فهرست مطالب mohammad nabi ahmadi

Comparative literature is a branch of literature that compares the literary works of different nations. This article seeks to compare the letters of two famous writers of the world. Romantic Gibran Khalil Gibran and realist Antoine Chekhov have exchanged letters with their desired women, which are in the field of confessional literature. In order to cross the narrow national borders, this essay is interested in comparative comparison and has extended these correspondences to the cultural context in which the authors were born. In the shadow of this generalization, only the concept of love and woman in their thought is not enough; Rather, in a more comprehensive view, relying on the literary literature, the societies in which these two lived have been compared. Gibran Khalil Gibran and Antoine Chekhov regard the beloved as sacred; But the extent of the effect of love is different in their view. This difference has a reason for which it is necessary to examine its true root in the context of their lives and circumstances.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is one of the new trends in linguistic studies that examines language with a social function and implies the reproduction of social and political hegemony in the context of the text. The editorials of Abdulbari Atwan, a contemporary Palestinian journalist (1950), are one of the manifestations of the resistance discourse, which is dedicated to his protest and revelations against the Zionist regime and the arrogance front, and he tried to represent the ideologies of the fighting nations and their resistance at different linguistic levels. Theon Van Dijk (1998), one of the prominent theorists in the field of critical discourse analysis, emphasized that the speaker's worldview (ideology) can be represented in language; It expresses the theory of ideological square to analyze the linguistic dimensions of a text in macro construction.The current research aims to investigate the media discourse of Abdul Bari Atwan in the framework of Van Dyke's socio-cognitive model (1943) with descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that Atwan's media discourse is a social action against the political-social situation of occupied Palestine and West Asian issues. The dominant ideology in Atvan's editorials is the ideology of resistance, which is established by being included in the media discourse. The final function of Atvan's verbal statements is to emphasize the positive points of the self (front of resistance) in opposition to other negative points (front of arrogance) and this is in line with the general strategy of producing Van Dyck's social-cognitive discourse method; Therefore, the approach of critical discourse analysis is the most specific linguistic tool to investigate the discourse of resistance

Due to the social nature of human beings, the foundations of his personality are formed in society. The activist manifests these principles through behavior and speech in various social, political, religious, cultural, ethical, historical, and economic fields. In this way, the framework of the individual's relationship with others is formed. Therefore, knowing personality dimensions play a significant role in creating behavioral and speech patterns. Social semiotics has a two-way view of human beings and their social relationships and is a knowledge for decoding personality's hidden and complicated dimensions. Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the richest sources that looks at different aspects of personality dimensions; therefore, the present essay aims to investigate the positive and negative personality traits of "Malek-Ashtar and Amr ibn al-As" in Nahj al-Balaghah with a social semiotic approach. Perfectionism is a common goal in two personality dimensions, with the difference that Malik Ashtar's actions to achieve this goal are based on his religious identity and pious tendencies, but Amr ibn al-As sees perfection in acquiring worldly values.

The novel " Bread on Uncle Milad's Table " is the first novel written by Mohammad Al-Naas and has been selected by the Arab Booker in 2022. This novel is a story of characters who were involved in many neuroses and tensions within the context of Libyan society and its prevailing culture. AlNaas adeptly and carefully captures the psychological traits of individuals within his society, thereby highlighting the importance of conducting research from a psychological standpoint. The present study was carried out in a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon Jeffrey Young's Schema Therapy theory to explore the underlying causes behind the development of early maladaptive schemas in the protagonist, "Milad" and examines his strategies to overcome these schemas. Milad is a young boy struggling with issues surrounding his male identity, which he has had a problem with since childhood throughout the narrative. The results revealed that the origins of Milad's psychological disorders can be traced back to his childhood and adolescence. The absence of effective coping strategies has created a fertile ground for the emergence of early maladaptive schemas in Milad. The dominant schema in Milad's character is in the field of " Disconnection and Rejection" which includes the basic and unconditional schemas of "Emotional deprivation and Defectiveness/shame". In an attempt to break free from these schemas, Milad employs the conditional schema of" Subjugation". He also adopts a"surrender coping style," followed by a subsequent shift towards an "overcompensation" in dealing with his schemas.

