morteza taheri

This study examines the impact of cognitive and physical interventions on the quality of life and stress among middle-aged retired athletes. Utilizing a narrative and descriptive analysis method, articles published between 2020 and 2024 were reviewed. The findings indicate that physical interventions such as aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises lead to improved physical health, increased muscle strength, and enhanced immune function, thereby improving quality of life and reducing stress. Conversely, cognitive interventions like mindfulness exercises and cognitive-behavioral therapy positively affect mental health and stress reduction by altering negative thought patterns and enhancing coping skills. The combination of these interventions creates synergistic effects that contribute to overall health improvement and increased longevity. However, limitations such as the need for long-term commitment, access to resources, and professional expertise may affect the implementation of these interventions. Therefore, it is recommended to design combined and personalized intervention programs that consider individual needs and conditions to improve quality of life, reduce stress, and prevent diseases in middle-aged retired athletes.

 The objective of this narrative review is to systematically evaluate the combined effects of aerobic exercise and fasting protocols on obesity control in women.

Methods and Materials:

 A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies included involved adult women with overweight or obesity, investigating the effects of aerobic exercise, fasting protocols, or their combination on weight loss and metabolic health. Data were extracted on study design, participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and key findings. The quality of the included studies was assessed using standardized tools, and a descriptive analysis approach was employed to synthesize findings.

 The review found that both aerobic exercise and fasting protocols individually promote significant weight loss and improve metabolic health markers in obese women. Combined interventions lead to greater reductions in body weight and fat, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and improved lipid profiles compared to either strategy alone. For instance, combining aerobic exercise with intermittent fasting resulted in weight loss of up to 10% over 12 weeks, and a significant reduction in body fat percentage. Improvements in inflammatory markers, such as a reduction in CRP levels by 20%, were also noted. The synergistic effects are attributed to complementary mechanisms, including enhanced energy expenditure, improved metabolic flexibility, hormonal regulation, and reduced inflammation.

 Combining aerobic exercise with fasting protocols is a highly effective strategy for obesity control in women, leading to significant and sustained weight loss, improved body composition, and enhanced metabolic health. These interventions are supported by robust mechanistic insights and practical benefits, making them a valuable addition to comprehensive obesity management programs. Further research should focus on long-term effects, optimal protocols, and diverse populations to refine and expand the application of these combined approaches.

The present research was conducted with the aim of providing a local model of organizational self-leadership with an emphasis on training in non-governmental organizations, with the approach of data-based theory, in Moalem Insurance Company. This research is of a mixed type. Participants in the qualitative part are 32 people (7 women and 25 men). In the quantitative part, the statistical population is 720 employees, and the sample size was determined by using Morgan's table to be 251 people. Next, using the snowball sampling method and reaching theoretical saturation, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 18 experts from Moalem Insurance Company. In the quantitative part of the research, a questionnaire was compiled from the output of the three stages of coding and the calculated components. Content validity method was used to evaluate its validity and reliability. To analyze the quantitative data of the questionnaire; structural equation modeling method with PLS approach and Smart_PLS software were used. Based on the obtained results, the native model of organizational self-leadership was calculated.

 the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cumin intake following partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats and some cardiorespiratory indices in student-athletes.

The present study was quasi-experimental and the research design was cross-sectional. The statistical population included all female student-athletes of Imam Khomeini International university (Age: 18-25 years), of whom 8 students were chosen based on convenience sampling method (Age: 20.01± 53 0.53; height 163.50± 6.57 cm;, weight 56.54± 2 2.54 kg; body mass index 21.19 ± 1.85 kg / m2; maximum oxygen consumption 87 58.30±5.5 kg / min and heart rate 93.63 ±5.15 beats per minute). The main group consisted of 8 subjects who were initially tested as a control group; they were then tested again as placebo and supplement groups after a seven-day wash out period, respectively. PSD was performed for 4 hours the night before the test. Exhaustion was measured and recorded by Bruce treadmill test; cardiorespiratory parameters, carbohydrate and fat oxidation were analyzed by gas analyzer.

The results suggested that carbohydrate oxidation increased at the time of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) in the cumin supplement group (p≤0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio also increased at the time of anaerobic threshold and Vo2max in cumin supplement group (p≤0.05).

