mostafa gorji

The review and analysis of confrontation/ interaction of thinkers thought and the artistic experience owners is subject that in set of literary researches can be considered –in spite of cultural differs - underlie of better understanding of discourse thinking of authors. Mewlana and Kazantzakis in this ground are two important thinkers of Islam and Christianity world that can be analyzed their texts in various aspects by attitude of comparative. One of the most important attitude, was thought variety in the selfish field especially beliefs, feelings and emotions, desires  ground that present article analyze and scrutinize this problem. Writer in this article analyzed the most significant common elements of texts mewlana and Kazantzakis emphasis on character natures on one hand and the most obvious thoughts, emotions, desires elements on the other hand by analytical- critical method.  The results of this research shows in spite of uncommon attitude, both of them figure on principle of endless prosperity  and happiness and pay attention to selfish ground by life prescriptions by regard to different dimensions.

The story of Jamshid and Zahhak is the primary cornerstone of distinguishing Iranian identity from other identities. For the first time in this story, Ferdowsi deals with differentiation and represents the identity and independent geography and also unique components of Iran and Iranian kings. Despite of dualities like Iranian king’s kiani far and Zahhak's demonic temper as the main line of differentiation of Iranian identity, this distinction has shown itself especially in the context of geography and territorial identity. like distinction of Iran from other lands such as Arabia or India.Regarding the importance of this story in shaping the subsequent events and the story line in Iran's national epic, the main purpose in which this article is written on is to explain and represent the components of Iran's territorial identity in the story of Jamshid and Zahak through the use of Van Dijk's discourse analysis method. using the mentioned method, selected verses from the story were analyzed and explained by use of discourse strategies. Based on this, the results of this research show that the selected verses from the story of Jamshid and Zahhak match the Iranian identity against the non-Iranian identity to the land and territorial distinction, which can be considered as a part of the process of identification of Iranians.

The social approach of Eric Landowski's about interactive sign-semantic, which is presented in continuation of Greimas' aesthetic beliefs of guizzo , is a productive approach in literary criticism. The researchers of this study have used this approach in analyzing adaptation of the corporality sign meanings of romantic in Forough Farrokhzad’s poems which are transcendental.The interaction of the discourse partners in the process of the poet's romantic discourse creates infinite meanings by metamorphosis of the corporality signs. the source of meaning creation occurre with union of me and other.Corporeal subject and corporeal object create a dynamic and generative texture in a life experience with eachother and the surrounding world in phenomenological understanding. this is in a collection of dynamic physical signs that create a generative texture in an ecstatic text . the movement of chain of ambiguous combinations leads to a pleasant ecstasy in the union of discourse partners.the authors have investigated three poems named "Vasl". "Fathe bagh" and "Bad ma ra ba khod khahad bord" with a holistic criticism. The result of investigation was that the romantic interaction of discourse partners with physical sign-meanings has been continuous in order to achieve unity and creation of new meanings.

The grapheme “و” in the Persian written system signifies several graphs and linguistic signs. This grapheme signifies both “o” and “va” (=and) in the field of conjunction, and there is no noticeable difference between their grammatical categories, function and meaning in the Persian language system. Pointing to the lexical and conceptual changes of these two words from a diachronic study, this article has tried to prove from the perspective of the reduction process in perceptional semantics that the word “و” has only one linguistic meaning and does not belong to more than one grammatical category. Research corpus is the lyric poems of Saadi and Hafez. Studying this conjunction from the perspective of the process of reducing the signs in perceptional semantics showed that the types of meanings attributed to “و” in the tradition of Persian language and literature studies are related to the meanings of collocating units, or are related to the reduction of companion units in the intra-linguistic context. In this approach, the conjunction “و” does not have any other category, meaning, and function in Persian language; and it is necessary to observe this point in the pragmatic studies related to this conjunction in Persian language and literary texts.

  Persian short story in the period from 1340 to 1357, (according to the published works and the opinion of literature researchers), has seen the most "modern stories"; To the extent that this period should be considered as "modern Persian short story period". The type of worldview and expression of modern fiction writers is such that their works are often not clear and explicit, accompanied by ambiguities; For this reason, it is important for the modern writer to use different techniques for expression, one of the most important of which is the "symbolization" technique. Considering the importance of "symbol" in the modern Persian short story, especially in the period from 1340 to 1357, we have investigated and symbolically analyzed the works of four authors, representing four intellectual spectrums.

