shahram moghaddas farimani

Drought-tolerant fodders extension, including sorghum, is of great importance to the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. Regarding, the limited adoption of fodder sorghum in Iran, this research was conducted to develop strategies for improving fodder sorghum consumption in Tehran province. The statistical population of the qualitative phase was the key informants of sorghum, 18 of whom were selected for in-depth interviews using the purposeful snowball sampling method. Grounded theory was applied to extract strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Two questionnaires were prepared to measure the importance and intensity of external and internal factors, by 10 and 6 experts, respectively. Analyzing the external and internal environment, 21 strategies including eight (SO) strategies, four (WO) strategies, six (ST) strategies, and three (WT) strategies were extracted. Analysis of the strategic space showed (ST) strategies for adopting sorghum among dairy farmers in Tehran province had a higher priority. These strategies were "increasing the information of experts and farmers about the possibility of using sorghum Speedfeed variety in specific cattle or as a percentage of the ration in industrial cattle"; "increasing the information of experts and farmers about sorghum agronomic strengths"; "using sorghum in the ratio of cattle breeds with lower milk yield special milk quality such as Jersey or Simmental or native cattle"; "promoting agronomic strengths of sorghum, especially among farmers owning agricultural land"; "promoting agronomic strengths of sorghum by establishing model sites in dairy farms owning arable land" and "explaining the importance and strengths of sorghum for officials and decision-makers".

Specialized training courses for employees at Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute are held on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines to improve the production process of biological products. The purpose of this research is to measure the validity of specialized trainings in the service of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in order to improve the biological products production process held in this institute. This research is a quantitative study with a non-experimental pattern, and the data collection tool is a form of a questionnaire designed by the researchers. The components of the research included: assessment of needs and information, content and heading, instructor, time and place, media and educational assistance, welfare and evaluation. In this questionnaire, the individual characteristics of the students, including gender, age, level of education, field of study, and job characteristics, including organizational position, work history, and cooperation history at Razi Institute, were investigated. In addition to, the titles of the training courses passed by the respondent were specified and the components of the training elements were completed in the form of a questionnaire. The purpose of this research project is to evaluate the effectiveness of the specialized training courses that were held in the three years ending in 1402. Based on stratified random sampling, the sample size was estimated to be 166 using Morgan's table. To determine the validity of the data collection tool, face validity was used, and to determine its reliability, the pre-test method and Cronbach's alpha test were used. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS software and descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) and analytical (Mann Whitney U tests, Regression, and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients).The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all the elements of education and the level of effectiveness, and this coefficient was higher for the components of the instructor and the content heading than the rest of the components, so that the level of satisfaction of the participants in the course. The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all the elements and the effectiveness of training, and 72% of the variance of the dependent variable of training effectiveness was explained by the variables of needs assessment and information, content and title. Therefore, as much as it is possible to attract the level of satisfaction of the participants in the in-service courses regarding each of the elements of the training, this will make the course more effective.

By Considering the significant decrease in the ratio of agricultural students to the total number of high school students in the past decade in Iran, therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the mechanisms of attracting, retaining and supporting students and students entering the secondary degree of in agricultural schools and factors affecting it. The research method used in this research was quantitative and qualitative and of the survey and interview type, and the statistical population of this study is the students studying in the agricultural schools of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi and Semnan provinces and the experts and facilitators of these trainings. They were selected by the purposeful sampling method and interviewed by a researcher-made questionnaire, in order to achieve the best solutions and educational mechanisms for attracting, maintaining and supporting scientific - technical and financial - facilities for students and graduates of these courses. The results of the exploratory factor analysis on the motivation of students to study in agricultural colleges, these motivations are divided into six factors: "Interest in agricultural career", "Earning income", "Continuation of father's profession", "Using the facilities available in colleges". agriculture", "personal and social development", and "influence of family, friends and advisors". Finally, suggestions based on research findings have been presented in order to increase and maintain the motivation of students of agricultural colleges.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of entrepreneurship promotion training courses on strengthening the entrepreneurial behavior of rural women. The statistical population of this research consisted of 98 rural women in Tehran province, and random cluster sampling was used to select the statistical sample, . The sample size was considered equal to 70 people. Among the of Damavand, Varamin and Sole Qan, 4 villages were selected as samples, The data collection tool was a researchermade questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha method with an alpha coefficient of 0.76 and experts' survey. The questionnaire was composed of two parts: individual, social and economic structures and the obstacles and restrictions placed on their way. To analyze the data in this research, statistical inference, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and t-test were used. Based on the obtained results, the components of training courses (instructor, goal, content, teaching method) have a significant effect on strengthening the entrepreneurial behavior ofthem. The average total index calculated for the effectiveness of training courses on strengthening entrepreneurial behavior is 49.29 with a significance level of 0.05 and t=53.19 with a degree of freedom of 69 and with 95% confidence greater than the community average (48) and a critical t value.The total average calculated index of barriers and limitations of entrepreneurship promotion training courses is 64.01 with a significance level of 0.05 and t=77.87 with a degree of freedom of 69 and with 95% confidence is greater than the community average (63) and the critical t value behavior of rural women.