In summary, it can be said that taking cumin pills improves the performance of sleep deprived athletes.

The purpose of this study was to analyze destructive leadership and its consequences in schools in Tehran province. The present study is qualitative research that was conducted using the interpretive phenomenology strategy and Colaizzi's analysis method. In line with this goal, the perceived experiences of teachers regarding the destructive behaviors of school principals and their consequences were explored. The research field was primary and secondary schools in Tehran province. Fourteen interviews were conducted using purposeful and snowball sampling methods through semi-structured interviews with teachers and school assistants. The duration of the interviews was between 40 and 60 minutes. After analyzing the data, 35 components related to destructive leadership behaviors were discovered, which were classified into 8 main themes of destructive behaviors: dominance and mastery, narcissism, unfavorable political behavior, offensive behavior, lack of empathy, unfair behavior, micromanagement, resistance to change, and lack of responsibility. Also, 25 components related to the consequences of destructive leadership were extracted and categorized into 8 main themes. Such an atmosphere leads to a decrease in job motivation, an increase in interpersonal tensions, a decrease in cooperation and interaction, a lack of professional development, a decrease in interpersonal trust, a lack of completion of the teaching staff, a decrease in physical and mental health, and the poisoning of the school environment. The results of the research confirm the occurrence of destructive behavior of managers in Iranian schools. By paying attention to teachers' voices, this research tries to increase awareness about destructive leadership in the educational environment and to consider the need to improve leadership mechanisms in educational organizations.

The aim of this research was to identify factors influencing the development of sports entrepreneurship, with an emphasis on sports startups in the country. The research employed a mixed-method approach and was applied in nature. In terms of data collection and information gathering, it was field-based and descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of this study included members of the board of directors of sports startups, experts in the field, and specialists. The research samples were selected purposefully, with 38 participants in the qualitative section and 208 in the quantitative section, based on the research objectives and reaching theoretical saturation. To analyze the interviews conducted and to enhance the accuracy and validity of the analysis, the interviews were fully recorded and then transcribed. The researcher then reviewed and coded each interview individually. Additionally, in the quantitative section, structural equation modeling (SEM) using PLS software was employed. The results of the coding process revealed that the factors influencing the development of sports startups include five components: supportive factors, advertising, technology, market awareness, and culture. In the quantitative section, the identified factors were presented to the research sample in the form of a closed questionnaire. The quantitative results also indicated that the five identified factors have a significant impact on the development of sports startups. The factors identified in this research should receive serious attention from sports managers to foster the growth of sports startups.

The gap between theory and practice has always been a subject of debate among theorists and practitioners. Practitioners frequently critique the limited applicability of theory in real-world organizational settings, while researchers express concern over the perceived lack of theoretical grounding in Human Resource Development (HRD) practice. In response to this critical issue, actionable knowledge development has emerged as a key area of investigation. The present study aims to address this gap by proposing a model for the development of actionable knowledge among HRD practitioners. Employing a qualitative research approach, the research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of 24 HRD practitioners from Iran’s administrative system. To this end, thematic coding strategies (open and axial) were used to analyze the interview data. The findings revealed a cyclical model of actionable knowledge development, characterized by six key stages. These stages revolve around two axes: "knowing" and "doing." The "knowing" axis encompasses three stages: Receiving, adapting, and searching for knowledge. The "doing" axis, conversely, comprises three stages: Legitimizing, reconfiguring, and rendering knowledge into practice. By fostering attention to this cyclical model, individual and organizational development can be facilitated. Furthermore, this model has the potential to bridge the gap between the social system of science and the social system of practice, ultimately promoting the formation and application of practical knowledge for HRD practitioners to effectively address everyday challenges.

