جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نگاشت » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The present study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their method of conceptualization among Persian compound verbs based on cognitive semantics approach in metaphor analysis. The research method is descriptive-analytical and corpus-driven. Data collection was done through Sokhan's 8-volume dictionary as well as Persian language database. The research data consists of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, for each of which 50 current Persian language combinations were examined and analyzed. In fact, the objective of the authors is to analyze the types of conceptual metaphors and their frequency as well as to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs .The main objective of the current research is to answer the following questions: 1. How is metaphorical conceptualization formed in Persian compound verbs? 2. Which of the common conceptual metaphors has a higher frequency of occurrence? The results showed that in this corpus there are five domains of  source, object, container, human being and material, which all belong to ontological metaphors are with a big difference (especially  in comparison with the first two domains) the  most frequent source domains  in this corpus of Persian.

Metaphors have been upgraded from being a word fantasizing tool to a tool for cognition and thinking by George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s cognitive metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson found out that metaphors do not only belong to literary language, but the are functional in everyday language as well and poets transferred the metaphors in poetry and literary language for their own purposes. Conceptual metaphors make concepts tangible using “source domain” and “target domain”. “Domain” is a scope of words and meanings which make a concept imaged or “mapped”, for example journey is the “source domain” and life is the “source domain” in “life is a journey”. In this schema we used a tangible concept for life which is an abstract concept.  Given to the theory, the current study conducted an analysis of Hafez Divān’s first sonnet to prove that the sonnet is based on and fully explainable by “love is a journey” conceptual metaphor; in fact all the sonnet’s components serve to induce this concept.

Given the importance of sight, which is one of the most important human senses regarding receiving environmental data, and its fundamental role in the recognition and processing of many behaviors, such as observing movements, events, and emotional states in individuals, as well as tracking and orientation, it should be expected that the performance of the blind in the process of language acquisition and learning cognitive skills was different in many aspects when compared to sighted individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the metaphorical concepts of love in the daily speech of Kurdish-Persian bilingual sighted and blind adults. To this end, research data was gathered using interviews with 50 bilingual Kurdish-Persian informants aged 18-70 from the Ilam province.
Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics methods in SPSS software version 22. The results showed that, regarding the frequency of metaphors, there were no significant differences between the performance of the blind and the sighted adults. However, the frequency of the utilized sensory sources for the source domains of love was different in the speech of the two groups, where the blind used the sense of hearing significantly more than the sighted people to express love (P<0.05). Moreover, the subjects used certain source domains to express love which seemed to reflect cultural influences. In addition, the results of this study can lead to more interaction of blind subjects with society through solving their language problems. 

Color terms are radiation of the human conceptual system that represents a reflection of his cognitive and linguistic features. The human conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Metaphor is a cognitive mechanism and one of the linguistic strategies that can play a part in color term formation and categorical extension of colors. This study has taken metaphor in Persian color terms and the metaphorical structure of color categories in the Persian language into consideration. In this study, based on cognitive lexical semantics, 910 color terms in Persian have been analyzed. After describing semantic domains in the metaphorical formation of Persian color terms and analyzing the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms, the frequency of semantic domains’ application in Persian color terms and color categories’ tendency for participation in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms have been investigated. Metaphor is one of the cognitive mechanisms that have a significant role in forming color categories and their conceptual extension in Persian. The domains whose phenomena have been observed in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms are plant domain, animal domain, food domain, body domain, mineral domain, natural phenomenon domain, and object domain. The frequency of application and distribution of these semantic domains in Persian color categories is not equal. Besides, the rate of color categories’ participation in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms and their tendency to the source semantic domains vary in metaphorical mapping.

The aim of the study is to investigate Malekshahi Kurdish metaphorical idioms with body part “dam”. Malekshahi is one main part of the Southern Kurdish in Ilam province. The data is collected from native speakers of Malekshahi Kurdish. A common part of metaphorical idioms of Malekshahi is investigated in the present research with a focus on two body parts “mouth” and “face” conceptualization, in light of cognitive semantic. Based on the research findings, a significant part of the metaphors has a structural nature. “Chewing”, “war”, “fire eruption” and “captivity” are some source domains and “debate”, “freedom”, “disregard”, “secrecy” and “sorrow” are some target domains of these metaphors. “container”, “volcano”, “animate”, “cage”, “respect” and “claim” are some cited mappings for word “dam” in Malekshahi Kurdish metaphors. The findings also show that “war” is the most frequent source domain and “heed” is the most frequent target domain in these metaphorical idioms. Differences between the frequency occurrence of these two domains arises from various mapping in frequent domains.