These investigations were carried out by referring to references and books of social sciences, psychology, semiotics, symbology, etc.; During which the works of Ebrahim Golestan representing mental-psychological stories, the works of Ghazaleh Alizadeh representing mystical stories, the works of Bahram Sadeghi representing social-bitter humor stories, and the works of Ebrahim Rahbar representing urban-climate stories have been examined. ; This review includes the analysis of 7 books and 68 stories.

According to the reviews, tables and analytical statistics presented in the appendix of the article, it should be said that the frequency of using "symbol" in modern short stories is wide. Basically, modern short stories, due to their brevity and ambiguities, are a suitable place for giving birth to symbols.

The more introspective the modern short story is, the higher the frequency of the symbol in it; This is why the modern mystical stories of Ghazaleh Alizadeh contain the most symbolic stories. With this reasoning, the mental and psychological stories of Ebrahim Golestan have used the symbol to a significant extent. In many works of Bahram Sadeghi, we are faced with the symbolization of the author, according to the space of the story. Ebrahim Rahbar does less symbolism in two books that have descriptive and extroverted works; But in his other work, the theme of which is the conflict with the hardships of an employee"s life in Tehran, he has used the symbol technique more.

Bachtiar Ali’s novel, My Uncle Jamshid Khan: Whom the Wind Was Always Taking, is one of the prominent novels in Kurdish literature that narrates the turbulent social life of the Kurdish nation in Iraqi Kurdistan. Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, which examines the text at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation, to the ideologies inside and outside the novel and the type of encounter the novel has with them in the social and political context of Iraqi Kurdistan since the 80s and 90s has been paid. The findings indicate that by using magical realism in this novel, the author shows a good way to protest the existing situation and the increasing prevalence of problems and sufferings of the society, and shows his confusion from this situation in the form of imagination and reality., the author tries to criticize the dominant ideologies of this era such as Baathist fascism, the dominance of communist ideas, the imposed war between Iran and Iraq, civil wars between Kurdish parties and extremism. Islam has emerged as a phenomena such as the dominance of the media and the press in the social and political environment, as well as the problem of immigration and refugees. The main theme of the novel is a critique of the current situation and the ruling ideologies in these two decades of Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as expressing the confusion of the Kurdish nation and subject.

The existence of validity techniques and technical considerations in the text, especially the text written for the adolescent audience, reveals the necessity of critique and review of literature more than ever. In the meantime, the investigation of the unreliable narrator becomes more important in a teenage novel. Because the author intends to turn the adolescent from an audience to a well-informed critic by creating contradictions, uncertainties and suspension of text using invalid narrator. This study, using descriptiveanalytical method, investigates the causes and evidence that narrator was unreliable and effects of it on the epistemological aspect of the adolescent novel When mozhi lost by Hamidreza Shahabadi and using the existing contradictions and contradictions in the text to take a step forward to increase the critical reading abilities in adolescent readers. The result shows that from one hand, factors such as being children, the narrator's personal conflict with story characters, with content signs, such as the insufficient reporting, the contradiction between the story realities and the narrator's point of view and the narrator's confessions to lying leads to a reduction in the audience's trust towards the narrator. On the other hand, the story, which is more of the recognition and discovery of causes and factors of the story of the story, stands out in the epistemological dimension. And the unreliable narrator, with the contradictions who creates in the text, is a mean that challenges that cognition and knowledge and considers it relative.

In Persian, compound words that are produced by the structural pattern of “word + and + word = word” are called vāzhahʿaṭf, and naming the word as such emphasizes the compound nature of this type of construction in contrast to combination and coordinate syntactic group. In view of the linguistic and grammatical studies that form the background of the present study, which have investigated the structural and semantic features of this compound structure and explained the relationships between its coordinate constituents from various aspects, vāzhahʿaṭf often has a compound meaning and creates a clear mental image, and it is used for the purposes of neologism and categorization in Persian. The present research, while paying attention to these features, describes and qualitatively analyzes the applications of this grammatical construction in a corpus consisting of several literary texts. Findings show that the constituents of this compound construction, due to its syntactic construction, have lexical collocation and performative independence. These features has led to the widespread practice of displacing, separating and changing such constituents and their order in the narrative literary texts. Nizami has frequently used the conjunction type in his Khamsah, Mowlana has distinctly made use of the itbāʿī compound and phonetic conjunctions in his poetry, and the phonetic conjunctions are frequently employed in Nīmā’ī and contemporary lyric poetry. In addition, the similarity of the structure of vāzhahʿaṭf and coordinate syntactic constructions in literary texts in such works as Saʿdi’s poetry and Hafez’s ghazals, and the syntactic arrangement and distribution of words in order to create proportion is such that the distinction between conjunctions and coordinate syntactic group is blurred.