The implementation of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) has been one of the significant issues of the education system in our country in the last decade. FRDE, similar to all educational policies and reforms, is affected by the adaption process and is not necessarily implemented according to policymakers’ intentions.The aims of this study is to understand and explain the meaning made by school principals of their role during the implementation of FRDE and investigates how to implement the transformation document. This qualitative study was conducted using the phenomenology method and based on the cognitive framework of sensemaking. Data was gathered through semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 8 public high school principals in four district 3, 6, 7, and 13 of Tehran. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis method of Miles et al. (2014) led to the formation of three main theme categories “ambiguty”, “documentary”, and “individual and situational factors”. Finding illuminates, the ambiguity of FRDE’s text and how it is transitioning to practice. The requirement to act in such a situation leads principals to make another sense of their role and they perceive themselves as documenters. In light of the findings, forming this meaning was affected by individual factors including same-old and to-no-avail attempts, as well as situational factors including the extent of applying, rules and regulations, and value position. According to the findings, despite the efforts made to implement the FRDE in schools, the main purpose of the implementation of it has not been achieved. The attention of policymakers to the factors that shape sensemaking can help in designing educational policies and more effective implementation.

he sports industry is experiencinga significant transformation driven by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). This narrative review explores the multifaceted impact of AI on the sports industry, focusing on performance enhancement, economic transformations, fan engagement, and ethical considerations. The review begins with a historical overview of AI's early applications in sports, such as performance analytics and injury prevention, and progresses to recent advancements, including personalized training programs, real-time coaching feedback, and immersive virtual reality experiences.The economic implications of AI are profound, with AI-driven technologies creating new revenue streams through personalized digital marketing and dynamic pricing models, while also enhancing cost efficiency via automated processes and predictive maintenance. Market expansion is facilitated by AI's ability to analyze global trends and fan behaviors, enabling sports organizations to reach broader audiences.AI's role in enhancing athlete performance is highlighted through the use of advanced analytics, wearable technologies, and predictive algorithms that monitor health and prevent injuries. Case studies in soccer, basketball, tennis, and e-sports illustrate the successful integration of AI, showcasing its ability to improve both athlete outcomes and fan experiences.Ethical and social considerations are critically examined, addressing privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, employment impacts, and the evolving regulatory landscape. The review concludes with a discussion on future trends, including emerging AI technologies, long-term economic implications, and potential challenges. Insights from industry experts emphasize the transformative potential of AI and the importance of addressing ethical issues to ensure responsible use.

Most of the administrators of the universities are faculty members and they have not received the necessary training and have not been evaluated in an organized manner. Considering the importance of paying attention to competency in the selection of efficient and effective administrators and considering the critical role of universities in the society, the aim of the current research is to development and validation a general competencies model for public universities’ administrators in Tehran. A qualitative method was used in this research; Thematic analysis method was used to design the competency model and Delphi technique was used to validation the designed model. The sample was the administrators of the public universities in Tehran, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 of them. After the qualitative analysis of the implemented interviews, the primary model was extracted using thematic analysis. Delphi technique was used to validating the extracted model, and the final competency model, which consists of 12 competencies, was formulated with the opinion of experts. Competencies were classified into three general categories: managerial competencies, interpersonal competencies, and personal characteristics. Managerial competencies include leadership, organizational awareness, problem solving, planning and organizing, and supervision and control; Interpersonal competencies include communication skills, networking and negotiation and persuasion, and personal characteristics include result orientation, continuous learning, resilience and professionalism. Considering the key role of managers in achieving the goals of universities, it is recommended to use the competency model extracted in this research for the appointment and promotion of administrators.

In recent decades, there has been significant emphasis on educational leadership and the performance of school principals in educational policies. The aim of this research is to explore and examine upper-level documents and conducted studies in order to clarify the current state of educational leadership and the transition towards it.

The current research is practical in terms of purpose and employs qualitative data collection and documentary analysis. It utilizes an inference-based approach through conceptual analysis and re-conceptualization. This method is a type of systematic review in which the researchers use it as a tool for categorizing a set of features related to a phenomenon and explaining them, instead of relying on a set of statistical rules. The study population consists of all relevant domestic research on educational leadership and upper-level documents of the educational system in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which were selected using purposive sampling of research and relevant documents.

The findings of the domestic research related to the topic of educational leadership at the school level indicate the identification of 29 features, which were categorized into four dimensions: "organizational management and improvement," "individual progress and educational development," "leadership patterns and models," and "leadership description."