conceptual metaphor theory derived  from  cognitive linguistics, that is  a conceptual tool for discovering the meaning of the text in the field of emotions, that plays an important role in understanding abstract concepts., The present study with descriptive-analytical method examines One of the applications of conceptual metaphor in the domain of shame in works ‘Shohare Ahw Khanoom’ and ‘Baftehhaye Ranj’.Afghani. Shame  is one of the emotions that human biengs have always experienced throughout history, and by examining its conceptual Metaphor, the difference and similarity of cultures in its expression can be obtained. In two Afghani works, 57 case of shame was found, which is often consistent with the universal metaphors of shame presented by Kovecses. Based on the source domain, 12 mapping names with orientational, liveliness, naturalism, fluidism and anthropology processes are mentioned in the metaphor of two stories. Of the types of conceptual metaphors, 10 case are orientational metaphor, 3 case antological metaphor and  44 case structural metaphor. the source domain were extracted, ‘’fire’’  which  is the most frequently used source domain. The result showed a causal relationship between most  of the shame mapping  names, which somehow related to a focal metaphor.

This article investigates the role of Conceptual Metaphors of 3 behavioral economics biases, including Irrational Evaluation, Labeling, and Replacing market values with social values on Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Accept (WTA) of Participants. To extract experimental, conceptual metaphors, the results of field studies were checked on a group of 30 participants in the first phase. In the second phase, we used the semi-pilot method on 30 other participants through 2 stages for investigating conceptual metaphors. Analysis of variances showed that that the conceptual metaphors used in this article do not influence Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Sell. However, in Willingness to Pay status, among other biases, the impact of irrational evaluations conceptual metaphors has stronger effects, whereas, in Willingness to Accept status, replacing market values with social values is stronger than other biases. The results of this research showed that three mentioned behavioral principles that were implemented through conceptual metaphors, couldnchr('39')t influence buying or selling decisions of participants significantly, but the efficacy of these behavioral principles were different in buying and selling decisions.

Metaphors have been upgraded from being a word fantasizing tool to a tool for cognition and thinking by George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s cognitive metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson found out that metaphors do not only belong to literary language, but they are functional in everyday language, while the poets employ the metaphors in poetry and literary language for their own purposes. Conceptual metaphors make concepts tangible using “source domain” and “target domain”. “Domain” is a scope of words and meanings which make a concept imaginable or “mapped”, for example journey is the “source domain” and life is the “target domain” in “life is a journey”. In this schema we used a tangible concept for life which is an abstract concept.  Relying on this theory, the current study conducted an analysis of Hafez Divān’s first sonnet to prove that the sonnet is based on and fully explainable by “love is a journey” conceptual metaphor; in fact all the sonnet’s components serve to induce this concept.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the Forough's cognitive bases about the concept of death. This article intends to present the metaphors, similes, symbols, allegories of Forough based on Johnson pictorial schemas while using conceptual analysis method. Forough's pictorial schemas on abstract concept of death show that the metaphors of death is rooted in her lived experience and indicate her cognitive system. By identifying Forough's metaphorical mappings about death, it could be found the subcategories of the mappings, and understood how restricted numbers of mappings have shaped Forough 's life and thought and also unifies her attitudes and permanent reactions in physical, social, and cultural environment.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory was first proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in 1980 as one of the earliest theoretical frameworks of the cognitive semantics. Although it is not a novel view of metaphor and its tradition goes back to the historical-philological semantics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory attempts to adduce different kinds of evidence for the conceptual nature of metaphors. According to this theory, metaphors are not just rhetorical, but human thought is metaphorical in nature and conceptual structures are organized according to cross-domain mappings or correspondences between these domains. However, conceptual metaphors are made based on embodied experiences and human interaction with the world. According to this view, conceptual metaphors are unidirectional and they cannot be bi-directional. The present study criticizes the methodology with which metaphor is studied emphasizing bi-directionality of mapping instead of unidirectionality based on examples of spoken Persian. Also, the study points to the fact that there is no constraint on forming the conceptual metaphors and that everybody can add new conceptual metaphors of special domains.