As a contemporary literary theory, intertextuality examines the presence of one text in another one. According to this theory, there is no independent text. Rather, all texts are derived from previous texts or texts of their time. Therefore, authors are not creators of their own works and take all their intellectual themes and beliefs from previous texts. By explaining and classifiying intertextuality, Gérard Genette brought it from a purely literary theory into the operational field and textual criticism. Due to the clear influence of sacred scripture on artistic and literary texts, gnostics and mystics have borrowed many of their intellectual sources from the Qurʾan as a supertext and a sacred text. Ain al-Quzat has used Qurʾanic intertextuality many times in his Tamhidat, and many of his intellectual, religious, and even literary sources can be traced and found in the Holy Qurʾan. The present study explores the Qurʾanic intertextuality in Tamhidat of Ain al-Quzat based on Gérard Genette's theory by a descriptive, analytical and comparative method using library sources. The result of this research shows that there is a strong and unbreakable link between the Qurʾan and Tamhidat in the form of explicit and implicit intertextuality, and the Qurʾan has left spiritual and linguistic influences in the mind and language of Ain al-Quzat and his Tamhidat. Qurʾanic intertextuality exists in explicit and implicit forms in Tamhidat, and the findings show that partial adaptation, lexical borrowing, and the implicit intertextuality of illusion prevail over other types. Considering the thinking governing Tamhidat, which is a mystical and interpretive book, requires authors to select pre-text in detail and analyze it in their own text in order to represent their desired result from the intertext according to the form and meaning of the Qurʾanic ayahs.

Criticism, power and ideology are among the common concepts among all dominant approaches in critical discourse analysis. The purpose of critical discourse analysis is to reveal the hidden ideological structures in internal and external layers of the texts. Partition Literature Discourse deals with dissolution of British Raj and division of Indian subcontinent. In his novel Train to Pakistan (1956), Khushwant Singh (1915-2014), the founder of “Partition Literature”, has shown the fundamental role of power structures in the representation of social ideologies. He has made "linguistic innovations" in English language through “Loan Translation”, “Semantic Indianization”and “Anglicized Native Idiomatic Expressions”. In line with Khushwant Singh’s ideas, Van Dijk (1997) believes that critical discourse analysis is is theory-oriented rather than subject-oriented, and this theorizing should be aimed at understanding social inequalities. The hypothesis of this research, considering three variables namely, loaner dialects, discourse strategies and translation strategies, is that Khushwant Singh has priorized the technique of “Calque” from Indian dialect in order to preserve cultural elements of “Source Language” in “Target Language” and enrich English as the borrower language. In other words, Singh has tried to nativize English language by using linguistic elements.

Conducting research on critical discourse analysis has a long record in literature, history, psychology and linguistics. However, no research has been done on Khushwant Singh and “Indian Partition Literature” based on Van Dijk’s model of critical discourse analysis. A small number of articles on the subject of “Indian Partition Literature” are merely political or historical in nature. Van Dijk’s model of critical discourse analysis include six general components “Semantic”, “Syntax”, “Stylistic”, “Argumentation”, “Rhetoric” Speech Act” (Action and Interaction) strategies(Kasaei,2014:22). These strategies reveal the ideologies of speakers in surface and hidden layers of the text. Van Dijk’s ideological square deals with social, cultural and psychological aspects of human behavior. It is shaped on four main principles, namely, “Emphasis on positive representation of the in-group”, “Emphasis on negative representation of the out-group”, “De-emphasis of the negative properties of the in-group” and “De-emphasis of the positive properties of the out-group” (Van Dijk, 1998:267). In this study we seek to show Khushwant Singh’s language innovations and the effects of Indian native dialects in Train to Pakistan (1956) with a multidisciplinary approach. Besides, based on Van Dijk’s model of critical discourse analysis, the multifaceted relations between language, culture and society in the selected novel will be investigated.