Internship is a unique training program that purpose is to integrate education with experimental programs and activities. It is necessary to examine the weaknesses of the implementation of this course in the pas t years, successful experiences of implementing this program in other countries and receiving and summarizing the opinions of the s takeholders of this program for improving the effectiveness of internships for agricultural s tudents. In order to implementation of the Memorandum of Cooperation between the Minis tries of Science, Research and Technology and Agriculture-Jahad and the law on increasing the productivity of agriculture and natural resources, that he purpose of which is to use the capacities of executive and governmental bodies in the implementation of the internship plan for agricultural s tudents, this research was conducted with the aim of inves tigating the obs tacles and challenges of the implementation of the internship program of agricultural science s tudents in the Minis try of Agriculture-Jahad by using a qualitative research method and a deductive approach. The s tatis tical population of this s tudy was all educational deputies and the ins tructors working in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centers of the country in the academic year 2021-2022 (N= 64), of which 38 people were selected by purposive sampling method. As a result of the content analysis, the challenges of implementing the s tudents' internship were categorized in; the course curriculum, implementation of the course, internship ins tructors, s tudents (interns), the organizational unit accepting the intern, and the college and university. The mos t important challenges from the respondents` point of view included the s tudents' lack of motivation to actively participate in this course due to the uncertainty of their job opportunities, lack of monitoring and detailed visits by the university and the Minis try of Agricultural Jihad on the implementation of the course in the units accepting interns, the lack of motivation of trainers to optimally implement the internship course, and the lack of coordination and cooperation between universities and units conducting internships. Encouraging s tudents to participate in skill training and methods, active cooperation of universities with executive bodies in the implementation of practical trainings and equipping organizational unit accepting the intern with facilities and equipment needed for the implementation of the internship training course were among the sugges tions of this research.

Agricultural education sys tem mus t prepare the current and future generation of farmers to solve the problems and challenges of the next century, domes tic and global competition, fluctuating preparation and make optimal use of new technologies, keeping up with the growth of the world's population, climate change, the increasing advancement of knowledge and technology in agricultural science. Achieving these goals requires continuous review and updating of agricultural education sys tem and the forecas ting and development of a satisfactory approach to educating future farmers. Despite the main mission of the agricultural education sys tem in preparing the youth and empowering the current and future farmers of the country, this sys tem faces many challenges, including; Weakness in motivating young people to agricultural fields, the low share of the agricultural sector in accepting s tudents in the country's secondary education, the weak scientific and practical foundation of agricultural graduates and the unwillingness of the agricultural production and commercial sectors to attract them. So, the main purpose of this s tudy was to determine the main pillars of an approach to agricultural education in order to train future farmers in Iran from the perspective of experts of agricultural education sys tem. In terms of the purpose, this s tudy is an applied research, and in terms of the method of implementation, it is a descriptive s tudy, and in terms of the paradigm approach, it has used a qualitative approach. The s tatis tical population of this survey included all agricultural education experts employed in universities, research ins titutes and executive organizations who finally 10 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method. The requiered data in this research was collected using interviews and reviewing published reports. After coding the data and extracting the codes, concepts and categories, the elements of future farmers education approach of Iran, including ideals and philosophy, goals, s trategies and solutions, and methodologies of executive plans were explained. Finally, based on the findings, the comments that should be considered in developing the country's agricultural education roadmap were sugges ted.