Based on the analysis of the upper-level documents, it can be stated that except for the Fundamental Transformation Document (2011), in other documents, the topic of educational leadership has been implicitly and indirectly addressed under themes such as "school-centered management," "participatory management," "school-centeredness," "curriculum guidance," "facilitation," and "guidance."

This study aimed to investigate the impact of performance fatigue on visual perception, concentration, and reaction time among professional female volleyball players.

Methods and Materials:

The study population consisted of all professional female volleyball players in Qazvin province, with a purposive sampling method employed. A total of 24 eligible volleyballplayers were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Variables such as visual perception, concentration, and reaction time were assessed as psychomotor variables. The Universal Viena test battery was used to measurethese variables. The Shaw training method was employed in the study to induce performance fatigue. Factorial analysis of variance was utilized for data analysis.

The findings indicated that performance fatigue significantly affected the components of visual perception, concentration, and reaction time in professional female volleyball players (p ≤ 0.05).

As observed, fatigue can cause disturbances in psychomotor components such as visual perception, concentration, and reaction time. Therefore, it is essential that training under fatigue conditions be considered by coaches to enhance the psychomotor capacities of athletes.

Research in sports medicine and exercise science has experienced significant growth over recent years. With this expansion, there has been a concomitant rise in ethical challenges specific to these disciplines. While various ethical guidelines exist for numerous scientific fields, a comprehensive set tailored specifically for sports medicine and exercise science is lacking.Aiming to bridge this gap, this paper proposes a comprehensive, updated set of ethical guidelines specifically targeted at researchers in sports medicine and exercise science, providing them with a thorough framework to ensure research integrity.

A collaborative approach was adopted, involving contributions from a diverse group of international experts in the field. A thorough review of existing ethical guidelines was conducted, followed by the identification and detailed examination of 15 specific ethical topics relevant to the discipline. Each topic was discussed in terms of its definition, consequences, and preventive measures.

The research in sports medicine and exercise science has grown significantly, bringing to the fore ethical challenges unique to these disciplines. Our comprehensive review identifies 15 key ethical challenges: plagiarism, data falsification, role of artificial intelligence chatbots in academic writing, overstating results, excessive/strategic self-citation, duplicate publications, non-disclosure of conflicts of interest, image manipulation, misuse of peer review, ghost and gift authorship, inadequate data retention, data fabrication, falsification of IRB approvals, lack of informed consent, and unethical human or animal experimentation. For each identified challenge, we propose practical solutions and best practices, enriched by the diverse perspectives of our collaborative international expert panel. This endeavor aims to offer a foundational set of ethical guidelines tailored to the nuanced needs of sports medicine and exercise science, ensuring research integrity and promoting ethical responsibility across these vital fields.

This article represents a seminal contribution to the establishment of essential ethical guidelines specifically designed for the fields of sports medicine and exercise science. This article charts a clear course for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers by integrating these ethical principles at the heart of our scholarly and clinical activities. Consequently, it envisions a future where the principles of research integrity and ethical responsibility consistently inform every scientific discovery and every clinical engagement.

In recent years, mixed methods research has gained popularity in doctoral theses, particularly in educational administration and higher education. This study delved into the approach, design, and research methodologies employed in these theses. By thoroughly analyzing the abstracts and third chapters of 85 doctoral theses, the research aimed to elucidate the prevailing trends in mixed methods research within the realm of education. The findings of this study reveal that a significant majority, 73%, of the examined doctoral theses aimed at developing patterns or models. Furthermore, 63% of the studies adhered to a sequential exploratory mixed methods approach during their exploration. Moreover, the qualitative phase of the majority (60%) of the research papers utilized grounded theory as a methodological framework. Concerning the quantitative phase, 60% of the studies relied on multiple correlation analysis. These findings not only provide valuable insights for instructing both quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research methodologies in doctoral programs but also underscore the significance of fostering innovation in research designs within the domain of behavioral sciences. Particularly noteworthy is the emphasis on the emergence of pattern development as a burgeoning focal point within doctoral studies.

Childhood stands out as a pivotal phase in motor development, making it essential to explore interventions that promote motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Objectives. This study investigated the impact of school-based games on motor skill development in children with ASD.