4.1. Rhetorical Structures: In this historical novel, Khushwant Singh presents a realistic picture of India's post-independence conflicts in Engliah language by making use of rhetorical strategies and adopting calques from Indian dialect. Van Dijk defines social cognition as “system of mental representations and processing of group members” (Van Dijk, 1998: 18). Rhetorical strategies comprise an important part of the discourse context at macro level, which Van Dijk considers based on the conceptual meaning of cognition and a manifestation of the mental image of a communication situation. Generally, this is the the same goal that rhetorical structures pursue for “ideological backgrounding” in the long-term memory of human society. 4.1.1. Simile By utilizing figures of speech such as simile in various situations, Khushwant Singh highlights the shortcomings of his own religious community and Muslims to the same extent. He makes use of “Innovative Similies” which are derived from Indian language: Table.1 Rhetorical Strategy of Simile in the Novel Original Text You snored like a railway engine.(P.64) Persian Literary Translation مثل موتور راه آهن خروپف کردی Translated Text خر و پفت مثل سوت قطار بلند شد.(ص.124) Indian Dialect aapane rel injan kee tarah kharraate lie आपन रल इजन की तरह खरराट लिए آپن رل انجن ک تره کرات لییه In the novel, the simile phrase “Like a railway engine” is equal to “like a bear” in Standard English. Khushwant Singh has used its Indian equivalence, ، “rel injan (रल इजन)” to localize the English language. 4.2. Semantic Structures: 4.2.1. Distancing Semantic indianization is one of Khushwant Singh’s language innovations, which he often uses to depicting religious distancing and ideological differences in Indian society. Table.2 Semantic Strategy of Distancing in the Novel Original Text We cannot really play this stabbing game.(P.18) Persian Literary Translation ما هندوها واقعا نمیتوانیم این بازی چاقوکشی را انجام دهیم Translated Text این چیزا در مرام ما هندوها نیست.(ص.29) Indian Dialect ham vaastav mein chhura ghompane ka yah khel nahin khel sakate हम वासतव म छरा घोपन का यह खल नही खल सकत هم واستاو م چورا گمپانه کا ی کل نهی کل ساکته Khushwant Singh has selected “stabbing game” for the English text by adopted the descriptive composition of “chhura ghompane (छरा घोपन का)” from Indian language. This kind of selection is in line with Van Dijk’s ideological square(2006)and, intentionally or unintentionally, institutionalizes the distance between Hindus and Muslims. 

Conclusion:

 Train to Pakistan (1956), masterpiece of Indian Partition Literature, is a “Hybrid Text” and a combination of different dialects and cultures. Khushwant Singh’s frequent and conscious use of “Calque” in the novel Train to Pakistan, reflects the author's style and intention which should be taken into account in the translation process and the manner of transferring it to the translated text. He utilizes the “Global Language” of English as a powerful tool to introduce the Indian cultural values and the structure of the native dialects of his country. Discourses, signs and linguistic morphemes in Train to Pakistan remind the native atmosphere of India for the audience and have a great impact in localizing and hybridizing of its the English text. Singh has used various techniques such as calque, modulation, euphemism and substitution to preserve the beauty of words. These techniques paly a key role in identifying the socio-cultural differences known in two linguistic societies. The overt or hidden ideologies in the discourse of this novel reproduce in-group or out-group social polarities. Characters’ discources in the novel comply with Van Dijk’s ideological strategy in micro and macro levels. Khushwant Singh blames all social classes for disrupting peaceful coexistence. His literary masterpiece is a clear mirror of the dual human nature and a reflection of the structure of social ideology, which plays a tremendous role in promoting world peace.

One of the most successful and popular novels of recent years is "Autumn is the last season of the year", which also won the Jalal Literary Award in 2015 and was published for the fortieth time in a short period of time. The main subject of the novel is the "existential" and "situational" preoccupations and anxieties of three girls from the sixties named Roja, Leila and Shabaneh. Each character faces the challenges of experiencing metropolitan life such as immigration, personal and social identity, and emotional relationships with an emphasis on the anxieties of the new generation. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to analyze and critique the element of ecology as one of the most important narrative elements according to David Herman's theory in this novel. The result of the analysis shows that the author uses homogenization techniques such as loneliness struggle as one of the most tragic aspects of modern life, the issue of love and accurate description of inner feelings, existential and situational apprehensions including loneliness and failure to achieve ideals. Optimal; It has been able to induce a sense of ecology along with other narrative techniques. Despite Maten's success in inducing a sense of ecstasy in the character of Leila and Roja, he has not been very successful in inducing this sense in the character of "Shabaneh" due to his constant doubts in inducing a sense of ecology.

