جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کنش گفتار » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Every speaker seeks influence and influence on her audience and chooses a method in this direction. As one of the most capable Persian speakers, Sa’adi's works contain various instructions for expressing the meaning. In the present study, the subject of the use of directive sentences and how to combine them with predicate sentences in Sa’adi's ghazal is discussed based on Searle's speech act theory.

This research is based on descriptive – analytical method. For this purpose, we first explain the theoretical foundations of Searle's speech act based on the five acts of assertive, commissive, expressive, declarative and directive with appropriate examples from Sa’adi's ghazal, then we focus on the directive act and show that Sa’adi's special style in expressing directive and frequency sentences and what is their audience like.

We found that there are 146 directive sentences in 126 verses in 100 ghazals that were chosen randomly. The audience of these verses were divided into five groups. Of the set of directive sentences, 101 sentences have compound construction. Out of 101 compound sentences, 65 sentences with the conjunction express the reason or in the sense of expressing the reason Also, from the point of view of audience, these sentences are addressed to five categories of audience.

Searle's speech act theory about sentences is consistent with what Sa’adi said in his sonnet sentences. He has achieved his own style by using the structure of "base clause plus Conjunction plus follower clause" with high frequency.

The term "Ta’arof" is one of the most important components of the cultural identity of Iranians and the main element of Persian ritual literature, which plays an important role in the communication between Iranians and intercultural communication between Iranians and non-Iranians. Identifying "Ta’arof" is one of the major possibilities and conditions in identifying the state of Iranian culture and daily life. Using formal sociology (Zimel, 1971) and speech act theory (Austin, 1962) in linguistics, this article examines the position of "Iranian Ta’arof " in Persian language teaching and its verbal complexities. ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ has many different aspects and vary according to the position, age, education and social level of people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge of foreign Persian-language learners in learning ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ in different situations and conditions of conversations and daily life. The statistical population was foreign Persian- language learners of advanced and supplementary courses at Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran and Ferdowsi University in Mashhad. Among them, 9 people, aged 21 to 39, were selected by simple random sampling. The research method was done in the form of face-to-face interviews with foreign Persian-language learners through a questionnaire. The results showed that the level of knowledge of foreign Persian learners in learning ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ was high and they considered the teaching of ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ necessary to improve the quality of learning Persian language. Also, the findings showed that familiarity with the cultural mechanism of Ta’arof leads to a better reception of Ta’arof messages by Persian learners, so that they can consciously take advantage of it in strengthening social communication.

The adressee’s social dominance as well as the age of the subjects are among the factors influencing the use of type and number of request strategies by the speakers of any language. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of the adressee’s social dominance on the type and number of request strategies employed by adolescent and young female Balochi Sarhaddi speakers based on the components of Blum-Kalka, House and Kasper's (1989) Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project model. Research data were collected from 60 female subjects through discourse completion test and role play. In this regard, all request strategies employed were identified, coded, described and then analyzed by Chi-square test. The results showed there was not a significant relationship in the use of type and number of strategies in DCT and role play between the addressee´s social dominance and the age of the subjects (except when the interlocutors have equal status). Moreover, the most commonly used types of strategies were pronouns, hedged performatives, grounders, and politeness markers. Also, increasing the addressee's social dominance towards the speaker resulted in using more complicated strategies by the subjects. Furthermore, new strategies such as saying "Mashaalla", "swearing" and "complimenting" were used by the subjects. Therefore, the research findings contribute to the explanation of universal and specific cross cultural-linguistic strategies based on the research model.

The stories "Hasti" and "Mashu in meh" with a teenage narrative audience contain different types of language actions, each of which can have a different purpose in its deep structure. Examining each of these stories with the approach of John's speech act theory. A. Searle shows that linguistic sentences, while having an external meaning, can have another meaning in their deep structure. Achieving each of these secondary meanings requires paying attention to the situational context of the story and the speaker's circumstances while delivering the sentences. John A. After examining each of the statements of Austin's theory regarding the secondary meaning of the word, Searle arrives at five different statements. According to his theory, words can have five secondary meanings: 1) declarative action, 2) persuasive action, 3) emotional action, 4) declarative action and 5) obligatory action. The current research on the relationship between John's verbal work. A. It shows the growth quality of children and teenagers. By applying this theory to the linguistic works of two stories, we came to the conclusion that 1) in the story "Being", all the verbal works of John. A. Serel is represented and the declarative action has the highest frequency 2) in the story "Masho Dar Meh", all the declarative, emotional, persuasive, commitment and declarative actions are used and the declarative action is the most used 3) Representation of the application of these verbal tasks has shown how to realize the components of a healthy development in children and adolescents. In the story of existence, there are always events similar to the lived events of the audience of the work, which the author represents in the form of speech and actions of the characters of the story; This representation represents obstacles against the formation of the child's identity and his healthy development. On the other hand, the story of Masho in the fog also portrays a similar and not new event, which expresses the efforts of the characters in the story to achieve the same goal and emphasize the needs of people in the path of personal growth.

