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Jurjani's Theory of Nazhm examines Linguistic Engineering of the Holy Qur'an in rejecting the theory of efficiency, whose followers believe that the miracle of the Holy Qur'an is that man has the ability to produce words like the Qur'an, but God does not allow him to also produce words, because Jurjani believes It is a miracle in language engineering that every word in it has a special arrangement that by removing a word or moving its position or placing a synonym in its place, it destroys the Quranic Nazhm and the meaning of the speaker. Surah Tawheed is a surah whose words are organized according to the conditions of the polytheist audience of Quraysh. This article, based on Jurjani's theory of Nazhm, tries to analyze the aesthetics of Surah Tawheed in Nazhm to point out that Surah Tawheed has addressed the oneness of God in accordance with the request of the polytheists of Quraysh from the Prophet (PBUH). In this surah, God reveals his essence through the rhetorical techniques of the verb Qal in the meaning of guidance, the separate pronoun (hu) in the first verse is positive and the connected pronoun (lahoo) in the last verse is negative to indicate God's separation from the creatures in partnership, being negligent. (ahad) refers to bowing down and being unknown (Allah), being known (Al-Samad) indicates the palace, offering (Lahoo) in verse four refers to the restriction of negation of counterpart for Allah and its proof for other than Him.

Poetry is the origin of the vast possibilities of language to produce meaning and image. The possibilities that, with their wideness, only in the productive grammatical constructions cause prominence and power of the language. Jurjani (d. 471 AH) proposed these possibilities in "Theory of verse" and "Meanies of Grammar" and Hafez used them in his lasting poems. Jurjani's creative reading and his transition from a superficial look to the text, as well as his creative understanding of the constructive functions of words in producing meaning and image, regardless of the morphological and syntactic features of words, turned his gaze even from the context of words to the power and ability of language. Hafez, by mastering the features of the Persian language and understanding the function of linguistic elements, at the same time by creating beautiful and amazing effects, strengthened the role of the language in conveying meaning.In this research, in addition to the citation-analytical method in benefiting and quoting the opinions and researches and analysing their relationship with the topics under discussion, the descriptive-analytical method has been used to present new studies and achievements. The results of this research show that examining the possibilities and power of linguistic elements is necessary to understand the aesthetic issues in Hafez's poetry. Undoubtedly, his familiarity with the rhetorical wonders of the Qur'an and his mastery of the Persian language and special language possibilities have led to the production of added meanings and lasting images in his poetry.

Focusing on the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, this study investigates the issue of what kind of relationship is the "semantic balance" between the source and target poems in this type of translation and how it is realized. The study method is descriptive analysis. In the analytical part, first, the semantic structure of the poem is analyzed based on the theory of Order (Nazm) by Abdul Qahir Jurjani, and it is determined that the semantic structure of the poem is a product of the way the poem signifies its purpose, which is expressed in a special order of speech. Then, in the descriptive part, by referring to samples of the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian, the semantic relationship between the samples is described, and it is specified that the semantic balance between the source and target poems is a similarity of expression that flows at the level of the way of indicating the purpose, and the semantic balance at this level is realized through simulating the function of linguistic elements in the way of presenting meaning. Therefore, the target poem is a semantic construct in the target language, whose linguistic elements are used in its production in such a way that they have a similar function to the linguistic elements of the source poem in the way of signifying the purpose.

In the emergence of Abdul Qaher Jurjani's theory of "Nazm" (=order), many scholars and grammarians such as: Sibuyeh, Jahiz, Mobarred, Abu Hilal Askari and others have been influential. Abdul Qaher learned syntax through the books of Abu Ali Farsi. This issue raises the hypothesis of the influence of Abu Ali more than any other scientists in the emergence of this theory. There are reasons that show that Abu Ali Farsi influenced Jurjani and his views played a direct role in the development of the theory of "Nazm". In this article, an attempt is made to investigate and explain Abu Ali Farsi's influence on Jurjani and his position in the theory of order from various aspects, especially syntactic, lexical and contextual, relying on the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that Abu Ali Farsi had an undeniable influence on Abdul Qaher and has a high position in the emergence and maturity of Jurjani's "Nazm" theory. In Abu Ali's view, "Nazm" means composing words and adding words to each other based on a special method and order that leads to the speaker's intention and goal. Abu Ali used the syntax out of the situational and dictionary meanings and used it in a practical way through the context of words, and Jurjani continued and completed this way and showed it in the form of the theory of "Nazm".