In recent decades, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad has been holding informal skill trainings for farmers with the aim of extension of new technologies. The sample size was estimated to be 212 using the Cochran's formula. In order to select the samples, stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment was used. The validiy of the instrument was evaluated by panel of experts including specialists of the Agricultural Research, Education . For determining the reliability of the research instrument, the pioneer test method and completing the questionnaires by a group of 30 people, outside from the statistical population and calculating the values of the ordinal theta coefficient θ = 0.81-98 . Ordinal regression findings indicate that among the characteristics of the training course, instructor and content, variables amount of practical hours of the course, ease and comprehensibility of content, the amount of practical skills of the instructor and the amount of use of scientific and specialized visits in duration of the course” remained at the level of significance of 5% and the practical skills of the instructor remained at the level of 1% in the model. Also, the results of nonparametric Wilcoxon test showed that in five indicators, increasing the technical knowledge of users, increasing the skills of users, increasing income and improving the livelihood of users, improving motivation and job satisfaction and increasing quantitatively and improving the quality of products, there are statistically significant difference between before and after participation in the courses at the 99% confidence level

Considering the world's population, climate change, and the advancement of agricultural science and technology, agricultural education systems have to address the current and future generations of farmers to solve the problems and challenges of the coming century, Competition domestically and globally and with fluctuations and uncertainties caused by climate change as well as the optimal use of agricultural technologies. Achieving these goals requires continuous review and updating of agricultural education systems, and development of components of a desirable system for training future farmers. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the pillars of a new approach to agricultural education in order to train future farmers in Iran from the perspective of experts and specialists in the agricultural education system. The data required in this study were collected using Delphi technique in two stages. The statistical population of this study included all faculty members of agricultural extension and education departments in agricultural colleges, educational assistants of agricultural research and training centers, and faculty members and experts of the Agricultural Education and Extension Institute. 26 of them were selected using snowball sampling method. Sampling continued until the theoretical saturation stage was reached. Finally, after summarizing the answers, the pillars of the future farmers' education approach, including ideals and philosophy

The agricultural sector is one of the fields in which the IoT is widely used. In order to use the IoT more effectively in agriculture, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that make farmers tend to use it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the constructs affecting the willingness to IoT by early adopter farmers in Tehran Province. This research is a descriptive survey and in terms of the purpose of the research it is considered an applied study. The statistical population was all early adopter farmers in Tehran province who were selected and introduced by the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. The statistical population was 500 farmers and 221 cases were selected by simple random sampling. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula. Respondents were also surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Face, content, and construct (convergent and divergent) validity indices were used to assess the validity of the research tool. It is worth mentioning that the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite reliability indices. In this study, the variables perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, social influence, perceived enjoyment, and perceived behavioral control were supposed to be the main influencing variables on the willingness to use the IoT. The convergent validity of the research variables, confirms the convergent validity of the questionnaire. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, pilot study and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. Alpha coefficients of the research variables, demonstrate the acceptability of the reliability for the research tool. The results also revealed that the effects of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, social influence, and perceived behavioral control on the willingness to use IoT were significant. It is also worth mentioning that the effect of trust on the perceived usefulness of IoT was approved.

The purpose of this research was identification of Economic Empowerment Facilitators of economic empowerment among rural women. The statistical population of the study consisted of all members of rural women's Micro-Credit Funds in the province of Semnan that 112 of them were selected according to Cochran formula as sample size. This research was a survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was employed to data collection. Reliability of the questionnaire by calculating Cranach's alpha (α= 0.939) and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by four experts of Institute of agricultural education and extension. The results of ranking the determinants of economic empowerment of rural women showed," Trust in your ability to do things", " Motivation and desire to earn money by myself ", "Membership in rural women's microfinance fund", in the first to third ranks and there are the most important factors of the economic empowerment of rural women in Semnan province. Also, according to the results of exploratory factor analysis the most important factors affecting the economic empowerment of rural women in Semnan province were classified into six factors: 1- Cultural context of rural community, 2- Participation in social and educational activities, 3- Economic and and households participations, 4- Tangible and intangible assets, 5- Family support and 6- The spirit of financial independence. In total, these factors could explain 65.76% of the total variance.

