جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mashhad » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

 The cultural and religious relations of some Iranian cities and regions with the Muslims and Shiites of  neighboring countries such as Indian subcontinent are among the important issues related to the local history of Iran. Due to the influence of Iranian cultural in India and the presence of Shiites, Sufis and Sadats who were interested in Imam Reza in this region, during the Qajar period, as in the Safavid era, many Indian pilgrims were traveling to Mashhad. They were from various social groups, including Sadat and Sufis and occasionally encountered problems. To explain their situation and present and resolve their problems, they used the customary method of writing a petition to the Astan Quds Razavi guardians during their long journey and stay in Mashhad. These petitions which are preserved in the Astan Quds document center, reflect the situation of these Indian pilgrims and provide valuable information about their problems, as well as how the Astan Quds guardians interact with them and support them. The current study, using a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach based on the documents of Astan Quds Razavi, aimed to provide answer to these questions that what problems the Indian pilgrims who traveled to Mashhad during the Qajar era were encountered? What solution did they mainly resort to reduce them? What interactions and supportive acts did the Astan Quds Razavi guardians have with these Indian pilgrims? The findings indicate that the Indian pilgrims who traveled to Mashhad from various regions of Indian subcontinent experienced a variety of problems including illness, property, theft, and the inability to earn a living. These trapped pilgrims using the pilgrimage atmosphere of this city and the long-standing practice of Astan Quds' support, turned to the Astan Quds guardians to find a solution for their problems. Due to the age of writing a petition of stranded pilgrims and the allocation of significant financial resources and endowments for support them, the Astan Quds guardians and officials considered various support measures, including cash and non-monetary aid after studying their petitions and the situation and problems, sometimes by influencing the social base of the pilgrims and the way of expressing the problems in the petitions, gave more attention to some pilgrims, especially Sadat.

​Analyzing the crisis periods and writing their history have always been difficult and contaminated with some mistakes, since the events occur too quickly. Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar period is a good example for various reasons. Critical study of the documents, history books and notes of researchers about the period shows their failure in being clear in pinpointing the events. This study showed that the form and content of orders of Mohammad Ali Shah have not been analyzed properly.  Regarding the histories about Rokn al-Din’s ruling on Khorasan and his connection with Constitution movement in that province, most of the secondary histories and studies have undergone mistakes. So they had mistaken in recording how the events occurred in that period. The disrespectful invasion into Holy Shrine of Imam Reza in 1327 AH by Russian soldiers has been ignored by contemporary researchers. This study showed that the disrespectful violation has been done twice, that is, in 1327 AH and 1330 AH. Exploring and analyzing a new discovered document of the orders of Mohammad Ali Shah and examining primary resources about the time, this study tried to show the shortcomings and mistakes of historians about that era and to make clarifications about the exact time of the events through a descriptive-analytical method.

Mashhad as the capital of Afsharid dynasty and holding the holy shrine of Imam Reza, experienced many ups and downs over Afsharid period. All trustees of Astan Quds were of Sadat Razavi and Hosseini families, but their power and authority diminished over time, as the dominant power of the Afsharid dynasty was settled in Mashhad and the kings could control and interfere more easily with different matters of Astan Quds Razavi. Nader Shah and his successors usually made decisions for the trustees on the way of managing Astan Quds, on the way of its cooperation with other organizations and government agents, and on other significant issues. The trustees’ activities and power were limited and the number of employees was reduced in this period. Holding Shias’ specific religious and ritual ceremonies like those common in the Safavid era became more confined. The religious ceremonies of Muslims, especially Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, and Iranians’ national celebration (i.e., Eid Nowruz) were hold magnificently. Nader Shah specifically emphasized on building and developing religious places, maintained his relationship with Shia scholars and employed them in managing the administrative organization of the Holy Shrine and Jame’ Mosques. This study tried to explore Nader’s religious policies and behavior using the mentioned issues and the survived documents from the period.