Among the syntactic views on the words' diacritic factor, there are two well-known theories called verbal and semantic theories. But other views also could be extracted in their works. the theory of Ta’liq, which originates from the views of Abdul Qahir Jorjani, is of particular importance. The strength of his view lies in scrutinizing syntactic issues as well as in transcending the theory of Ta’liq from the realm of syntactic correctness to technical and expressive realm; A view that relies on the complete correspondence of the relation of the words to each other with the intention of the speaker. The purpose of this study, in addition to introducing a variety of perspectives on the theory of agent and derivateive, is to interpret the theory of agent and derivative in the light of Jorjani’s theory of poetry, or rather, the Ta’liq theory. This study, using the descriptive analytical and research library method, first has extracted different views about agent and derivative, expressing the weaknesses of each theory; Then it has interpreted agent and derivative based on the theory of poetry and showed its weaknesses. Subsequently, the strength of this phenomenon in comparison with other common theories has been shown. In the end, we have concluded that, in addition to the two well-known verbal and semantic theories, other theories can be extracted from literature. But Abdul Qahir Jorjani's theory of Ta’ligh is more powerful than other common theories because it emphasizes the speaker's intention to relation of the sentence components together.

The language of poetry is the language of apparent and implied relations and significations between words and meanings. And the poetic construction is a vehicle for the transition of words towards meanings in different levels and layers. Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani conceives this construction as a set of signifying linguistic signs and relations. What is most notable in al-Jurjani's Theory of Construction is the interrelation of the words in a coherent signifying texture for the purpose of conveying meaning. This interrelatedness, in Hefez's poetry, allows to new combinations and employment of floating signified and has brought about a new language, a language in which meaning is never fixed and thus references to the interrelations of the words become inevitable and necessary. In the current study, with regard to Jurjani's views about the combinations and intimate relations of the words and the consequent meaning of them, and with regard to the diversity of meaning in Hafez's poems which is found both in the juxtaposition of the words and the paradigmatic axis, the floating character of the signified (meaning) will be studied in his poems through a series of citations in an analytic-descriptive way. The findings of this study will show in a new way that the different meanings are floating in Hafez's poems in different levels like Mesra', Beyt, and the whole Ghazal.

Grammatical roles and functions of elements of speech comprise the syntactic structures of language. Farsi, considering its syntactic structure, is a free language in which the order of words is based on the speaker’s mentality, philosophy, and dominant thoughts. Grammarians study syntactic structures from a linguistic point of view disregarding their literary functions. Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, among rhetoricians, has studied the arrangement and order of words. According to his “theory of order” all syntactic structures and arrangements are a result of meaning construction in the speaker’s mind and thought. This article studies the frequency of omission and rearrangement of major components and syntactic structures of Naderpour’s poetry based on the theory of order. It indicates that his poetry is a varied and yet proportionate collection of common and fluent structures of Farsi. It is a product of the balance between meaning and syntax as well as the arrangement and order of the poet’s thought. His deep mental experiences as well as intimate and accessible poetic thought enable him to have a balance between the mind and the language where the former forms the meaning and the latter expresses it, so that his poetry is straightforward and lucid in conveying its meaning.

Linguist and literary theorist Abdul Qahir Jarjani is one of the greatest thinkers in the history of Arabic literature; his theories of rhetoric have been so elaborate that for centuries it has been used by researchers in this field as the most powerful and practical source of this science. Research studies conducted by contemporary Arab scholars in examining his views and theories show that his rhetorical ideas, especially those of order, are rooted in the legacy of Arab literature and Abdel Qahir is influenced by former scholars. In addition, the theory of order has overlaps with those raised by western scholars. However, western theories enjoy more complete and comprehensive forms.</span>

Order in view of Abdul Ghaher includes continuity of words to each other that obtained based on the meanings, provisions, and funds. He believes that: the miracle of Quran based on the order is arising from submission, delay, mention, elimination, definition, contact, separation, and castle. In this article we try to express the continuity of words in creating the image of metaphors such as: “EshtaeloAlraasShiba” of verse 4 of surah Maryam based on order theory and with descriptive-analytical method. The beauty of available metaphor according to Abdul Ghaher Jorjani is due to other factors such as: the word indefinite “Shiba” or the “Al” on the “Alraas”. This metaphor have more than 10 comprehensive that complete the picture have been achieved from particular type of choosing the right nickname.

Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, in the presentations anddelays topic, with a careful look, examines thequestion methods and refers to the Secondarypurposes of interrogation. The present studyexamines the implications of the presentations anddelays in the structures of utilization in accordancewith the Jorjani viewpoint and the meaningdifferences of the question methods, if used after theuse of the name or verb. This descriptive-analyticstudy concludes that Jorjani has paid attention to theplace of secondary meanings by carefully examiningrhetorical question. The present study was conductedby descriptive, explanatory and analytical methods.In the explanatory phase, the causes of submissionand delay in question structures were explained, andthis phenomenon was covered by the general lawsthat determine its nature. In the analytical stage, themain content of the examples was examined. Jurjanibelieves that any change in the meaning of thestructure is due to the fact that sometimes the termprecedes, especially when it comes to the benefits ofmeaning, or because of the attention it attaches to it.In other words, Jorjani's goal is to express the impactof presentations and delays in the difference and

This study is an attempt to present a theoretical framework for evaluation of poetic plagiarism. The study essentially dressed on what basis plagiarism can be spotted and how appropriation can be evaluated. The study is an analytical-comparative one. The analytical section of the study proposed a method and framework for determining whether a poetic work could be marked with plagiarism, and the comparative section applied the proposed framework in practice. a brief review of the literature on poetic plagiarism in Arabic rhetorical tradition was presented. It was shown that Al-Jurjᾱni has sporadically discussed poetic plagiarism besides elaborating his ‘theory of nadhm’ and has applied a systematic method for analyzing the relationship between poems which has not received attention thereafter. Then Al-Jurjᾱni’s method was compared with the method utilized by the Russian formalists in their analysis of the historical relationship between poems. The comparison showed that the formalist approach in the 20th century used an analytical method similar to Al-Jurjᾱni’s. A new theoretical framework was proposed based on the common principles of these approaches for determining whether a poem was plagiarized. It was accordingly argued that plagiarism can be determined neither based on similarity of contents nor similarity of the common aesthetics, but rather based on the common features that the poetic works have regarding application of new aesthetics. Having proven that one poetic work was appropriated by another based on the proposed method, the was assessed to see what role the common aesthetics played in composition of each of the poetic forms since it is the aesthetics which mirrors the relationship between the poems in creation of their forms. That being the case, it was shown that a comparison of the functions carried out by the common aesthetics in formation of each poem can indicate how the former poem led to plagiarism in the latter. At the end, a comparative analysis was carried out based on the proposed method to show the different kinds of plagiarism in poetry.

Nadhm Theory is one of most important theories in Arabic Rhetoric. This may be due to the extension of the theory and its application and its focus on different aspects of grammatical, semantic and aesthetic knew. This theory Despite the priority when the views expressed in contemporary linguistic theories, associated with many of these. And slightly hesitant, we can find many points of similarites between these theory and ideas raised in the contemporary period. One of these theoreis is Situational Context theory which was proposed by Firth. This paper in a comparative descriptive approach, tries to investigate both the theoreis and study of their similarityes to obtain the strengths and weaknesses aspects of each theory to complete each theory other, and be useful for researchers in the rhetorical and literary studies.The research results are to be achieved: efforts both theory in the context of situation, the similarity between the context in Jorjani theory and meaning in Firth theory, inclusion of Situational Context theory and its supremacy compared with Nadhm theory, similarity between the Situational Context theory and context in Arabic Rhetoric.

The investigation of Surabadi Translation according to the Abdul Qader Al Jorjani's theorg of order. (case study of question sentencs.)
One of the most important and theoldest interpretations of Sunni in Persian language isthe translation and interpretation of Surabadi. Around the year of 470 Hegira, Abu Bakr 'Atiq ibn Mohammad al-Heravi, known as Surabadi, wrote this interpretation. Surabadi under any of the verses, after the translation, interpreted the versesand tried to obtain an adequate balance in terms of observing morphological and syntactic rhetoric.The present article investigates Jurjani’sviews on order and questions and after that the article studies the translation of some verses according tothetheory of orderand his rhetorical perspective on questions. Jurjani surveyed these verses, which are related to questions, in his book titled “ Alajaz reasons”. Adopting a descriptive-analytic approach the article concludes that in his own literal translation of these holy verses, Surabadi did not change the structure of the source text and using this strategy, he noticed dedicate and delay categories. On the other hand, in his translationhe accounted for the importance of Secondary meanings questions but he did not consider the rhetorical position of dedicate and delay meticulously.