The study included 80 elementary school students, aged 11-12, from which 20 were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=10) or a control group (n=10). Employing a pretest-posttest design, the 8-week intervention consisted of 50-60 minute school-based game sessions, twice weekly. Assessment tools encompassed the Childhood Autism Test, the Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test, and a researcher-designed School Games Checklist.

Results revealed significant between-group differences favoring the experimental group (P<0.05) in post-test scores on both gross motor skills (running speed and agility, balance, bilateral coordination, strength) and fine motor skills (reaction time, visual motor control, upper limb speed, and dexterity).

The games-based program effectively enhanced motor skills in children with ASD, underlining the importance of tailored movement and sports programs to support their physical, cognitive, and social development.

 Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and function, is a significant concern in geriatric medicine. Avicenna, a prominent figure in Persian medicine, emphasized healthy living and provided detailed instructions for the elderly.

 This review aims to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Avicenna's recommendations in preserving and improving motor control in the elderly population.

 A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases using relevant keywords to identify studies discussing Avicenna's recommendations for individuals over 65 years old. Avicenna suggested maintaining instinctive heat and essential body moisture through a balanced diet, including fresh fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. He also emphasized the importance of physical activity, moderate massage, and herbal remedies.

 Comparing Avicenna's recommendations with current research on age-related sarcopenia reveals significant overlap. Studies support Avicenna's emphasis on milk and meat consumption for muscle health. Avicenna's recommendations for physical activity align with current exercise guidelines for older adults.

 Incorporating Avicenna's recommendations into geriatric medicine may lead to improved outcomes for elderly individuals at risk of sarcopenia and motor control issues. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying Avicenna's recommendations and their impact on sarcopenia prevention and management, as well as motor control improvement.

Commercialization of researches in universities can contribute to the development of the country in addition to providing investment in better and more advanced technologies for researchers and institutions providing knowledge.

The current research is based on developmental and practical results based on the purpose, descriptive and in terms of the method of data collection and analysis, it is hybrid. The statistical population of the research in the first group are experts who have scientifically mastered the fields of research commercialization. The sample size of the research in the qualitative part was theoretically saturated after interviewing the 13th person. The second research group includes all faculty members of Allameh Tabatabai University. The sample size in the quantitative part was 100 faculty members of Allameh Tabatabai University; The data required for this research were collected using in-depth, open and semi-structured interviews in the qualitative part and questionnaires in the quantitative part. The research method used in this dissertation was thematic analysis due to its exploratory nature. In this study, SPSS software was used to analyze demographic variables. In order to analyze the findings and test the research model, the partial least square (PLS) method was used.

by studying the extracted data and information, 337 open codes (initial concept), 154 basic themes, 29 organizing themes and 7 overarching themes were identified, and the overarching themes (main components) are: infrastructural measures, wealth enhancement, rooting, result orientation, Knowledge-oriented, ease of work, comprehensiveness and hindrance. The findings of the overall fit of the model and the result of 0.62 indicate a strong goodness of fit of the extracted model.

The results of this research can play an important role in the development of the country, the fruition of superior ideas and university entrepreneurship.

The purpose of the current research was to explore the future of the sports industry through an economic lens in 2031.

This study was applied in purpose and survey in method. The population of this research consisted of all experts in the sports industry, from whom 16 experts were sampled using purposive and snowball sampling methods. To collect data, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were employed. Initially, the researcher reviewed literature and theoretical foundations related to the sports industry. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts to identify influencing factors (16 interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved). For analyzing mutual effects, a matrix questionnaire constructed by the researcher based on qualitative findings was used. For data processing, the Delphi technique was utilized in the first part of the study, and in the second part, the analysis of mutual effects was conducted using the Micmac software.

Variables such as government financial sustainability, political stability, and human resource development were identified as influencing variables. Economic diplomacy, technology growth, management strategies, sports commerce, economic structural reform, investment networking, and exports were recognized as influenced variables. Economic security was seen as a dual-aspect variable and finally, variables such as hosting international events, legal and regulatory factors, economic infrastructure, competitiveness, media growth, and social networking were identified as independent variables.