Mashhad is one of the historical cities of Iran, formed based on the existence of a holy place. Several written documents have described Mashhad, but so far, no study can be found that has described the boundaries and structure of its historical neighborhoods. Applying a descriptive-analytical method, this applied research explored a document from Golestan Palace as a case. It tried to answer the question: How was the morphology of Mashhad’s historical neighborhoods in the Qajar period, based on Colonel Julius Delmage’s map? The results showed that the administration system of Mashhad was based on six major neighborhoods. Every neighborhood, based on spatial features and residents, had different structures and different service pilgrimage spaces. All of these have been formed based on their accessibility to the central pilgrimage space of Mashhad and its gates. The formation of most caravanserais in the Paein Khiaban, Sarshour, and Noghan neighborhoods indicates more pilgrimages in them. Moreover, most of urban service spaces and guard places had been located in Sarab neighborhood, indicating that this neighborhood was the resident of the nobles. Eidgah neighborhood is considered the most religious neighborhood of Mashhad as it embraces more mosques and tekyehs, while the central part of the city and Sarab and Noghan neighborhoods are more famous for education.

Many descendants of reputed Sadats lived in Mashhad who reached ijtihad. Rajali sources (i.e., sources on science of narrators) show that some of religious scholars of Mashhad who started their education in Mashhad but migrated to Isfahan and Atabat Aliyat, when returned, people referred to them -just like the famous Mujtahids of Qajar era. The purpose of this study was to provide readers with a clear picture and the edited version from the documents of Mashhad in Qajar era that has given us an acceptable vision for document studies of the city. The question is: using the documents, can we introduce an approximate time for document registration in Mashhad and a specific style of document writing of this city? The descriptive-analytical study used archived primary library sources. The results show the sublime position of Mirza Masoum Razavi’s descendants in specific authentication and registration of Shari’a documents in Qajar era. The study explores the role of Sadat Razavi’s dynasty in authentication and document registration in Mashhad in Qajar era, specially the emergence of double registration and the pioneering of one of the dynasties of Sadat Razavi. Generally these mujtahids started their education in Mashhad but migrated to Isfahan or Atabat Aliyat to complete it. They wrote their records on the lower right of the page and perpendicular to the main body (main text). They also invented double registration. Certain people of the dynasty who were registrar of religious issues, wrote concised sentences including at least two to four words in left side of the record, in Arabic language most of the time. Some documents reveal that Mirza Ahmad Razavi made common the shari’a documents registration in his court in 1280 AH.

Mashhad has been an immigrant friendly city since the middle of the Qajar era because of its high status in terms of foreign and domestic trading. Therefore, the most powerful merchants and property owners of Mashhad were immigrants, as many Caucasian, Azerbaijani, Yazdi, Isfahani and Tehrani merchants moved to the city. One of the great immigrants was Agha Bozorg, a Tehrani merchant, who moved to Mashhad in 1291 AH. Two generations of his family administered Tehrani Tejaratkhaneh (trading house). Haji Agha Bozorg, Haj Abd al-Hossein, Mirza Mohammad Danesh Bozorgnia, and Ali Sadr al-Ttojjar were the most important influencing, trading personalities of Mashhad who were active in various fields over 70 years. The study tried to see and explicate what economic arena, Tehrani family were active in, and their sociopolitical and economical role and status in Mashhad. The results indicate that Tehrani family started with renting Turquoise mines and then shifted to landholding. They were also active in foreign trade and exporting opium. They turned to leasehold of urban properties and producing compote. Due to doing business in leasehold, they were in contact with Astan Quds Razavi and its developments, but after the Goharshad incident, they sold a huge portion of their properties and moved to Tehran. The new generation of this family, in addition to political activities, having financial support engaged in cultural fields such as publishing periodicals and modern education. Taking a descriptive-analytical method, this study used the archived documents of Astan Quds Razavi, national documentary center, and those of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