Metaphor has been a central theme of cognitive linguistic since its inception. Mapping the main concept in conceptual metaphors and expressing the correspondence relationship between a set of mental and objective concepts. The use of animal metaphors in stories reflectual intelectual and existential presence of animals in the minds of authors, and this shows the inseparable role of metaphor in human life. The present study with descriptive- analytical method, tries to analyze the conceptual metaphorical mappings based on the name and behavior of animals in the works of Afghani and Ishiguro ( japenese author of English origin) based on cognitive linguistic theory. For this purpose, research data based on the cognitive semantics approach in the framework of Lakoff and Johnson theoretical views with 36 metaphorical mapping of animals were extracted from the works of two authors ( 20 case of Afghani and 16 case of Ishiguro). Their differences and similarities in the areas of target and mapping names were investigated. The resuls of this study show the similarities between them and the difference is less. The purpose of this study is to investigate the metaphors in which the name or behavior of animals as a source domain is used and the characteristics of each animal are analyzed. Findings showed that the field of source of animals has been used by two Iranian and English authors with different cultures to describe the characteristics of individuals for negative traits and moral vices, which indicate the same reflection of speakers on the characteristics and temperament of the animals around them.

Conceptual blending is one of the semantic approaches that concentrates on appearance and explanation of emergent concept or structure. Four mental spaces (at least two input spaces, a generic space and a blending space) have been proposed in this theory and to represent the emergent concepts or structures, we need to explain the relations between these spaces, inner-space and outer-space mapping, selective projection, composition, completion and elaboration. Conceptual metaphor and mental spaces are the inspiring theories for conceptual blending theories. Then, how to understand and infer the blending process to conclude in emergent structure and also theoretical needs to conceptual blending, based on its background, are the motives for the present study. To accomplish this, adequacy of conceptual blending in representing concepts that is activated while conceptualizing is reevaluated through some examples from Persian data (linguistic or even non-linguistic). The examples are taken from a variety of sources namely television advertisements, everyday expressions people use in their interactions, corpus data (Dadegan) and so on to explain the theory as well as possible. These data were analyzed based on four types of conceptual blending networks including simplex network, mirror network, single-scope network and double-scope network. For what is new in this research, we can say that not so many studies have been done in Persian using this theory and so rarely they have analyzed the data by illustrating them through the networks. As a matter of fact, if some studies have been taken place, they usually just sufficed to explain them. In addition, the outcome of the research on Persian provides the Persian data to be used in natural language processing specially in semantic scope. The results evince that using dynamic conceptualization in mental spaces, rejecting one-way and single mapping, applying selective projections, no being necessary to exist a counterpart for every element in mental spaces and not considering mental functions separate are all features that strengthen the adequacy of explanations of conceptual blending.

The subject of this research is the study of metaphorical verbs in the text of Holy Quran and their semantic nature from the perspective of cognitive linguistics on the basis of Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphors. This method examines the relationship between the language of man, his mind and his physical and social experiences. Based on the contemporary theory of metaphor, a specific semantic domain is presented the context of an abstract-conceptual domain by experimental foundation mapping between the two areas of origin and destination. For example, the use of verbs such: “dominates” to express the abstract concept of “conquest”, the verb “extend” which is the spatial concept to express the abstract meaning of “time” and the verb “turning to” to express the abstract of “admission”. Considering the allegorical and metaphorical nature of the Quran’s language to facilitate the perception of spiritual concepts and the difficult meaning that could not be described directly to human beings, many of the verbs in Holy Quran have been based on human physical experiences of communicating with the world around them and providing areas for effective communication and perception of the verses. In this way, the study of the cognitive and conceptual domains of this verbs will provide new curable ways to achieve a systematic and precise semantic framework for the further perception of this spiritual treasures of human history.

Cognitive linguistics refers to the relation between language, mind, and physical-social experiences of man, and as a meaningful approach, includes a set of theories that categorize conceptual metaphors and image schemas of important. In the present study, which is an interdisciplinary attempt in the fields of literature and cognitive linguistics, metaphorical and schematic constructs are analyzed in the works of Rumi, especially in Shams' Masnavi and Ghazialat, based on the concept of death. Since the goal of most of the studies conducted in this context is to limit the metaphor in its traditional sense, this study, based on new findings of cognitive semantics, analyzes conceptual metaphors and schemas in Rumi's works and considers metaphors not only as literary arrays, but also as the key to understanding the mind and the fields of poet's thinking in language.The findings of this study, based on Lakoff   and Kövecses, indicate that the metaphor of death and destruction in the Mowlana mental imagery follows a model and objective concept that, from a cognitive linguistic perspective, is the same conceptual matching and mapping between the two domains of origin and destination Is. This makes the abstract concept of death in the minds of Mowlana as concrete and tangible phenomena, each representing a kind of visual schema that determines the poet's thinking and experience of the eternal conception of eternity.