In this context, actions such as the development of economic sectors capable of creating jobs and promoting entrepreneurship, pricing of sports industry products, formulation of production indices, commitment to a resistance economy, listing sports clubs on the stock exchange, and combating economic corruption in sports must be prioritized by managers to assist the economy of the sports industry.

The succession planning is an effective strategic approach to maintain and develop human resources within organizations. Although succession is an effective strategy to focus on creating a regular structure for organizations, many companies lack regular succession planning, so that people with the necessary skills and expertise cannot be placed in specific positions. Based on this, the aim of this article is to find the effective components on succession with the approach of attracting and developing academic talents in engineering companies. In this research, a qualitative meta- synthesis method has been used. After conducting a keyword search in reputable national and international databases from 1997 to 2023, a total of 2,181 studies are identified, and 91 studies are selected for the purpose of analysis and information extraction. After conducting analysis, succession planning with a focus on attracting and developing university talents at engineering companies is categorized into 5 dimensions Including: creating commitment, determining policy, attracting and developing academic talent, leadership improvement program and program evaluation and 11factors and 30 sub-factors. Based on the finding, it is worthwhile mentioning that the components of succession planning are determined with a focus on attracting and developing university talents, due to which this research can assist companies to formulate and implement succession planning programs having employed university talents.

 Spinal cord injury is a serious injury that leads to permanent or transient severe spinal cord dysfunction including sensory, motor, and sphincter deficits. In terms of etiology, it is divided into traumatic or non-traumatic causes. Traumatic spinal cord injury, most commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports accidents, and violence, has severe long-term effects on patient outcomes and can lead to permanent disability and dependency. In recent decades, due to medical advances, more patients with spinal cord injuries survive and live longer. Therefore, in addition to the physical and neurological prognosis, research focuses on the general well-being and quality of life of these patients. In addition, satisfaction with quality of life is the main goal of primary treatment and rehabilitation. This study was conducted to investigate the long-term quality of life of patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury in Haftome-Tir Hospital, Tehran.

 This study was carried out cross-sectionally and all patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury who underwent surgery from September 2018 to September 2021 were followed up. Required demographic, clinical, and surgical information including age, gender, trauma mechanism, level of involvement, clinical examination status, type of surgery, duration of hospitalization, and other required variables were collected and registered from patient records and picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Short-term outcome including hospital mortality was collected through patient records. Then, the long-term outcome of the patients, which included health-related QoL assessment was obtained using the Short Form Health Survey- 12 items (SF-12) tool in two areas of physical health (Physical Component Summary (PCS)) and mental health (Mental Component Summary (MCS)) through a telephone call and outpatient visits of patients in the clinic. SF-12 is a reliable instrument and one of the most commonly used tools to assess the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury and other debilitating diseases. Although the SF-36 is the gold standard for this topic, due to its length and complex clinical use, the SF-12 has replaced it in some studies and is becoming more popular.
The inclusion criteria for the study included all patients who underwent surgery with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Also, the criteria for exclusion from the study included: the presence of an underlying neurological disease involving the spinal cord, a history of underlying neurological disease involving the spinal cord, hemorrhagic shock and unstable patients due to traumatic injury of intra-abdominal and thoracic organs, the need for emergency spine surgery, non-traumatic spinal cord injury, unrelated death during the study and follow-up, history of spine surgery for other reasons before the trauma, and lack of consent to participate in the study. Data analysis was done by SPSS statistical software version 25. For qualitative variables, frequency and percentage of frequency, and for quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation were calculated. Independent t-tests, ANOVA (analysis of variance), post hoc tests, chi-square, and one-parameter non-tests were also used for analysis. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. This research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences with the ethical code of IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1401.587. The principles of the Helsinki Convention were considered. All patient information is confidential and the results have been mentioned anonymously.