British consulate was founded in Mashhad in 1889 AD/1306 AH. The office that was the first foreign political agency in Mashhad, could become the primary executive part of England in a short time. The agency that seemingly operated under the General Governor of India but was not responsible to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country, presented annually its commercial and economical estimates in relatively comprehensive reports to higher authorities. Though the survived reports of the first seven years of the consulate are better compiled than the second seven years, but in the years that is the subject of this study (1896-1903 AD/1313-1321 AH) provide us with accurate field statistics about the economic status of the eastern cities of Iran (i.e., its main field of consulate’s activity). The main content of the annual reports are the types of the imported and exported goods, the name of the regional and international foreign partners (especially Russia, England, and Afghanistan), and the effective transmitting methods. According to the documents, seemingly in the seven years in the region the Russian government was economically superior to British government and the British representatives endeavored to make solutions for balancing the economic power and overcome the long standing rival. Therefore, they tried in their usual economic analysis to include many issues like sociological aspects of the region.

Just before the occurrence of constitutional revolution some riots and crises began in Mashhad. The events made the city the central place for opponents of tyranny, though at the same time deep oppositions could be seen against the constitutional movement. Mashhad’s different social classes consisted of both opposing and advocating groups at the dawn of the constitutional revolution. Strong bonds with Russia or England could be seen as well, making the groups stay against each other. Considering the mentioned conditions, the study tried to see of what social classes Mashhad was composed at the beginning of the constitutional revolution, what political tendencies and affiliations they had, and how the classes affected the sociopolitical structure of Mashhad. Taking a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and documents pertaining to the consulates, the study tried to find an appropriate answer for the mentioned questions. The results obtained from exploration of related documents on the issue showed that due to political and ethnic-tribal affiliations and aristocratic relationships, the dominant tendency of Mashhad's social classes was reactionary and against the constitution. The situation caused Mashhad’s failure to be just like Tehran, Tabriz, and Isfahan in being outstanding and pioneering in the constitutional revolution.

Malik Mahmoud Sistani governed the Ton and Tabas areas simultaneously with the Afghans attack on the Isfahan,He managed to dominate the city of Mashhad and many parts of Khorasan for about four years with the fall of Safavih Esfahan. At the beginning, he created a safe environment with fear and terror by suppressing dissidents in Mashhad. Afterwards, he attacked other cities in Khorasan and, by coronation and coinage, created a new issue in the east of country. By this power of authority, the Abdallians and Uzbaks, who had long been threatening the city and the region, were eliminated. Malik Mahmoud's encroachment to the property of Razavi's shrine and the change in his trusteeship, as well as his abusive practices and heavy taxes, resulted in general discontent. Finally, the second Shah Tahmasb with the help of Nader goli Afshar besieged Mashhad and arrested and killed Malik Mahmoud. What we are looking for in this research is to answer the question that how was the political and social situation in Mashhad before and after the domination of Malik Mahmud? This research seeks to explore the context of Malik Mahmoud's presence in Mashhad by relying on resources and research, and analyze his behavior with the citizens and the effects of this course on domestic security and the elimination of foreign attacks.

During the Qajar period, Britain and Russia established a consulate in Iran based on the Kāmelat al-Wadād (Most-favored-Nations Clause) concession. Consulates were usually set up for commercial purposes, but the reports and activities of such institutions went far beyond business motives and goals. The present study intends to discuss the British Consulate in Mashhad and seeks an answer to the question: What were the motives and goals of the British Consulate in Mashhad? Examining the sources, it was hypothesized that the British consulate in Mashhad was established for commercial and political purposes and to strictly supervise Russian actions in the region, but beyond that it had comprehensive intelligence, security and executive functions in Khorasan province. The research data were provided by library data, from historical sources as well as two categories of Persian and English documents, and have been discussed by the method of causal explanation, in the context of British-Russian competition. The results of the discussion indicate that British agents, in competition with Russia, set up a consulate in Mashhad. Under the guise of establishing a consulate in Mashhad, the British set up an intelligence network to monitor Russia's activities in Central Asia and Iran’s northeastern borders in order to thwart Russian anti-British actions in the area. In addition, by establishing a consulate in Mashhad, while supporting British citizens, they removed the barriers to trade between Iran and Britain in this area.

