families on the eve of divorce in Isfahan.

The present study was a descriptive correlation that was performed in the statistical population of all adolescents and young families on the eve of divorce in Isfahan in the second half of 2019. According to the Cochranchr('39')s formula, 373 people were selected and answered Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Gratz & Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Dennis& Vander Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Shakeri Family Flexibility Questionnaire (2003), Simons & Gaher distress tolerance scale, (2005). Data collected by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were analyzed using SPSS-24 software.

Findings showed that the predictive model of suicidal ideation based on the variables of emotional regulation difficulty, psychological flexibility and family flexibility has a favorable fit with respect to the mediating role of distress tolerance. The anxiety tolerance variable can play a mediating role between the variables of emotion regulation difficulty, family flexibility and cognitive flexibility. It also means that the indirect path, which starts from the predictor variables and starts from the difficult path of emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility and family flexibility, ends in suicidal tendencies, while the stress tolerance variable acts as a mediating variable between the predictor variables. And be the criterion, has more validity than direct routes (p <0.05).

The results of this study show that suicide attempts in adolescents and young people living on the verge of divorce are influenced by individual, psychological and family variables, including difficulty in regulating emotion, cognitive flexibility, family flexibility and tolerance. Distress pointed out. Also, the present data showed that in this regard, the distress tolerance variable can be used as a mediating variable among the variables of suicidal ideation and difficulty in regulating emotion, cognitive flexibility and family flexibility and the effects of these variables on suicidal ideation. Adjust adolescents and young people living in divorced families; Therefore, according to the obtained result, due to limitations such as the use of the statistical population of families on the verge of divorce, caution should be observed in generalizing the research findings to individuals and other communities; Also, according to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that during the consensual divorce sessions offered to families, sessions be provided for children to teach them the skills of increasing anxiety tolerance to prevent self-harming behaviors. As a final result of the research, it can be said that increasing distress tolerance skills can reduce the tendency to commit suicide in high-risk maples.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the modeling of self-assessment impact on mathematics achievement with intermediation of self-regulation. This research was conducted by field method. The statistical population consisted of all secondary school students of Qom province who were studying in the academic year of 1397-98. The sample size consisted of 278 female students in11th grade who were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected through self-assessment Questionnaire of Jaje, Currency, Bono and Thoresen(2003), Self-regulation Questionnaire of Bufard et al(1995) and Mathematics Test. Then structural equation modeling was used for correlation analysis and analyzed by Amos software. The results showed that the model fits well with the data of this study and self- assessment mediated by self-regulation has a direct impact on the progress of mathematics achievement. The correlation between self- assessment and academic achievement (r=0.42) and self-regulation and academic achievement (r=0.40) was significant at 99% confidence level. The results show the importance of self-assessment strategies on mathematics achievement. Accordingly, to increase students' mathematics achievement, more attention should be paid to teaching these strategies.

According to medical literature, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women, which is more prevalent in Iran and leads to women’s function decline in the family. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group counseling by Gestalt Therapy and Positive Psychology approach on psychological well-being in woman with lung cancer and comparing their results with each other.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population was selected using random and convenience sampling from the Oncology ward of Valiasr Hospital in Qom city. In this research, the samples were divided into two groups of experimental and control, which 10 subjects were considered for each of the intervention and control groups, so that, in total, the sample size was calculated to be 30 subjects. According to the principles of psychotherapy, the protocols of Positive Psychology and Gestalt Therapy were implemented and a psychological well-being questionnaire was used to assess the effect of these two approaches. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis model.

The mean age of the samples was 41.50±12.2 years. There was also a difference between the effectiveness of group counseling with Gestalt therapy and positive psychology on psychological well-being in women with lung cancer (p=0.001.( Overall, by controlling the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of the "psychological well-being" variable. Among the 6 variables, significant difference was observed between the groups only in 4 variables of self-acceptance (p=0.004), positive relationship with others (p=0.002), purposeful living (p=0.0021), and personal growth (p= 0.001).

The results of this study indicated that there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of "psychological well-being" by controlling for the pre-test effect. Moreover, positive psychotherapy has a high and significant effectiveness and Gestalt therapy has low and insignificant effectiveness. Therefore, the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy is higher than Gestalt therapy.