 After taking into account the exclusion cases, 75 patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury were analyzed during the study period. The average age of the patients was 44.95±15.58 years with a minimum age of 17 and a maximum of 79 years. Sixty patients (80%) were male and fifteen patients (20%) were female. Motor Vehicle Accidents (44 patients-58.7%) and then falling from a height (16 patients-21.3%) were the most common causes of injury in the studied patients. 44 patients (58.7%) had complete spinal cord injury, 30 patients (40%) had incomplete spinal cord injury, and 1 patient was diagnosed with Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA). Among the patients with incomplete spinal cord injury, 26 patients (86.7%) had central cord syndrome and 4 patients (13.3%) had Brown-Sequard syndrome. The most common cause of spinal cord injury was fracture and dislocation of the cervical spine (43 patients-57.3%). The most common type of fracture was Burst type, which was observed in 24 patients (57.1%).
The most common involved level was C5, which was observed in 14 patients (33.3%). In patients with cervical canal stenosis who suffered spinal cord injury following trauma, the number of cervical vertebrae involved was 3 levels in 3 patients (15.8%) and 4 levels in 8 patients (42.1%). In patients with cervical discopathy who suffered spinal cord injury following trauma, the most common level involved was C3/4 in 5 patients (55.6%). In 38.8% of patients (26 patients), the anterior surgical approach, in 34 patients (50.7%), the posterior surgical approach, and in 7 cases (10.5%) combined anterior and posterior surgical approach was performed. The average interval between the occurrence of spinal cord injury and surgery was 3.78±2.93 days. The average length of hospitalization in the patients was 22.83±21.76 days. 55 patients (73.3%) were discharged from the hospital and 20 patients (26.7%) died during hospitalization. The follow-up period of the patients was between 18 and 60 months and the average was 43.83±14.43 months.
Also, 9 patients (12%) died after being discharged from the hospital during the rehabilitation period.
The final result of the patients. The average quality of life score of patients for physical quality of life (SF-12 PCS) was 34.27±9.73 and for mental quality of life (SF-12 MCS) was 46.65±10.27. Moreover, 66.7% of patients had SF-12PCS below 50, which indicated a lower quality of life than normal in society. Also, 42.5% of patients had a score of SF-12MCS below 42, which indicated clinical depression. The outcome of SF12PCS had a significant statistical association with the following: it was better in Brown-Square syndrome (46.35) than in the central cord syndrome (31.14) (P=0.004) and was also better in stenosis with or less than three levels (49.55) than more than three levels stenosis (33.72) (P=0.04).
The outcome of SF12MCS had a significant statistical association with the following variable: it was better in Brown-Squad syndrome (57.18) than in the central cord syndrome (44.19) (P=0.02).
It should be noted that the age of patients and the time of surgery after the injury did not have a significant statistical association on the final outcome (SF-12PCS and SF-12MCS) (P>0.05).

 Although assessment of neurological and physical recovery in patients with spinal cord injury is important, it should not replace assessment of QoL. This study and other studies that evaluate the QoL of SCI patients seem to be an introduction to further research to evaluate the QoL and the factors involved in it.        

The global spread of COVID-19 has disrupted many aspects of our lives. Education systems around the world have changed dramatically. Several countries have encouraged schools to switch to e-learning, and as a result, parents' involvement in their children's education has changed. This research was conducted with the aim of validating the antecedents, effective factors and consequences of the participation of parents of primary school students in online education.

The statistical population of the present study was all parents, teachers and principals of elementary schools in the 1st and 19th education districts of Tehran. Of these, 328 samples were collected. The tool of the current research was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was calculated using the CVI coefficient for components and items between 77 and 95, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.85, which indicates that The questionnaire used is reliable. Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire components was calculated between 0.56 and 0.93. Finally, after collecting the data, the relationships between the variables were measured using structural equations with AMOS software with version 24.

The results showed that in order to form a local pattern, the factors affecting parents' participation in the online education process of elementary schools were confirmed as a central phenomenon in the two dimensions of educational care and supervision and control of children. The phenomenon of parental participation in this field is formed under the influence of factors such as parental ability, parental support and infrastructural factors. On the other hand, the use of solutions such as cooperative methods and methods based on social activity under the title of parents' participation solutions leads to the understanding of the necessity of parents' participation.

These results, with their high validity and reliability of modeling, can be a powerful tool for investigating parents' participation and its role in online education in subsequent researches.Keywords: parental participation, online education, cooperative education.