This paper intends to explore causes of the collapse of trilateral coalition of Mashhad’s Bazaar Activists, Pahlavi Regime and Astan Quds Razavi between the years 1974 and 1979. This research work claims the existence of Mashhad’s Bazaar activists’ hostile attitude toward the Pahlavi regime and Astan Quds Razavi during the period under study. Reviewing the history of Astan Quds Razavi through library and documentary method as well as interviews with informed people, this paper intends to find an answer to the question of “How did the coalition of three important pillars of power in Mashhad turn hostile?” The hypothesis of this paper states that the trilateral relations of Bazaar, regime and Astan Quds broke apart when the two powerful elements of government and Astan Quds Razavi interfered in Bazaar affairs. The government fought overcharging, lack of business permits, and some other violations of law while Astan Quds Razavi destroyed the Grand Bazaar and abstained from paying rentals to the Bazaari landlords. As a result, Bazaar witnessed protests and general strikes during those five years (1974-1979). Findings of this paper indicate that Bazaar activists suffered serious pressures and damages during the period. Simultaneousness of the two plans augmented anger of the Bazaari people against the government and Astan Quds Razavi, convincing them to join the Islamic movement.

Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the firms, commercial offices and companies in Mashhad. The aim of this study is to answer to two main questions: 1) what were the factors affecting the trade between Mashhad and Russia and the problems facing this trade from 1304 to 1344 AH? 2) which Russian trading companies entered into Mashhad trade in the time period in question and traded in which goods? Despite the lack of references about this study and the need for a detailed study with a descriptive-analytical approach, the findings indicate that establishment of Trans-Caspian Railway, dispatching Russian commercial staffs to mashhad and the activities of Russian consulates in Mashhad are some factors affecting trade between mashhad and Russia. And according to boycott of the Russian goods, insecurity and restrictions of Russian traders at Mashhad during the late Qajar, some firms such as Iral, Makrowich, Frank, Noble, Khloopkem, Stuackin, Venshtorg and Cantero Sayus imported oil, food, commodities and luxury goods and Russia firms supplied raw material for themselves.

The element of religion has been of main role in regard with the intellectual infrastructure of Iranian community and its direct effect is outstanding in most of the economic, cultural, and social changes. In this regard, the governments have paid a particular attention to the religion and ritual ceremonies during the history. In time of Qajar, along with the continuation in the way of holding the ritual ceremonies, a kind of alteration developed in them as well. Khorasan state and particularly Mashhad was one of the main centers of this alteration due to its significant situation.Following the descriptive-analytical approach, the present article is to answer the question on the extent the ritual and lamentation ceremonies in Mashhad regarded as the most important religious city of Iran, changed under the influence of the political approach of Qajar rulers as well as the administrative elements