Surrealism bases its work on free association, meanings, thoughts, images, and a kind of ecstasy and dream, and tries to give artistic creativity its own aspect; But contrary to what the surrealist artist thinks, the free association of meanings and the world of dreams is in fact free and lawless, and in artistic creations nothing comes into being by itself.One of the works that allows the audience to touch and perceive a completely surreal space is the novel Jose Saramago's the year of the death of Ricardo Reis by Jose Saramago. An inner novel with a completely surreal space in which this space can be touched well.Metaphysics dominates the atmosphere of this story, sometimes it is the inner thing of people that is projected outwards and sometimes it is due to the characteristics of climate and social relations and conditions that disruptively disrupt the normal routine of normal life.In this research, in addition to introducing the school of surrealism in Western literature and also the manifestation of this school in Iranian fiction, in a descriptive-analytical way, examines, critiques surrealism in the novel Jose Saramago's the year of the death of Ricardo Reis by Jose Saramago and It is important to note that the death of Ricardo Reis, the culmination of Jose Saramago's literary projects, is in the style of Surrealism

Because of the significance of Shahnameh, its popularity increased during the period of Literary Return (Bazgasht-e Adabi). The poets of this period tried to resemble their works in terms of style, theme, language, and rhetoric to the poetry of prodigious poets, specifically Ferdowsi. This paper aims to study, with the analytic-descriptive approach, the allusions to Shahnameh in five divans of prominent poets of this period/school, Sohbat Lāri, Fath-Ali Khan Sabā, Qāʼāni Shirazi, Soroush Esfahani, and Dāvari Shirazi. Studying the five divans reveals that the aforementioned poets have allusions to Shahnameh in terms of imagery, panegyric, the artistic structure, the instructive and exemplary stories, mentioning poet’s personal status with the help of shahnameh stories, using shahnameh references in the parable form, and employing its narrative capacities in Shariteh of Qasideh (the prayer for the praised person in the ode). Comparing the frequency of allusions to Shahnameh in the five divans shows that Qāʼāni has used the most and Dāvari the fewest allusions amongst the five poets

This article is organized with a linguistic approach to the prominent texts of past and contemporary Persian literature and with the aim of recognizing the compound word (morakkab-e atfi) from the coordinating phrase, and representing its lexical structure. First, the words of both sides of the conjunction “و” (and) were examined, and those that were components of a compound word, and syntactically independent, as components of a lexical unit were extracted and collected with some examples. Then, by examining the data structure, the lexical structure of the compound words, was grouped together under the heading of the term (vâže-atf)  and examples of the most difficult evidence were presented to show that 1) "Syntactic independence" is the most effective way in identifying the compound word of the coordinating phrase, especially in identical forms, 2) vâže-atf in the text does not completely follow the compound irreversibility rule, and 3) it benefits from greater structural diversity than standard language.

From its earliest period of formation, the Kurdish novel has been a correlation of political and social developments and conflicts. Among the collection of novel analysis methods, the critical discourse analysis method is more consistent with the nature of this type of novel. One of the methods of examining this particular type of novel analysis and its most effective approach is the subconscious approach, which pays sp, special attention to its situational and political context in examining the text and examines it in three levels of description, explanation, and interpretation. The novel The Last Pomegranate of the World is one of the Kurdish political novels that read the events of the Kurdish uprising against the Ba'athist regime in Iraq and the coming to power of the semi-independent Kurdish government under the banner of the political parties in the region. The analysis of the text's propositions at the explanatory level shows that the political events of the period and the tumultuous atmosphere of the 1975s, the civil wars between the Kurdish parties, and the turbulent period that followed, have always failed, disappointed, and degraded. The novel's critical analysis is based on the novel's content, a critique of violence, politics, and power, which revolves around the fundamental theme of anti-authoritarianism and anti-politics.