Several factors are involved in students' academic burnout and review of research has shown that there is a relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic burnout, but can academic motivation mediate the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic self-regulation with academic burnout? Materials &

The research method of this study was correlation based on structural equation modeling. Using cluster random sampling method, 350 students were selected from the statistical population of pre-school students in Tehran. Mitchell et al. (2000) answered Zimmermann & Martiz-Ponce self-regulation questionnaire and Waller et al. (1992) academic motivation questionnaire.

Structural model test results showed that academic self-efficacy was negatively correlated with all three components of academic burnout (academic fatigue, disinterest, and academic inefficiency) (p≤0.001). Internal academic motivation was negatively correlated with academic motivation and extrinsic motivation was positively correlated with academic burnout components (p≤0.001). Finally, academic self-regulation was correlated with the three components of academic burnout, and academic motivation dimensions significantly mediated the relationship between academic self-regulation and academic self-efficacy with academic burnout (p≤0.001). Finally, the fit model obtained overall model with the data collected, has a good fit.

Academic motivation is an important element in the educational process that can be enhanced and improved in students and can guarantee their academic success.

It is well known that the procedural rules should be interpreted narrowly. This idea has its own foundations, most important of which is the maintenance of order, but the question is whether these rules can be interpreted in the light of certain goals? There are approaches on the basis of which the procedural rules can be interpreted on specific purposes and goals. Such an approach is not alien for different legal systems, even it is legal dynamics and agility of justice requirement. The philosophers of law, through the relationship of procedural rules to fundamental rights, society and, in general, connecting individuals to states through these rules, have set goals for such an interpretation, such as the accuracy of the results, Utilitarianism, efficiency and procedural rights.

Marital disturbance is one of the marital problems that causes mental and cold problems and couples' end-to-end divorce.  Research has shown that sexual immorality can improve marital communication, but there is a research gap in comparing the effectiveness of Feldman multilevel education  and intimate communication skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of multidimensional Feldman method and intimate communication skills on sexual intimacy of women with marital disturbance . This research was an applied and semi-experimental research with pre-test-post-test design with two experimental and one control groups. From the statistical population of the study, women with disturbing marital status in District 8 of Tehran were summoned in a public call to those who had conditions for participation in the study; 36 of them were randomly assigned into three groups of 12 with the title of experimental group 1, experimental group 2 and control were replaced. The method of doing this was to first perform the sexual intimacy questionnaire on all three groups, then Feldman multidimensional sessions sessions were conducted for 10 sessions for the experimental group 1 and the holistic communication skills for the experimental group 2, but for the control group, no intervention was applied and immediately after the completion of experimental interventions for the test and post-test control groups.  The results of multivariate covariance and post hoc test showed that both Feldman's educational approach and sincere skills had an impact on female sexuality (p≤0/001), but the sentimental training approach was more effective than Feldman's method Has (p≤0/001).  In order to increase sexuality, a sentimental training approach can be used.

The concept of procedural rules apparently is obvious, nevertheless, you can say, features of procedural rules not analyzed properly. Indeed, the nature of these rules is questioned. Bentham as one of very old philosophers has defined the concept of procedural rules. In his view, procedural rules are the means of enforcing substantive rules. Procedural rules in goals, features, and functions are different from substantive rules. These rules are the means of applying sovereignty, serving procedural rights, they are voluntary, they have supremacy on substantive rules, and they are technical concepts, with special ways they harmonize between personal rights and sovereignty, and do order between people themselves as well as people with sovereignty

Altering of nationality is a right for persons. Accordance with rule 588 commercial law, legal persons can have the hole of right and duties of persons, exempt rights and duets that only human can has that because of his nature such as rights and duties of fatherhood, sonny etc. in Persian law unlike persons, there is not any rule about altering of nationality for legal persons especially companies and there is some text only about ltd and stock company altering nationality. Regarding with referring of right and duty of legal persons to nature persons beside especial characteristic and mandatory nature of nationality and special limited text about altering of nationality in Persian law and regarding with absence of special legal about form of nationality altering, is it permitted or not. The way of do that if it is permitted is vague and in this article debated about that. In comparative law this matter debated as border mobility of companies and it is accepted such as principle in Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and prohibition of altering nationality or acceptance of new nationality that cited in some internal laws modified, but in Persian law altering of nationality is a mandatory rule and altering of that is not permitted bye will.