Afghan invasion of Isfahan in 1135 AH caused a deep crisis in the functioning of scientific and cultural institutions. Due to these increasing pressures many scholars and scientists left their city so that these institutions encountered huge problems. Although social changes and political instabilityduring afsharid Dynasty and Zand Dynasty also leads to the migration of scientists andincreased the stagnation of science in the scientific centers of Isfahan, but in this period there was no change in the number of scientific centers in Isfahan. Therefore, these events had a negative effect on the scientific prosperity in the traditional sciences, and also in this era scientists of the intellectual sciences were few in number and lacked brilliant scientific activity or works.The purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific and educational structures as well as the function of scientific and cultural institutions in Isfahan during the Afsharidynasty and Zandi dynasty after the fall of Safavids.The results of this study showed that the rise and glory of Isfahan suddenly disappeared after the invasion of Afghans and the fall of Isfahan in 1334 AH and there was a lot of devastation and political chaos in Isfahan.  Isfahan was repeatedly occupied by the Afshari and Zandi claimants after its conquest by the Afghans until the end of the Zand dynasty,and each time it was increasingly destroyed.During this period, Isfahan lost almost everything it had gained in the Safavid era. During the Afshari period, the city of Isfahan experienced a great crisis, especially in the scientific and cultural aspects. Reasons such as political decentralization, social unrest, and Nader Shah's focuson military affairs, and as a result, his lack of love for scholars, writers, and scientists, led many of them to emigrate to India and Atbat(holy shrines).In Zandieh period, although due to Karim Khan's great interest in science and his effective actions in this field, the return of scholars and scientists was facilitated and the situation wasrelativelyimproved, but the city of Isfahan never regained its former glory which it had in the Safavid era.The outbreak of the Afghan invasion in 1135 AH was the beginning of the transformation of Isfahan from a large political and religious center to a subordinate city.This incident, as a tragic social event, devastated the city economically and politically, natural disasters such as famine and various diseases and repeated riots also had obviously a long time impact on the city. Isfahan lost its glory which it had in the Safavid era. On the political and military issues, Nader Shah Afshar and Karim Khan Zand also made efforts to revive the glory, but Nader Shah Afshar paid too much attention to military affairs and he had great interest in the development of Mashhad, Karim Khan Zandalso was more interested to Shiraz and there was disorders after his death, then there was not any progress in Isfahan and scientific and cultural institutions were stagnated.During Zand Dynasty a literary society was established which can be considered as the progress of the situation.

The structure and organizational of Astan Quds at during the Qajar period, especially during the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah, was similar to that of the Safavid period and also, according to the instructions of Ali Shah petition in Afsharian period. This research seeks to investigate the distribution of Astan Quds offices and jobs in each of the sixth city neighborhoods of Mashhad, relying on the manuscript of the 'Ketabche Teadad Nefuse Arze Aqdas Va Shahre Mashhad Moqadas'. The manuscript was written in the kingdom of Nasir al-Din Shah and ordered by Mohammad Taqi Mirza Rokn al-Dawlah, the ruler of Khorasan and Sistan. This version is an interesting example of the information and statistics of the population and businesses of Mashhad during Nasir al-Din Shah, and shows the distribution of offices and jobs in Astan Quds in different neighborhoods of Mashhad. The research method in this study is an analysis of available data, which was analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicate a significant relationship between the dispersion of Astan Quds offices and jobs in the sixth district of Mashhad. This research shows that the number of high-ranking positions in the pyramid of the Astan Quds Organization is larger than the population in the Bala Khiaban and Sarab as a result of paganization and is much lower in the Paein Khiaban of the street, which was poorer.

The Qhatlgah cemetery was located in the north of Razavi's shrine. This place has been considered as one of the most important geographic and historical areas of Mashhad in different centuries . This place contained a significant number of public people and even scientific, political, religious and social figures of Mashhad and sometimes Iran. This research assesses the location of this historic site in the geography of Mashhad and, consequently, the social history of this city. Due to the destruction and lack of direct access to the cemetery, the research sources focus on photos, documents and written texts which have referred to the cemetery.

Public baths are public buildings, which date back to the pre-Islam periods. However, after Islam and the advice and order to cleanliness, and cleaning up, and performing religious duties, the construction of these buildings by charitable people increased, especially in the religious cities.

The study was designed to review the manner of administration, location, history, repairs, style of architecture, and the bathing method of one of the oldest endowed public bathes in Iran, i.e., that was named The ḥammām-e āğče in Mashhad(endowed by Mirza Atiq Ali Monshi) according to available documents.

This article was written descriptively-analytically using a library research methodology with a documentary approach.