In our Iranian- Islamic heritage there are lots of luminous and valuable linguistic theories. Abdolghaher Jorjani`s theory of construction is an example of these endeavors in the Islamic linguistics area which has many close relations with western linguistic and critical theories such as Halliday functional theory. There are many common points between these two theoreticians` principles and concepts.
This study tries to analyze some of this common points with a descriptive-analytical method in three basic sections: The first one deals with construction theory &systemic grammar.The second deals with construction theory &context.and the third deals with construction theory & textual structure.
some of the conclusions of this research are: the convergence between the concept of construction and the concept of systemic grammar, the attention of two theoreticians with the context(linguistic and extralingustic) and its special function in the explanation of meaning of text , the convergence between two theoreticians in special function of speaker and listener in the word order.
the present research is going to recognize functional features of Jorjani`s theory by filling the gaps between both theories which belong to old time and contemporary time.

Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (400 – 471 AH / 1078 AD), the celebrated Persian rhetorician and grammarian, inaugurated the Arab linguistic revolution through his seminal works, namely Asrar al-Balaghah (The Secrets of Elucidation) and particularly Dalail al-Ijaz (Intimations of Inimitability). In the recent century, after efforts of Muhammad Abduh in Egypt to revive the Islamic scientific thought, editing and printing of Jurjani’s scripts was prospered. Immediately after, the novelty of his ideas drew the attention of many scholars, and initiated a widespread quest to find the similarities of his ideas with modern linguistics, in theory and practice. This endeavor which perhaps is in its midway, led to find many equivalences and has produced remarkable results.It is the aim of this article to analyze some ideas of Jurjani from Dalail al-Ijaz which collectively are known as “The Theory of Nazm”, and deliberate those equivalences with structural linguistics and the new criticism. Word (lafẓ) and meaning (maʿānī), the syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes, and differences of langue and parole; are the most important topics that inter-relate Jurjani with contemporary linguistics. The principal equality of Jurjani and structural linguistics is his perception of language as a system of communication.

“Word-order” is one of the most central concepts in ancient rhetoric and Islamic Ilm-al-Balagha. This article attempts to compare this concept in these two rhetorical systems. In the first section، “word-order” as part of a more pervasive concept of “composition” is discussed. Since Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ “On Literary Composition” represents the most comprehensive attitude to “word-order”، most of the first section is devoted to an exposition of this work. The second section is dedicated to the concept of “Nazm” in Islamic rhetoric and its most acknowledged representative، al-Jurjani. After addressing the similarities and differences of the Islamic and Western approaches to this concept، the article concludes that there is nothing original in Jurjani’s views، and all he has said about “Nazm” can be found in a more coherent way in the ancient Western rhetoric. In fact، contrary to what scholars hold about al- Jurjani، his approach not only did not result in the flourishment of the Islamic rhetoric، but also led to its stagnation and ossification.

Body linguistic in general and Cohesion in particular have been seriously explored by many linguists since the middle of 20th century so that in fact it was considered as the essential basis for discourse analysis at next years. By looking at the subjects that were purposed in this new branch of linguistics and comparing it with linguistic researches among Muslims, we may encounter some evidences and works from classic Arabic linguists (those who dealt with syntax, rhetoric as well as critics) where they have paid attention to overall genre in body and cohesive factors. Muslim linguists, particularly in their Quranic lingual surveys have attached the presence of proportion and coordination and tried to find their elements while many cohesive factors purposed by “Holiday” and “Hassan” have been typically considered by them, though they never referred to them within framework of an overall and systematic system from cohesive factors, but they dealt with each of them separately. Similarly, their point of view was slightly different from text- orientation perspective in current linguistics in some of factors like iteration and collocation etc and at the same time we witness exhaustive precision and interference among syntax and rhetoric in some factors like separation and connection. And we are also faced with some occasions in Quranic sciences from scholar view that have the highest proximity and similarity with text- oriented approaches of comntemporary linguistics

This paper presents Abdu’l-Qaher Al-Jurjani’s conception of meaning together with the role of context and speaker in this regard. He appears to have a functional approach to meaning and awareness of the notion of ‘text’. The distinction he makes between what could roughly be called meaning and implicature is to some extent like Grice’s dichotomy of sentence and speaker meaning.His theory of Nazm(Construction), his insightful consideration of context and his dichotomies of form/meaning and figurative/literal are also presented. Jurjani’s theories show considerable similarities to present day linguistic trends.