Comparative literature is one of the masterpieces of literary criticism that measures the works, elements, styles, periods, movements and literary figures, and in general, compares literature in its general sense in two or more different cultures and languages. Writing love poems and the desire to write lyrical poetry is the result of love for the beloved in the presence of the lover and mixing it with his poetic imagination. If we want to recognize the history of the ghazal in the pre-Islamic periods, we can say: "The history of singing and singing ghazal goes back to ancient cultures; ; In Aryan cultures, we find signs of eloquent speakers, among which we can mention the charming and charming stories of "Orpheus", who was the poet of Rameshgar... or also in Greek ritual legends we find songs that the monks and followers of Bacchus sang in their self-defeats, These songs, which are inspired by Greek tragedies, are called "dithyrambs".. There is no doubt about it, that Arab ghazal is a continuation of one of the live and dynamic types of self-stirring poems and the romantic adaptations of camels. it is not in hand, On the other hand, it is not clear as a result of what factor and when and where the sonnet was created from the first to the seventh century AD and it was placed at the beginning of ode writing. But this point is clear that the ghazal was not an independent art in its original form, and it became an independent art from the Umayyad era, and after that there were poets who only dealt with the ghazal.Writing lyrical poems and romantic poems has been widespread not only in Persian and Arabic literature, but also in the literature of other nations of the world. Since Soad Sabah and Mastoureh Ardalan have a similar place in the culture of Kuwait and Iran, a comparative study of lyrical poetry of these two poets In order to get to know them more, it can be a new discussion in the field of comparative literature.Examining Ghazal as a dynamic poem in the poems of Soad Sabah and Mastoreh Ardalan is of great importance; Because this type of poetry plays a key role in the divans of these two women poets and contemporary writers. This research aims to analyze the lyrical poetry of Soad Sabah and Mastoureh Ardalan in a descriptive-analytical way and based on the American school, which does not consider the existence of influence and effectiveness between two poets as a condition of comparative literature. To compare the views of two poets in this context and to reach an approach of the two poets' way of thinking and consumption of ghazal.The results of this research show that:                        The lyrical poetry of Soad Sabah and Mastoureh Ardalan represents their literary and expressive style, and both poets have paid attention to the use of language tools and subtleties to express their romantic thoughts and feelings, and have tried to use them in different situations by selecting and Instead of using words, the arrangement should synchronize the audience with their opinion and feeling of happiness or sadness And that the concept of (love) is a prominent characteristic of the lyrical poetry of two talented poets of Persian and Arabic literature, namely Mastoreh Ardalan and Soad Sabah.Among the common characteristics and descriptions of love in the poems of Soad Sabah and Mastorah Ardalan, we can mention the connection, the abandonment and distance of the beloved, the virtues of love, the use of elegies, etc.In terms of language, two poets tend to be simple and eloquent; As they speak, they say poetry and they don't overdo it in the field of verbal and spiritual enhancements, and you can also see coherence in words and meaning, deep emotion and feeling in most of these poems, fluency, accuracy and catchiness in it. He named two poets as the general style of lyrical poetry.In the field of love, two poets have differences in terms of structure and content; For example, in terms of the quantity of Sanandji's romances, he is not equal to Soad Sabah.5. In the content of Mastorah poems, there is a kind of religious and moral commitment in all of them, the use of religious characters in poetry, mystical prayers and supplications, praise of the Prophet (pbuh) and the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). ), pride in hijab, chastity and practical commitment to it, etc., are all clear signs of his high Islamic spirit and religious approach, while such poems with such themes are not found in Soad Sabah's poems.The current research, while getting to know these two contemporary Arabic and Persian poets, tried to find examples and common features by analyzing the lyrical texts and comparing them. Considering the results obtained in the lyrical poetry of the two poets, we can point to common points such as (manifestation of the beloved, common characteristics of the lover and the beloved, desertion and distance, the virtues of love and affection, the use of elegies, etc.) did And also in terms of expression, the two poets tend to be simple and eloquent. It should be noted that the romances of the two poets have differences in terms of content, language and style, which have been examined in detail in the main text of the article.