The results show that the historical background of the ḥammām-e āğče , one of the endowments of Ᾱstān Quds, dates back to the Ṣafavīd period. The geographical location of this ḥammām was / had been in the bāzār-e sang-tarāšān ((stonemasons bazar) of Mashhad close to the Holy Shrine. The mentioned ḥammām was rented by individuals with special conditions by the Ᾱstān-e and the proceeds from it were spent on other affairs in this organization. The ḥammām-e āğče was repaired and rebuilt several times during the three historical periods. Finally, in the Pahlavid period 1354/ 1975, was completely destroyed in the plan for the development of the Rażavī Shrine.

Family history is one of the subjects that is considered less than other subjects. Researching this subject, which has a history of using important and religious families in the holy shrine of Imam Reza by inheritance is of major importance and presents valuable information.

In this article, it is studied the Holy Shrine of Imām Reżā(AS) as one of the largest centers of family history in the world and its importance as a major spiritual component in the city of Mashhad. By discussing topics such as the history of the post of the service in the administrating of the Holy Shrine, the importance of family histories, the interaction between family histories and to service in the shrine as an influential component in the spiritual identity of Mashhad and the necessary measures to document the family history of the Shrine, it is tried to examine various aspects of the subject.

The research methodology is a library and archive one, in which, Persian and non-Persian references and sources and the related documents were used.

The results of the research show that many families have worked as the ḵādem, over several generations in the Shrine of Imām Reżā (AS) in various positions, such as ḵādem ( servant), farrāš (footmen), and darbān (doorkeepers) and their records of service are available at the Ᾱstān Quds Documents Center. Examining these documents and conducting oral history interviews by the Family Studies Unit, while documenting the old Shrine's families, can provide the context to introduce the identity of the service at the shrine of Imām Reżā(AS) as one of the main components of Rażavī Ideal Utopia

The vaẓīfe (the stipend ) payment was one of the payment method of the Ṣafavīd period , which was paid to the scholars and clerics. In Mashhad, as a religious city, there were also individuals who received vaẓīfe from the Ṣafavīd government.

This article , through readout and interpreting a decree and payment order Shah Solṭān Ḥoseyn , intended to examine the issue that how has been the system and place of the vaẓīfe payment and what was the role of the officials of the Shrine in the city of Mashhad? 

Research Methodology and Approach:

 This article was written descriptively-analytically by a library research methodology with a documentary approach. 

The results:

Based on the studied document, for the vaẓīfe payment, the decree was first issued by the Shah. Then, the vazīr ( the Minister) and the bī􀇉glarbeygī􀇉/ begler-beygi (the governor- general)of Mashhad were set to be responsible for paying it out from certain sources of revenue, which have been mostly the soyūrġālāt (the land revenues/ feudal tenure?) of the Mashhad era . Afterwards, the the avāreje- nevīs (the writer of cash book department) towjīh-nevīs (the writer of payment department) and sarḵat- nevīs2 of Khorasan had to confirm the place of payment, according that the local authorities, like the ruler of Mashhad, the kalāntar( the chief man of Mashhad), mobāšerān ( the agents) and high officials like the vazīr-e a‘ẓam (the Grand vazī􀇉r) and mostowfī-yo’l-mamālek ( the chief of the accountant state domains) like the Grand Minister and the mostowfī-yo’l-mamālek would confirm that. Therefore, both state administrative and civilian agents were effective in the vaẓīfe payment process.

Journalism in Mashhad was started much later than in some large cities of Iran , in 1318/1900. Adab newspaper Literature is of great importance due to being the first newspaper in Mashhad and the work of one of the well-known journalists and poets in the country (Iran) Thus, its role in the field’s journalism in this area needs to be thoroughly investigated.

The content analysis of Mashhad Adab newspaper, its impact the on cultural conditions of Mashhad, presenting the features of this newspaper, as well as reviewing Adībo’l- mamālek’s approach to journalism are issues that were analyzed in this article.

Research Methodology and Approach:

 Using the library methodology, this paper analytically examined content of Adab newspaper of Mashhad.

The results indicated that the content of the newspaper was written according to the literary and information-providing approach. The promotion of reading newspapers, the development of new schools, industry, and patriotism were discussed in the newspaper, which was focused on literature.