The purpose of this research was to identify the determinates factors of economic empowerment and effective factors on it of rural women in Zanjan province. The statistical population of the study consisted of all members of rural women's microfinance funds in the province of Znjan (N=636) that 154 of them were selected according to Cochran formula. This research was a survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to data collection. Reliability of the questionnaire by calculating Cranach's alpha (α= 0.96 & 0.86) and Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The results of ranking the determinants of economic empowerment of rural women by exploratory factor analysis showed, participation in income generation activities, individual and intellectual ability in economic and financial affairs, participation in household economic decisions, assistance and support on economic issues and cost control over funds were able to explain 68.44% of the total variance. Also, according to the results of exploratory factor analysis the most important explanations for the economic empowerment of rural women in Zanjan province submitted in 5 factors included: Interact with the social environment, mental and financial empowerment, education and social communication, home and economic partnership and freedom and authority to act. These factors were able to explain 40.59% of the total variance.

The purpose of this study was investigating the factor affecting motivation of rural youth toward vocational agricultural school in Kermanshah and Ravansar counties. In terms of goal, data collection and data analysis the study was an applied, survey and correlation descriptive research respectively. The target population consisted of boye and girls students in the third grad of high school first in Kermanshah and Ravansar counties in the 2018-2019 years(N=3455). Sample size determined using table Bartlet et al as 350 people and stratified random sampling method was used as a sampling method. The main research instrument was questionnaire which its validity confirmed by the panel of expert and reliability was used cronbachs alpha coefficient. The results indicated that 21% respondents had the positive towards vocational agricultural school. The correlation coefficient shows that there is a significant relationship between individual factor, social factor, political factor, economic factor, challenge and ambiguity tolerance with the motivation of rural youth in recruiting vocational centers and agricultural secondary education. Rrsult of ordinal regression analysis showed that social factor, political factor, Feeling of belonging to the village, Satisfaction with life in the village, Interest in agricultural work had a positive impact. But the economic Factor and pragmatism had a negative impact toward motivation to continuing education in agricultural..

farming is a kind of sustainable agriculture aimed to provide integrated, systematic and human agricultural production system without any conflicts with economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, it is effective to implement educational classes and workshops in related with different techniques of organic farming in order to facilate the adoption process of this innovative method in agriculture. Need assessment is the first step of each program. So, the main objective of this research is assessing of the educational need of bushehr province farmers for adopting and developing organic farming. The statistical population of this research consists of three groups including farmers (24345 individuals), agricultural experts and managers of Jihad agriculture organization of Bushehr province (350 individuals) as well as the lecturers and faculties of agriculture college and research and education center for agricultural and natural resources of bushehr province (120 individuals). Based on statistical population and referring to Morgan table, 200 farmers, 90 agricultural experts and executive managers and 30 faulties were selected, randomly. Quantitative phase of the research was accomplished based on survey using questionnaires and the qualitative phase was conducted based on designing focus groups and content analysis. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of agricultural specialists as well as conduction a pilot study, respectively. According to the findings of qualitative phase, 32 educational needs were extracted and ranked regarding organic farming. “Subjects importance”, “farmers’ Knowledge about the subjects” and “application of the subjects by farmers” were assessed in quantitative phase.

Agricultural infrastructured included the entire body of basic services needed for the growth of an economy and for the improvement of the efficiency of the markets related to food and dietary fiber. Investment in agricultural infrastructure calls for a wide- spread collaboration among the various organization involved in the sector. The main purpose of the present research was to identify and prioritize the opportunities available for infrastructural investment with an emphasis on the public- private partnership approach so as to develop agricultural businesses. This research is a qualitative type study in which 16 top experts and entrepreneurs versed in agricultural practice were selected as research samples through a purposive sampling method. Then, the infrastructural of different sections and sub- sections were identified to be prioritized through the hierarchical analysis technique, using Expert Choice 11 software. The research findings well revealed that the opportunities for infrastructural investment and the pertinent priorities fall into two categories: a) public infrastructure (consisting of transportation, gas supply, and farming and greenhouse estates, respectively) and b) agricultural specialized infrastructure (consisting of soil/ land, water, and services, respectively). Also, the research findings well proposed the following suggestions as the points of focus and of investment by the public sector and the private sector, respectively: Rural transportation, and making farmers familiar with cadaster projects and livestock- breeding projects.