Texts are always open to interpretation, but the use of codes is a linguistic ability, a branch of semiotics based on literary criticism that offers a different and more active reading of the text. Codes actualize the potential capacities of the text and decoding reveals its latent meanings. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, with an emphasis on the semiotic approach. Through this approach, an investigation was conducted on the linguistic codes of the 53rd letter of Nahj al-Balagha, based on the theory of Pierre Guiraud. The aim was to determine how Guiraud's linguistic codes were employed in explaining the content of governmental command in this letter and in expressing the relationships between officials and the people. It was finally determined that the linguistic signs of the mentioned letter are the result of the interaction of logical, aesthetic and social codes manifested in three axes; the commander has strong control over the forces under his command; Threatening dangers to a healthy government system; and the divine-human combination of governance. Logical codes in letter include the signs that deal with the human aspects and are clear and objective and are accepted based on human reason and logic and in most cases revolves around justice as a political strategy and a necessary executive plan. The aesthetic codes of the letter in the permitted rhetorical styles, metaphor, irony, and simile express the relationship between literature and art; they have expressed the principles of the relationship between the ruler and the subjects with rhetorical forms. Social codes of the letter, include religion, occupational groups, names, titles and tone of speech.

The literature of each period is influenced by the interacting circumstances of that particular period. The poetry of Khazal Majedi (born in 1951) and Nasim Shomal (1313-1299) experience the impact of the conditions created by the enemies of Iraq and Iran for a long time. These two poets have criticized the existing situation of their society back in the old days on a large scale and have held a negative attitude against it. The theory of critical aesthetics emerged as a production of Frankfurt School of thought in the twentieth century, and the main goals it carried were opposing the existing status and, ultimately, experiencing the liberation of contemporary man as a free being. The current literature of Arabic and Persian poetry, due to their common social-intellectual-political conditions, have formed common experiences which comprise this change in almost both the content and form of the literary works of the two nations. One of the most prominent elements of the common poetry of Khazal Majidi - as an Iraqi poet - and Nasim Shomal - an Iranian poet - is the critical spirit and atmosphere that has overshadowed their poems. The method used in this article is to compare the poems of two Iranian and Iraqi poets based on the American school of thought and the library analysis and interpretation. These two writers, like the theorists of the Frankfurt School of thought and the theory of aesthetics and critical theory, deny the ideology of any literary or non-literary work and consider its authenticity in its independence. This article aims to address the main intellectual concerns of both poets from four common aspects: political code, social code, mythical code and historical code which carries a symbolic meaning that is the critical comparison and analysis from an aesthetic point of view. From the analysis of the poems for both poets and the understanding of their views, it is inferred that the root of all problems in Iran and the Arab world, according to this theory, is political domination and the way to create freedom in society is to eliminate hegemony in the country. Criticism of the ruling political domination, opposition to positivism, revolutionary art, etc. are among the main foundations of this theory. Khazal Majidi and Nasim Shomal have symbolically expressed their anti-colonial ideas and have used social, political, mythological and historical codes to embody the reality of the country and stimulate the society, thus achieving their goals and values and develop their opinions.

Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some extent. One of the prominent theoreticians in this field is Antoine Berman, who enumerates thirteen factors of deviation in translation in his theory entitled Deforming Tendencies. Based on the techniques of Berman's translation, the present research analyzes the novel Barid Al-Layl written by Hoda Barakat and translated by Seyyed Hamidreza Mohajerani with the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In this translation, several tendencies of Berman's theory have been discussed, which have been the most repeated in Mohajerani’s translation, these tendencies are: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment. Of course, it is necessary to mention that there are some examples of other deforming tendencies in this translation, which have been avoided due to their low number. In this article, with a careful study, cases of deviations in the translation of Barid Al-Layl are presented based on the mentioned tendencies, and in some cases, a suggested translation is also presented. In general, it can be said that the biggest cause of deviation in Mohajerani’s translation is related to the explanation and interpretation of the translator, who intends for the reader to clearly understand the content; therefore, it is clear that this translation is more oriented towards the target text.