Expression of mucosal levels would affect the function of internal organs of the body and the digestive system, such as by creating a blockage for the progression of cancerous tumors and the failure of the target tissue, especially the large intestine.
The purpose of this sudy was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of quercetin supplementation and intermittent exercise on protein levels of intestinal Muc5Ac, Muc4 and polyphosphate in rats with colon cancer.
Tewenty-four rats were randomly assigned into four groups including quercetin (n=6), exercise (n=6), quercetin + exercise (n=6) and control group (n=6). Colon cancer induction was provided with the use of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine for 8 weeks and daily quercetin supplementation of 50 mg/kg body weight of mice by Gavagene method. Exercise protocol was performed 5 sessions per week with intensity of 60-70%, maximum speed of 23 m/min with 2-min rest in 8 weeks. ANOVA was used to analyze data. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.
It was suggested that there was a significant difference in protein levels of intestinal Muc5Ac, Muc4 and polyphosphate in all groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was also indicated that Muc5Ac levels was significantly higher in the quercetin+ exercise group other than pther groups (P<0.05).
It was concluded that intermittent exercise and quercetin supplementation would increase the levels of Muc5Ac and Muc4 proteins in the large intestine of mice with colon cancer.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global home confinement and quarantine, leading to the vaccination of societies worldwide. However, some elite athletes have negative views toward vaccination. This study aimed to compare the lifestyle of vaccinated versus unvaccinated international elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. From March to October 2021, an online survey was conducted, including socio-individual information of athletes, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants (REAP-S), and the Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI). A total of 581 elite athletes from 4 continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, and America) and different countries, aged 18-35 years, were voluntarily recruited. Data analysis was performed using U-Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with the level of significance set at alpha P<0.05. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the level of physical activity and eating behavior of vaccinated versus unvaccinated elite athletes (P<0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the quality of sleep among vaccinated and unvaccinated elite athletes (P=0.270). It was shown that, despite the unvaccinated status of some elite athletes (49.9%), their physical activity levels were higher than those of vaccinated elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the eating behavior of vaccinated elite athletes was better than that of unvaccinated elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there was no significant difference in the quality of sleep between the groups.

The study used a systematic literature review approach to evaluate the effectiveness of tailored exercise programs on cognitive abilities and decline in the elderly. Data collection involved searching databases like PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar, along with manual searches of reference lists. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed studies with participants aged 60 and above, involving tailored exercise interventions with measurable cognitive outcomes. The article reviews evidence on the role of exercise in improving cognitive functions in the elderly. It explores theoretical models explaining the impact of exercise on cognition and evaluates different types of exercise, such as aerobic, strength training, and yoga. The article also investigates how these interventions can delay cognitive decline, addresses the quality and limitations of existing studies, and suggests future research directions. It emphasizes the need for personalized exercise programs based on individual capabilities and environmental considerations to optimize cognitive benefits.

This research aimed to study the components of entrepreneurial attitude development in secondary high school students. The study was applicable in terms of purpose, quality-quantitative in terms of approach, and descriptive in terms of data collection. In the quality section, the studied population was the experts, planners and teachers of entrepreneurship, and they were selected by snowball sampling. The sampling process continued until data saturation was achieved. Data was collected through semi-structured interview and was analyzed using a three-step coding process of open, central and selective. In the quantitative section, the population was teachers of entrepreneurship in high schools in the regions of 1, 4, 5, 6 and 18 in Tehran in 2021. 250 teachers of entrepreneurship were selected based on voluntarily sampling and they completed the researcher’s questionnaire. The data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and Amos24. The results showed that the components of the development of the entrepreneurial attitude of high school students have a central phenomenon of developing cognitive, personality and entrepreneurial skills and seven categories of problem solving skill, positive attitude of teacher and student to entrepreneurship, imagination, inner motivation, entrepreneurial personality traits, career perspective of students and applied education of entrepreneurship. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that these categories can explain the cognitive, personality and entrepreneurial skills of students. Therefore, in order to develop the entrepreneurial attitude in high school students, it is necessary to pay attention to the categories related to cognitive, personality and entrepreneurial skills. In order to realize the development of students' entrepreneurial attitude, it is suggested that teachers strengthen and improve these categories in the process of teaching and learning.