The purpose of this research was to analysis the Impact of Extension Training Courses on economic empowerment of rural women in the Semnan province in Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of all members of rural women's microfinance funds in the province of Semnan that 112 of them were selected according to Cochran formula as sample and stratified random sampling method. This research was a survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to data collection. Reliability of the questionnaire by calculating Cranach's alpha (α= 0932) and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The results of ranking the determinants of economic empowerment of rural women showed, suitable use of leisure for income-generating activities, Interesting and active pursuit of job and production affairs and continuous acquisition of knowledge, technical and professional skills in the first to third ranks and there are the most important factors of the economic empowerment of rural women in the Semnan province. Also, according to the results of exploratory factor analysis the most important explanations for the economic empowerment of rural women in the Semnan province submitted in 5 factors included: Independent and sustainable employment, access to financial and credit facilities, participation in social and professional affairs, expansion of communication in the purchase, marketing and sales, and leadership and management of business group. These factors, in total, were able to explain 73.29% of the total variance. There is a meaningful positive correlation between participation in educational extensions and four factors explaining the economic empowerment of rural women. The results of regression analysis also showed that the number of extension education courses is the most important factor affecting the economic empowerment of women, which in total explains 32 percent of dependent variable.

Determinants of behavioral change toward organic farming among the farmers of Bushehr province was the main purpose of the study. Data collection was accomplished using survey and a sample of 101 farmers was selected using stratified random sampling from the counties of Bushehr, Dayyer and Jom-o-riz. Face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of professors and specialists of agricultural research center. The reliability was also confirmed by a pilot study with 30 farmers out of the study region and the Cronbach`s alpha was computed in a range of 0.60 to 0.91. Findings revealed that farmers have been used biological control techniques as well as green fertilizers more than the other methods of organic farming. According to the causal model, agricultural background, the use of communicative media and its effectiveness, attitude toward conventional agricultural consequences, knowledge about organic farming, attitude toward reference group, attitude toward environment and human health and attitude toward organic farming are affecting factors of organic farming activities by the farmers. Finally, some recommendations were presented: Selection and training of the educated individuals in order to promote organic farming in the area, facilitating the basic factors for this modern way of farming, assigning this task to the centers of agricultural extension and services, enhancement of scientific and practical skills of the experts and extension agents in terms of organic farming and healthy products.

One of the reasons for the low efficiency of university graduates in the Work Market is to provide the theoretical training regardless of the Work Market requirement in the Higher Education. In order to solve this problem, the Applied Scientific University and following of that ‘the training centers of Jihad-e-keshavarzi were created with the aim of training qualified skills graduates who the Work Market require them .Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of comparative study of professional competencies of Applied Scientific graduates in medicinal plants course of Imam Khomeini Higher Education with the needs of Work Market in a consecutive mixed method in 2018 . To achieve the research goal, at first ,the Delphi method was used to extract Work Market competencies. The statistical community of this section included the activists of the Medicinal Plants Department and faculty members and instructors of Applied Scientific Higher Education Centers (n=27) who were selected through a targeted random sampling method. The statistical community of this stage of research included 380 Medicinal Plants graduates during 2009-2016 that 181 students of them were selected by random sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan table. The results showed that the level of competencies of the Work Market for graduates was lower than employers' expectations. It is suggested that, in order to aligning the graduates' competencies with the Work Market requirement and increasing their employment, when designing and compiling the courses of these centers, effective interaction with the employers, their expectations should be considered.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the students’ motivations to choose the agricultural applied-practical fields. The statistical population of the research included 1020 Associate students studying in Agricultural Research and Education Centers who enrolled in the Academic Year 2015-2016. Given the Krejcie and Morgan Table, a sample of 346 students was selected using the random sampling method. The questionnaire was determined as the research data collection tool whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by pretest and Sequential Theta Coefficient (Ө= 0.92). The results of factor analysis showed that five factors, namely the appropriateness of the field of study with internal and external factors, intrinsic motivational factors, the relationship between the field of study and the job and family background, the relationship between the field of study and job desires and tasks, family sponsorship and the nature of the field of study, could explain about 63.94% of the variance in students’ motivations. The results of comparing the means indicated that there was a significance difference between student's sex and job status and some of motivational factors. Based on the findings, there were significance positive relationships among age and appropriateness of the field of study and internal and external factors, intrinsic motivational factors, family sponsorship and the nature of the field of study