Interpretation as expressing meaning and uncovering verses reasons has been one of the oldest concerns of Islamic scholars. Quranic sciences scholars have required interpreters to have a good command of literary sciences like word, morphology, syntax, derivation and rhetoric. Literary sources, among interpretation sources, have a significant role in a correct understanding of verses. Literary sources mean vocabulary and Arab literature texts helping interpreter understand lexical meaning or syntactic and rhetoric structure of verses. The sources, comparing others, have a preceding position, since without understanding vocabulary and structures governing Quranic literature, the first step in understanding does not occur. The famous interpreter and narrator of Shafii in 8th century and the writer of “Tafseer-e Ghorἀn-e Azim”, Ibn-e-Kaseer, having a narrative interpretation of verses, benefited from his own literary knowledge. The writer of this descriptive-analytic article has tried to study “how” and “how much” the interpreter benefits from literary aspects (morphology, syntax, rhetoric and literary concepts) in the explanation of verses. The results of the study showed that in the explanation of the verses, he has used literary aspects in a variety of ways including; expressing dependent ideas referring to reliable poetic evidences or other scholar’s literary ideas criticism or direct quotation of ideas.

Each of the translation theorists has more or less been able to influence the history of translation with their works and opinions. Among them were Jean-Paul Vienne and Jean Darbelne in 1958. They published a book entitled "French and English Comparative Stylistics". This book introduces the techniques that every translator uses, and due to the significant impact this work has had on the history of translation, it has actually become an important reference for translation techniques. In the present study, after providing a brief definition for each of these techniques, examples are mentioned for each. After exploring and comparing the translated text with the original text of the famous novel "Sayyid al-Qamar" and in accordance with the same technique, these samples have been selected to analyze the translation of this novel written by Ms. Jokheh al-Harithi (2010) and Mohammad Hezbai Zadeh. He translated it as "Women of the Moon". This article seeks to evaluate the translation of the novel based on the opinions of famous translation theorists and in a problem-oriented study with an analytical-descriptive method to measure the tendency and success of the translator in using these techniques, which in the end, the translator has taken a destination-oriented approach due to his special attention to the reader's understanding and communication with him. Therefore, to create a fluent and understandable text, it has used less direct techniques and more indirect methods to finally provide a readable translation in Persian whose expressions and terms are familiar to the Persian-language readers and free of ambiguity and complexity, and is appropriate to the level of readers of a novel.

Showghi Bazi and Manouchehr Atashi are two modern poets who have reflected nature in their poems vastly. They have applied the elements of nature in their poems with special literary goals and have taken a step into verbal and semantic modernism in their poems. The present study, according to the frameworks of comparative literature, tries to study the literary application of nature and the reflection of special names of flowers, plants, trees, and fruits in the poems of thee two poets. According to the findings of the study, Bazi and Atashi have applied the beautiful nature of their country, especially plants. They have applied names of flowers, plants, trees, and fruits for purposes like, defamiliarization, semantic exaggeration in poetry, expanding the semantic capacity of words in the poetry, and empowering the fantasy and feeling range of poetry. One of the most important features of the application of these words of nature is to apply them in the form of literary arrays, especially metaphor, humanization, and simile; it makes them to take a symbolic form. The semantic load of the words related to the natural elements in the poems of these two poets is changing between positive and negative, according to the theme and the general atmosphere of the poetry.

Semiotics is one of the new methods in literary criticism of texts. Based on the principles of semiotics, researchers analyze the hidden and internal data of the text and the relations among the words in the context and reveal and interpret semantic secrets and signs in poetic texts. The science of semiotics entered a new phase in the 1960s with the rise of the French linguist Ferdinand Desoussor, but it was not long before the American Charles Pierce revolutionized the science of semiotics by presenting his threefold model. According to him, man lives in a complex system of a wide range of signs. By recognizing these signs, he comes to an understanding of existence. Hence, Pierce presents a three-dimensional model in which there is an inextricable link among the three parts. Pierce defines the concept of sign in three parts, including a) representation, which is a form that assumes a sign, not necessarily material, equivalent to ‘signifier’ in Saussure's view, b) object, as something to which the sign refers, and c) interpretant, as a meaning derived from a sign and a perception created by a sign. Interpretation is equivalent to meaning in Saussure's view.According to Pierce's theory, the sign has another classification, which is based on its characteristics. Pierce's semiotics is based on three philosophical categories, namely primacy, secondary, and tertiary. The category of priority includes matters that exist in themselves and without regard to any other relationship, such as whiteness or feelings of sadness, without questioning the cause. Pierce's second category is secondary to various components, including effects. For example, falling of a stone thrown on the ground and pain in terms of its cause are part of this category. The category of the secondary is more related to the practical life and personal experience of man. The third and last category is the category of the tertiary, which deals with general laws and objects. In fact, it relates the categories of priority and secondary. The connection among these three categories produces the concept of a sign.