According to William Glasser's choice theory, a "Quality World" is a set of images about life that man has in mind for a good life; these images represent the world in which he/she aspires to live. They are similar to those portrayed by Muslim mystics through the interpretation of the holy books and personal discovery and intuition. The present article, by using descriptive-analytical method, attempts to study the views of Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani and Ruzbehan Baqli about "Quality World" based on Glasser's choice theory. In the mystical literary discourse, the "Quality World" is important because the mystics, by drawing a picture of their ideal world, have led their followers to an accessible world; however, sometimes their ideal world is an abstract and inaccessible one. They depict their lived experiences in metaphorical language and interpret a surreal world in their realist texts. Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani and Ruzbehan Baqli describe the "Quality World" with terms such as "divine majesty", "Face of God", "archangelic world", "the garden of eternity" and "eternal world"; in this world, the connection with the Almighty and the annihilation of God is realized. These two mystics change the mental images of people by using a variety of descriptive methods and lead them to a qauality world - albeit an abstract one - in which inherent desires, such as calmness and meaningfulness of life, prevail.

Due to analysis of the narrated event in novel and great text famous for metropolis can be analyzed in different aspects; recommendation of some novels be thoughtful in opinion critics that we review one event in the common time and place and effects in the two great text (novel and family). One of historical events in specific text famous for city was child murder that involved mind and conscience of social pathologists. Narrator of tragic story is Akbar KHorramdin (father) that in several times assassinated and butchered his dears by himself and defended self by all satisfaction. Next to the historical narration is “Tasvir dokhtari dar akharin lahze”; novel that have common narration and action and emphasized by previous subject. Writer will try by attention to narrative framework and emphasized on Gerard Genette namely frequency, analysis child murder tragedy the result fanatically ideology as tragic problem in this research. Review and analyses of texts display patriarchy (parental phobia) in format Akbar and SHirzad character by special ideology and fundamental believes is narrated in the best tragic of status and novel is as subtext narrator quit events in the ground of great text namely city and family that besides of pathological functions will be represent of human crises in the new period.

One of the fundamental characteristics of narrative is time which proceeds in a narrative line. Genette, is one of the theorists who studies narrative in terms of time elements emphasizing on the importance of time. Since based on time visualization in narrative we can find out the quality of time structure and its importance in fictional narratives (according to the concepts of order, duration and frequency) we decided to study the novel "The Zero Degree Orbit" by Ahmad-Mahmoud to achieve the purpose. The method of this research is analytical-inferential and based on according of the components of the Genette narrative model. This paper, besides descriptive analysis of the time in "The Zero Degree Orbit", which has been narrated limitedly from the omniscient point of view, comes to the conclusion that in first four chapters of the novel, instances of anachronism, of kind analepsis and prolepsis can be seen that each has its own functions. The duration in the story last approximately seven years and with regards to acceleration criteria, the story in some cases shows fast rhythm and sometimes slow. Dialogues have dedicated a large amount of the text and the author has drawn important events by eliminating a lot of calendar times and events with dramatic scenes. there is also the function of various frequencies in this novel.

Using fiction and novels, as a permit to live in the new age, try to imagine philosophical, psychological and sociological theories based on the modern world, and experience things that humans (…). Yet, some novels, due to the fact that they treat the author’s illness with sociological and philosophical theories in a certain period of time, illustrate the causes and factors of human suffering and anxiety. Reza Amirkhani is one of the contemporary writers who in all his fiction works (from Ermiah to Rehesh) talks about the abnormal condition of modern man. In his collections of stories, especially Rahesh, anxiety is one of the most important human emotions, and it is represented in a clear and vivid way by its characters (such as Ala’em and Farazandeh). Paying special attention to “Status anxiety” as one of the prominent themes in Amirkhani's latest novel regarding the city and the urban landscape as the foundation of anxiety, placing the reader form this critical perspective. In this article, the author uses the critical-analytical method to analyse “Rahesh” - a popular Iranian novel - based on the principles and framework of "Status Anxiety" in view of Alain de Button, and the human anxieties from the point of view of Paul Tillich. The analysis shows that this novel was formed around the idea of anxiety, which is the condition of contemporary Iranian man, and as De Botton states,it is tolerable and analysable.