Motivation is the basis of the conscious behavior of individuals and there are various motivations for choosing a field of study, type of study course, and university. The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivation of students to enter the technical and vocational higher education course. The statistical population of the study was composed of 1020 student of technical and vocational higher education course in the educational centers in the academic year of 1994-95 and from that 346 students were selected using the Kerjesie and Morgan tables and through stratified random sampling technique.The research instrument was a questionnaire that its validity was reviewed and confirmed by a group of relevant experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by pretest and Teta coefficient (Ө = 0.94). Factor analysis showed that student motivations are detected in six dimensions including: Occupational and Individual, Educational – Institutional, Compulsory environment and media Advertising, Insist and recommend friends and parents, Entering to university and earning a degree of education and Financial constraints and appropriate tuition. Occupational and individual factor was identified as the most important factor. The average comparison between student's motivation and gender was shown that girl and boy students had significant different in the first factor. Comparison of the average of the motivating factors and the student's job status at the time of study as shown that there were significant differences between employed and unemployed students in terms of occupational and individual, educational – institutional factors.

This research was an attempt to study analytically the effect that entrepreneurial orientation of cooperative companies involved in the supply (provision and production) of agricultural inputs and implements had on their performance in terms of adjusting market orientation (as viewed by the concerned managers). An applied research methodology was employed. Also, a descriptive - survey method was used for data gathering. The statistical population consisted of the companies involved in the supply of agricultural inputs and implements in three provinces, namely Tehran, Fars and Isfahan. The instrument for gathering the data required was a five scales likert type questionnaire. One hundred fourteen managers were selected as samples through random sampling. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for data analysis using Spss/win21 and smart PLS3. The reliability of the instrument was supported by a pilot-test, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and load factors, and the findings well revealed that entrepreneurial orientation of the companies involved in the supply of agricultural inputs and implements had a positive meaningful influence on their performance. However, the same relationship did not apply in terms of market orientation. Also, orientation towards innovation and risk. Taking, leading role and independence proved to have positive meaningful influence on the performance of the companies concerned. But the aggressive competition showed no meaningful influence on the performance.

The main element for achieving organizations to their goals is empowered human resources. To empower human resources, organizations should have deep, centralized and long term planning which needs to be evaluated and revised continuously. The main research purpose was to investigate the current situation and contexts of improvement in short training courses from experts’ perception in Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. This study was descriptive and data were collected by survey method. The main tool for gathering data was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by related educational specialist and experts. Also, the reliability of research instrument was evaluated by Coronbach’s Alpha test. Statistical population was staff expert in Ministry of Agriculture Jihad (N=1075). The sample size was determined by Cochran’s formula (n=166) and statistical sample was determined by systematic random sampling. The results showed that there is significant difference between current attention to four parts of educational courses which are a) design, b)selection, c)implementation, and d) monitoring, evaluation, reform and those importance to improve of the cources.The best strategies for such cources improvement are: cources become purposeful for each employee; using employees opinion towards the cources by oral or writing methods; appropriateness of courses with employees job level; having enough time for employees and their managers to select cources. Regression analysis showed that designing the training courses explained and predicted 21.8 percent of chang in dependent variablewhich is impact of courses on the productivity of employees.

The purpose of this study was to explain the components of rooftop farming business using exploratory qualitative methodology. Explanation of the intended components can help policy development for improving urban landscape and agricultural enterprises. Because of the highly diversified types of enterprises involved in urban agricultural activities, one of the activities, namely “rooftop farming “was selected as the case for this study. Attempts were thus made to identify the factors involved in the business model practiced by these enterprises. For the purpose of multilateralism , three instruments, namely semi structured in – depth interviews, documentary review and website – search (as the visual media) were used for data gathering. The data gathered was then analyzed through theme analysis. The samples for this multilateral case study consisted of those agricultural enterprises that have at least carried out one of various green roof top systems, including “roof – top greenhouse, "intensive green roof “, “extensive green roof “, “planter box green roof “ or “ green wall “. The research findings could well explain the business components related to the products, customers, management of infrastructures and financial aspects, most of which compatible with Osterwalder model.