Khazal Al-Majedi (1951) is one of the poets of modernity whose main poetic theme is the grief of homelessness and distance from home. He is an educated poet and is aware of the history of Iraq. The present study intends to examine the concepts of homelessness and alienation with an analytical-descriptive method in the Ahzan al-Sunnah al-Iraqi anthology by Khazal al-Majedi based on Pierce's theory. The poet's skill in choosing specific implications from the meanings is explored, multiple implications are derived from his vocabulary, and criticisms are made on the role of temporal and spatial coders in shaping vocabulary symptoms related to homelessness.

Since Al-Majedi's poems have a very high interpretive capacity and the study of the relationship between signs and codes in his poetry leads the reader to a correct understanding of his thoughts and the depth of his concepts and goals, Pierce's semiotic pattern was used to illuminate the underlying layers of his poems. In this research, in order to obtain the required data, previous findings and the relationships among them as well as the available valid sources have been used. The research is conducted based on the analysis of Khazal Al-Majedi's works so as to introduce the poet’s style and views, with a focus on the Ahzan al-Sunnah of Iraqi anthology and the books in the field of semiotics and content analysis.

Based on the research results, these cryptocurrencies have been used with the aim of beautifying words, increasing the semantic capacity of words and creating new and unfamiliar semantic combinations. They create images in the poems in line with their general atmosphere and reflect Al-Majedi's extra-textual factors, worldview, nostalgic emotions, feelings of homesickness, and intense attachment to his homeland.

Using spatial situations and spatial constraints, the poet has created a poetic space in which a system of interconnected meanings has been formed, giving the concept of sign a visual dimension and using the physical properties of place and homelessness. He has loneliness, which is abstract and intangible, or visible and tangible. He gives it a sensory nature so that the reader can reach the depths of his emotions, alienation and sorrow and sympathize with him.In his poetry, Al-Majedi uses the element of time as a form and container that illustrates all his memories and emotional experiences. This is done by using metaphors and similes and turning time units into poetic signs and the concepts of homelessness and bitterness. He expresses distressing moments away from home in indirect language. These time and space vessels depict his intense attachment to his homeland, show an emotional and cultural burden, and reflect the world inside the poet and his tired soul.He creates a chain of images, signs and meanings by arranging explicit meanings in the text of the poem. He also produces successive and related poetic images and uses the spice of imagination and permissible language to target the reader's mind. The main and hidden meaning behind these words are well deliberated, and the symbols of homelessness in his poems are the product of the transition from the phonetic form of words and temporal and spatial constraints and the surface texture of the text to the abstract interpretation and meaning of the sign, which is interpreted with the help of a subject in the real and external world.

Martyr Haj Qasem Soleimani and Abu Mehdi Mohandes are two famous Mujahideen and the manifestation of national authority of Iran and Iraq. With their martyrdom, they blew the spirit of resistance in the West Asian region and in the World. They brought literature to the fore, not in the form of words and sentences, but in their actions and deeds. The literature of the stability of the world in the field of poetry and literature Follow a single orientation. Hence, it has attracted the attention of many writers. Poets and writers in line with the people have reflected the foundations of Sustainability in their woeks and Inthisway, they have encouraged people to fight for their goals. Tody the foundations of sustainability have Crossed borders and choosen different schools for themselves. Examining these themes in two different languages and expanding the scope of the discussion, causes empathy and strengthens as much as possible beyond the borders and increases its effectiveness. This descriptive-analytical study whith a comparative approach based on the Americans school in comparative literature, in thends to address the common themes of stability in the poetry of Ali Davoodi and Hamid Helmi about the two commanders of Martry Haj Qasem soleimani and AbuMehdi Al-Mohandes. Studies show that the axes of struggle in Iran and Iraq have been somewhat similar due to geographical proximity and religious commonalities. The most important finding of this research is determining the literary tools used in the poetry of two poets is that Helmi often resorted to biting satire to represent the tragedy of the martyrdom of the resistance leaders, while Davoodi expression is of the epic and somewhat hopeful.