The use of different metaphors in text by language speakers reflects their attitude and perception. Ideologies create metaphors to realize their beliefs and teachings. In this way, the role of metaphor in society and in life is undeniable. As a reflection of the thoughts of the speakers of a language, the proverb is part of the local and popular literature that can be considered as one of the best ways to express the common thoughts among them. The name of the animals is one of the widely used words in Persian proverbs and in the poetry of the past and in contemporary poets to represent the material and spiritual instances. By adopting a descriptive –analytical research methodology, this research aims at investigating conceptual metaphors of animals in literary texts based on cognitive linguistics theoretical framework. The data gathered is based on “the great dictionary of Persian proverbs “by Hassan Zolfaghari. The results of the total proverbial corpus of this dictionary concerning the use of animals showed that 184 mappings were observed, among which the conceptual metaphor of "weakness” with 26 proverbs and 15 mappings was the most frequent, followed by the conceptual metaphor, respectively. "Hostility” with 21 proverbs and 8 mappings, "strenghtness" metaphor with 15 proverbs and 6 mappings and finally the metaphor of "ignorance and disbelief" with 12 proverbs and 5 mappings have been frequently used.

The aim of this research is to study conceptual metaphors of “sadness” and “happiness” as well as to compare them in the songs of Parvin Etesami (1906-1941) as an Iranian contemporary poet. In so doing, a number of 329 verses including at least one type of metaphor belonging to the domains of sadness and happiness were extracted and then analyzed in terms of types and frequency. It was found that metaphors of sadness are of higher frequency and of various types compared with those of happiness (63 vs. 32 cases). Analyzing the types of metaphors, the two domains showed similarities in the use of ontological and orientational metaphors as well as the use of source domains of time, space and healthiness. Moreover, the types of metaphors used in the corpus corresponds to a great extend to the universal list. The use of less abstract concrete concepts for source domain in order to better understanding of abstract target domain is the basic principle of cognitive linguistics.

On the basis of power schemas, it has been tried, in present study, to explain the principles of   Hafez's cognition. So, from a cognitive linguistic point of view, we want to show that metaphor is not a simply linguistic tool, but a definitely cognitive tool that embellishes the speech. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the term "image schema" that has been explained by Mark Johnson. After a little deliberation on the direction of cognitive linguistics, we have stopped, in this study, on metaphor, and then, power schemas of Hafez's poetry have been reported through introduction of image schemas and their lateral discussions. The results show that the power metaphors Hafez used in his poems reflect his cognitive system and reinforce the foundation of his experiences. Undoubtedly, in the field of power metaphors, one can examine the clusters have come out of the main body through the discovery of metaphorical mappings Hafez has used in his poems, and it can also been realized that the power of his metaphors are functions of a limited number of mappings which stem from the unity of Hafez's attitude about and his stable actions with the cultural and physical environment.

Mystics express their ideas and experiences of their intuition by means of different felicity devices and various linguistic potentials. The elements of imagination are the result of their own personal experiences and they do not have the function of embellishment of the speech, so we can say these elements have inherent relations with mystical concepts. The excessive and recurrent use of the elements of imagination in a work directs us to the mentality and manner of cognitive process of the author. In other words, these elements in a broader sense manifest some aspects of a kind of specific ideology. Here, the function of these elements go beyond the surfaces of word and sentence, and they are expressed in the surface of ideology under the title of Conceptual Metaphors or Cognitive Metaphors. In two works by the Persian mystic, Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani (Tamhidāt «Preludes» and Maktoobāt «Manuscripts»), the concept of God and respectively, such concepts as the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), the Holy Quran, Satan, love, and etc. belong to some types of conceptual and semantic fields which are recognized by their set of correspondences in concrete and tangible domains in the form of conceptual metaphors: “God is the King”, “God is the Beloved”, “God is the light”, “God is the Writer” and “God is the Fighter”.

The relationship between reason and love in mystical ideology has long been considered by mystics and scholars of mysticism. This relationship can be seen as the result of the rise of the confrontation of mystical thinking with philosophical thinking and the rejection of the philosophy of reason and the rejection of reason in the understanding of the truth in the fifth century. The relationship between reason and love in mystical poetry is presented in two ways: "Conflict and Continuity". In some cases, reason as opponent is always outstretched against the love, and in some other cases, reason as a leader in the risky path of love until the destination is the truth. Attar Nishaburi is one of the mystics who considers love as a journey of experience towards a beloved and, in this way, believes in stages and contexts in which reason is one of them. From this point of view, reason has not no conflict with the concept of love. The significance of this kind of view in Attar's intellectual system is that it does not put mystical thinking in opposition to reason and does not reduce it to the extent of the emotional intuition of escaping reason. In this article we are going to bring wisdom and love within the framework. Conceptual metaphor and metaphorical mapping "love as a journey" examine the role of reason in this experience.