Using a symbol is an artistic, indirect and hidden way of expressing thoughts and ideas. By using symbols, writers deepen their works and express their mental and inner affairs in this method. Modern story, with its special features, is a suitable platform for the emergence of symbols; "Symbol" is basically the main component of modern story. Kazem Tina, (one of the leading authors of modern and different works in Iranian short stories) uses "symbol" in his works continuously, frequently and intelligently. In a way that the frequent presence of the symbol in his stories has made his works deep, mysterious and sometimes even vague! ‘Aftab-e-Bi-qorub’ (The Sun without sunset) is the first of Kazem Tina's collection of short stories and a summary of her worldview and other works. All of Tina's stories are written in a modern or postmodern style. In these stories, which revolve around the circle of death, immortality, and resurrection with a "special mystical thought," a bold and effective representation of symbolism can be seen; Because on the one hand, mysticism and on the other hand, modern story are the place where symbols and signs appear. The author of this article, considering that the works of Kazem Tina have not been carefully studied so far, especially at the level of ‘symbol’ intends to study and analyze mystical symbols in this collection of modern stories. We use inferential content analysist to find the symbols; and finally focuses on the importance “modern and mystical properties” in these stories.

Research in mythology, by comparing the literature and culture of nations, leads to discovery of universal symbols. By studying the literary texts of the Indo-European nations, it can be seen that their myths, legends and epics reflect a common worldview. One of the important themes in these texts is the place of women and their special characteristics in mythological beliefs and rituals. The present article seeks to compare the role of women in the two epics of Odyssey and Darab Nama of Tarsusi with a mythological perspective and a comparative approach. Accordingly, the prominent functions of the main female characters in these two works and their similarities are considered. After mentioning the characteristics and functions of Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war, and Buran-Dokht, the wonder heroine of Darab Nama, the authors try to show that Buran-Dokht is a latter-day recreation of Iranian goddess, Anahita who has a similar position to Athena. This kind of similarity in the epics of the two different cultures shows the common origins of the mythological characters in the literature of nations.

Abstract The extent and complexity of tribunals and court structures during the semi-autonomous states of Samanid, Ghaznavi, and Seljuk in post-Islamic Iran has had a great influence on the evolution of the secular prose prose; With the expansion in bars and courts, especially the Divan of the mission, the importance and position of teachers was added; As a result of the increased prestige of secretaries and secretaries, prose and mediator prose also found a special place. It seems that simple and prose prose has become an artifact and prose prose in the past, with the expansion of courts and courts, and this relationship has been affected by important causes such as political, socio-cultural and psychological factors. Each of these factors has been effective in some way in the perfection of the prose of the scribes and secretaries. In this article, in addition to getting acquainted with the teachers, the evolution of the style of prose prose and also its relationship with development And the expansion of the court and court.

Most poets after Ferdowsi, irrespective of the content of their work, have been affected by the Shahnameh at different levels. Mohammad Bagher Sohbat-e-Lari is one the most well-known poets of the Literary Return era who has been significantly influenced by the Shahnemeh. Sohbat-e-Lari has a deep understanding of the Shahnameh and his unique allusions to less-known names and stories of the Shahnameh and other epic characters and sources is a testimony to his deep understanding of this great literary work. The present study employs text analysis and discourse analysis to show that Sohbat-e-Lari has used allusions from the Shahnameh in eulogy, expressing the superiority of the praised, illustration, compound noun formation, and the magic of proximity and mention personal status (self glorification) and has employed allusion with other figures of speech in his Diwan. In addition, he has helped in solving some problems such as the Babre- bayan conundrum in the study of the Shahnameh through his unique mentioning of the Shahnameh, historic sources, epic poems, narrative scrolls, and folklore stories.

Psychological study of literary works in various RvaytHay DastanHa and one of the most important and MyqTryn ShyvhHay understanding the text. Utilizing the principles of psychological personality analysis DastanHa heroes, one of the most important interaction between literature and psychology. Beyhaqi history, one of the most important literary works of the Persian language is due to the multiplicity of DastanHa, historical events and heroes of diversity in personality and mood they can be evaluated based on psychological analysis. The way to know ShkhsytHay story on Byhqy, various methods which are raised primarily for the actual knowledge of human psychology. Valid psychological model called "Typ character" or "personality type" questions placed useful tools for the rapid identification of humans. Paul. January. Tigran and Barbara Barron. Tigran based on Myers Briggs, identifying the main characteristics of personality and how to communicate effectively and get results suggest moved faster. In this study overlooking ShkhsytHay (spy) and ShkhsytHay who prefer secrecy to PrdhDry-up, based on the dimensions of the Myers Briggs ShanzdhGanh TypShnasy MyGyrnd evaluated. According to the results of the research, overlooking ShkhsytHay orientation on the type BrvnGray Beyhaqi intuitive thinker DryaftGr (BShMR) and type BrvnGray intuitive thinker QzavtGr (BH MQ) is greater than the other TypHa.