The novel Sharafat al-Aar narrates the lives of characters with different inherent and acquired capitals and talents who compete and play together in the common field of cultural production based on their character and capitals, or on the opposite side. They play a role to achieve a symbolic status in the social space. The nature of this research method is descriptive-analytical, relying on Bourdieu's sociological concepts. Findings show that the discourse of debauchery is weak in terms of ownership of cultural capital and very rich in terms of social and symbolic capital. Negative social capital in this discourse becomes actions that reproduce betrayal and violence, and the true discourse of religion, despite its intellectual character, achieving social status and the acceptable richness of cultural and economic capital, Faced with a hot crisis of stigma, the “murder for the defense of dignity” rule is removed from the scene under the rule of legitimacy.

The components of resistance in children's literature are the most influential literary genre of any culture and nation. Children are one of the most vulnerable members of any society. Currently, due to the situation in Syria, Syrian children are facing many crises and social tensions; Hence, contemporary Syrian literature is also tied to it, and every poet puts freedom, resistance and oppression of children at the center of his poems. Hussein Habash is one of the Syrian poets whose beating heart could not stand the invasion of the souls and bodies of children, and he immersed the pen in the essence of his poetry to reflect this oppression in his poems. In this article, We intend to use a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the mental ideas of the Syrian child about the war and its effects on his soul and psyche in the collection of poems "Malak Tayer" based on the most characteristic concepts of resistance. The findings of the research indicate that the poet has reflected the element of child and the psychological effects of war on the child in the most artistic way in his poem, using the thought of time and with his leap towards the future. It illustrates a bright future for society by relying on the next generation. Another consequence of this article is that the poet depicts the psychological trauma that the child has suffered in the form of ironic words and concepts. Secondly, in depicting the oppression of the child and the pure world of children, he has used symbolic games and overturning the interpretation, and also the characters present in the poet's poetry are more of an external example than their unreality.

Cognitive metaphorical theory is a term used in linguistics to refer to an idea or conceptual field based on another idea or concept. Examples from the book Sahifa Sajadieh and its two translations by Mousavi Garmaroodi and Elahi Ghomshey have been selected in order to investigate the relationship between cognitive metaphors at the two main levels: similar metaphors, special metaphors, with the act of translating and paying attention to the translators. In these examples, the metaphorical element was extracted and the performance of each translator in dealing with it was investigated. The results suggest that although translators have taken a different approach to translate the meanings of the source text, the success of both translators in translating metaphors has been similar. Mousavi Garmaroodi, as a translator of literature, has used creative metaphors, while Elahi Ghomshei has, in some instances, translated abstract concepts without metaphor in order to facilitate translation. In this research, the translation of Sahifa Sajadieh's conceptual metaphors is examined by the descriptive-analytical method and comparative approach.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the approaches of modern linguistic studies. Critical discourse is based on social constructivism and analyzes structures and meanings that have an ideological burden. The Dutch linguist Theon Wendijk (1943) examines the cognitive-social approach in the context of critical discourse analysis and makes connections between textual, cognitive and social structures. Ideology plays a fundamental role in the model of critical and individual discourse and creates schemas of the existing relationships between ideology, society, cognition and discourse, and this social interaction is crystallized in the form of text or discourse. Tahir Watar, a prominent Algerian novelist (1936), has written the novel Al-Laz, examining the political, social and cultural currents of Algeria and depicting the colonized Algerian society. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been tried to first take a brief look at the novel "Allaz" and the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and then to examine the discourse of this novel based on the method of critical discourse and Vandik. The critical discourse approach is the most specific linguistic tool for telling the story of Ellaz.

Semiotics is among the new approaches which the critics and researchers have used to analyze and interpret literary texts. It is a medium through which the signs get meaning in the text. Kazem al-Samawi (1919-2010) is one of the most well-known Iraqi contemporary poets, a part of whose work is replete with signs, symbols, and myths. “Malhamah al-Hijra al-Thalasah” is a poem in which he has transferred his intended meaning to the audiences through a collection of signs. The method of this qualitative research is that it uses descriptive-analytical tools to take use of manuscripts and other library resources in the analysis of Al-Samawi’s sonnet to examine its most important linguistic codes, express the relationships of these codes with the poet's life, and interpret the function of them in the harmony of the poems. The purpose of this research was to help the readers of al-Samawi’s poetry become more familiar with the hidden layers of his work and thought. The results showed that both the personality and the inclinations of the poet have been clearly reflected in the poem through the signs. In the same way, a handful of aesthetic and intertextual sings take function in the harmony of the poem, and these features considerably add to the values of it. Results also showed that al-Samawi’s poem mainly root in the experiences of his long years of life in exile, when he was conscious enough to use such codes in his poetry for exciting the readers’ sense of challenge and resistance. It is evident that al-Samawi is able to express his intention and purposefully communicate with the reader through these sings and symbols.

The term "rajm" in Arabic language means "stoning". This term and its derivatives have been used in Holy Quran fourteen times. The commentators and Quranic scholars have considered the meaning of this term more often in its principal sense and according to the very first meaning, the stoning of adulterers in Islam is legitimate as they believe. However, a closer study of the verses involving the term rajm and its derivatives indicates that the principal sense of the word in those verses is not correct and accurate but in all of the fourteen cases, this term envoys the virtual sense, i.e.: exile, rejection, and violent eviction. The present research aims to prove the virtual sense of this term by analyzing the views of commentators in this field relying on Muhammad Shahrour's view through a descriptive-analytical framework. Based on the results, the term rajm envoys violent eviction from the homeland in all cases except in the Surah al-Kahf where this term envoys the principal sense. Furthermore, the text of Holy Quran does NOT imply rajm in the sense of stoning as the prescribed punishment upon adulterers. Keywords: Holy Quran, rajm, stoning, exile, Muhammad Shahrour.

Semantics is the human knowledge that systematically examines the method of understanding the meanings of texts, especially literary-religious texts. His Contemporary Theory of Consciousness was put forward by Michael Holliday (1978) in the London School. Old and new information is the main interface of the two roles of a sentence in the construction of textual relativism. The construction of a textual text is an audience-centered construction that is based on cognition or knowledge. Since the miracle of the Holy Quran goes back to its hybrid and textual features, the semantic mappings used in the news context of the Divine Word are a good platform for analyzing and explaining the intended purposes of Quranic stories. In this research, an attempt has been made to first take a brief look at the Qur'anic stories and their theoretical framework through a descriptive-analytical method and then to examine the relationship structure between new and old news in a number of Qur'anic stories with a semantic semantic approach.

Different patterns and models have been proposed by translation theorists, which are used as a suitable and more accurate criterion for measuring translations. Ms. Carmen Garcés’ (1994)'s theory of translation quality assessment is one of the most important theories in the field of linguistics, which organizes and analyzes the quality of translated literary texts in order to determine their qualitative level. The aim of this article is to examine the main text of the story "Nahr al-Dhahab" by Yaqub al-Sharuni using the model proposed by Garcés on the semantic-lexical level. This story is translated by Dr. Vahid Sabzianpour and Hasiba Vakili as “The Golden River”. The most important findings of this paper written by a descriptive-analytical method, indicates that this translation, in terms of its "semantic-lexical" level, contains a limited number of data that are compatible with Garcés’ theory and its various subcategories, such as: syntactic adaptation, adaptation, definition or explanation in terms of cultural differences and ambiguity. Linguists believe that the different meanings of a single form lead to ambiguity. According to Garcés, the ambiguity may be intentional or inadvertent. Intentional or artistic ambiguity must be conveyed, and unintentional ambiguity must be removed. According to the review of this translation, no ambiguity was observed in the book Nahr al-Dhahab. According to the findings of this article, "adaptation" or the same semantic choice close to a sentence or word in translation, has the highest frequency, and "explanation", i.e. the explanation of the word in a footnote or parentheses, has the lowest frequency. There were also some instances of syntactic compression which is considered as one of the negative points mentioned in Garcés theory.

It is clear that standing on the rhetorical glands and clarifying their secrets is one of the most important Qur'anic topics. This study deals with this semantic aspect of the Holy Qur'an in light of one of its rhetorical arts, which is called "attention". The researcher in this research is not in the process of defining what is stated in the rhetorical books, such as the definition of "attention" or its designation in the Quranic verses. Rather, it seeks to clarify what has not been mentioned in these books, any indication of this work or its reason and its communication in some of the verses. The "Attitudes and their Significance" played an important role in understanding some of the Qur'anic verses and their interpretation; however, some of the commentators did not refer to the ruling of this work and its reasonableness in their interpretations even though they were in the Arabic language. They seem to have been able to explain some verses of the Koran correctly. The researcher, through his research, realized that the revelation in the Quranic verses has rhetorical connotations such as: "remembering the right of godliness to worship and vengeance."; "Exaggerating the positive of obedience and leaving the nerve, and describing the Prophet as an illiterate prophet to praise and increase "The majority of the divine will and its inevitable execution"; "the depiction of the intensity of fear and the monk" and other judgments and convictions. Finally, it should be noted that the approach adopted in this article is the technical approach.

One of the attitudinal aspects of Jenah al-Kazimi (Born in 1949) and Mohtasham Kashani (905 AH - 996 AH) as poets of Ahl al-Bayt, is the expression of the tragedies of Imam Hussein (AS) and his companions on Ashura Day, and portraying this event as a huge catastrophes that happened to the Ahlul-Bayt (AS) in the Karbala Desert. This research is a descriptive-analytical study based on the theory of comparative Islamic literature which explores the most important attributes of the misery of these two poets in Imam Hossein's Elegies. The two poets are fascinated by their awe and sadness that is pained by this tragedy and finally, the study answers the questions that what are the most important commonalities used in the poems of these two poets? How did the two of them use figurative language to visualize Karbala? The findings of the study indicate that the two poets in Imam Hussein's Elegy have used common themes, the most important of which are thirst, captivity, martyrdom, sadness and the grief of Zaynab and ... also the study of the style which is used in his poems shows that both poets have succeeded in applying various forms of imagination to portray the catastrophe of Karbala and the superficial layers of this event, but the expression of underlying layers of its epistemic and semantic meaning, which are the basic aims of the Karbala uprising have not been successful.

The semantic look of the text and the semantic analysis of its vocabulary is one of the ways to achieve the meaning of time and to find out the main purpose of the speaker. This kind of look, in particular in a religious text like the Qurān, which has several semantic levels, becomes more and more important because of the importance of the message and its role in providing eternal bliss of mankind.
One of the most important features of Arabic Language is the structural changes of words that include items such as integration, substitution, derivation, and etc. In their research, scholars and commentators of the Quran have just explained about the structure of the words and have not discussed the structural relation of those words in the context they are located. In this paper, the semantic approach has been adapted to investigate this issue. Thus, analyzing the structural changes in Al-Araf Surah, Explaining the application of semantic analyzes in identifying the structural changes of Quranic vocabulary the present study makes clear that the structural changes never occurred coincidentally, however, an exact as well as profound relationship of proportionality lies between the semantic style and structural changes of words. These semantic relationships cause a variety of morphological change of the words and consequently diverse interpretations are applied. This article analyzes this principle using a descriptive-analytic as well as a semantic approach in Al-Araf Surah.

Rhetoric with different types of different aspects of the text and the hypertext of the work is investigated by microbiology and aims to provide a cognition of the features of the effect and manner or how to create it in the construction and the textbook exclusive to the creator of the work Is.This kindof Stylistics from the past, in the classical and modern studies, is the basis of the discussion of literary works and is carried out at three levels of language, content and rhetoric. In the present research, the rhetorical style of the collection of the grave of my grave (2009), The work of Yaḥyā Samāwy, the contemporary poet, was the basis for discussion. With the discussion in the text of this collection, we find that the components of the poet's rhetorical style in this collection are as follows: contradictory expression, symbolism, the use of legacies in the form of telemoments, conceptual desensitization, tendency to the expressions of simile And metaphorical visualization, each of which has a particular function for the poet in this collection. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the great aspects of the poet's rhetoric in the collection.