With the aim of understanding the hidden layers and knowing the desired effects of this letter, the present article has adopted a discourse analysis approach to analyze the letters based on Searle’s (2015) category of speech act and its structural features. For this purpose, first, the text of the letter was divided into utterances, and then their respective speech acts were identified. The findings showed that out of a total of 22 actions, representative acts with 8, directive acts with 7 and expressive acts with 6 occurrences were the most frequently used speech acts in this letter. Moreover, the declarative act had only one occurrence, and the communicative speech act was absent in the corpus. The frequency of directive and representative speech acts in this letter indicates that Imam (A.S., peace be upon Him) has tried to prevent Muawiya from war through ‘warning’, ‘ordering’, and ‘advising’. In this letter, each action was expressed with a specific style and structure, and the type of words and the structure of the sentences were used in harmony with the action.
Keywords: Nahj al-Balaghah, letter 10, speech action, cognitive text, Searle

The present study has investigated the speech acts in the interrogative sentences in Salman Savoji's poetry in a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings show that there is a coherent link between Salman's language and his thought i.e. the poet uses language appropriate to his audiences’ position and social status. Salman has used the most questions in his expressive acts. First, he seeks to convince the audience and attract their participation and approval. Salman uses these questions to express his views and gain the approval of the person who is eulogized. Second, he seeks to exaggerate, highlight, and emphasize the content of the speech which corresponds to the texture of the ode, the descriptions, exaggerations and imaginative praises of a eulogy. To observe the didactic aspect of his poetry, and also to maintain the high dignity of the eulogized person, Salman, in the persuasive acts, avoids the direct asking of his request. Doing so, he lowers the obligatory and reprimanding connotation of his words resulting in the audience’s lack of willing to oppose him. Expressive acts usually have close and intertwined meanings. This conceptual affinity creates a vast network of intertwined concepts or "conceptual auras." Therefore it becomes possible to engage the audience's feelings in reading the text and strengthen the desired effect by reinforcing the emotional richness of the words. The speaker's words are explicit and unambiguous in commissive acts, so due to the multi-layered nature of literary texts, this act has little place in poetry.

The value of Beihaqi's History as a literary and historical text is not overlooked by anyone. In this work, "Letters" are of special interest and analyzing them from different angles and with interdisciplinary approaches can open up new horizons. Since Amir Massoud has written letters to people with different positions, analyzing these letters in a scientific way, in addition to revealing some of its hidden angles, how the owners of power exploited the possibilities; it shows the language of domination and political goals. The "Speech Action" theory is one of the theories that can be used to analyze any type of text. This theory, first introduced by Austin and then completed by Searle, emphasizes the functional features of the spoken word tongues. Therefore, in the forthcoming study, the letters of the Amir Massoud Issue, which are listed in the first volume of the Behaqi History Book, are descriptively analyzed based on the Searl classification, first separately, then comparative, and eventually the overall form of speech performance is analyzed. According to the results of the research, the frequency of declarative actions, in addition to informing and describing the thoughts of Amir Massoud and attempting to confirm the truth of his speech show his desires and intentions. Also, the frequency of other actions and the causes and purpose of using them are shown in this article. There has also been a great deal of application of persuasive action within the context of this desire and effort, and a significant percentage of emotional action has been used as the third repetitive action in the letter to Ghadkhani due to a causal link with Ghadkhani, which expresses the Sultan's emotional spirit towards his relatives and relatives. . The low usage of accruals also reflects the king's spirit and character, which is not bound by commitment and assurance, although somewhere, Amir Masoud has given assurances of the data in cases where he has mentioned his positive qualities.

In addition to the main construction of oath in which one swears to someone or something, it has another form in Persian language. This kind of oath is a conditional construction which, at its first part, is provided with the subject of oath and at the second part, with the act of oath. In this paper, using the "speech act" theory in John Austin's point of view as a theoretical basis and by mentioning examples of literary works as well as examples of slang register, we will specify the conditional construction of oath. The results of the present research show that the form of conditional oath, in comparison with the main form, bears more emphasis and thus is further used in occasions that the addresser tends to emphasize on the subject. 

Oath in Persian has always had a special syntactic construction that has changed over time. The basic complete construction of swearing consists of the following components:  *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)  In this construction, the ‘noun’ is what is sworn by. The ‘sentence’ is subject of the oath, i.e. what the oath is taken for, such as: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by the dust of your feet that I wish to die at your feet’ Apart from the main form mentioned above, the expression of an oath in Persian represents another form through a conditional construction. In a conditional swearing, the subject of the oath (i.e. what the oath is taken for) is stated in the dependent clause, and the act of swearing (i.e. what the oath is taken by) is included in the main clause.   

John Austin’s theory of “speech acts” suggests that, in the human language system, the speech inherently represents the performance of an act. In other words, the expression of words in itself is the doing of the action. Austin calls such speech ‘speech act’, i.e. the speech that carries an action. He argues that when a speaker utters a sentence, three levels of speech acts occur simultaneously: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the meaningful phrases and sentences that are expressed. In illocutionary act, the speaker expresses phrases and sentences to encode a specific meaning. In the perlocutionary act, the speaker influences the audience through the speech. Austin divides the second speech act, i.e. illocutionary act, into five categories: 1. Verdictive: Acts that emphasize the speaker’s commitment to the truth of a proposition, such as ‘express’ and ‘estimate’ verbs. 2. Exercitive: Acts that indicate the exercise of power, right, sovereignty, will and influence and are expressed through such verbs as ‘choose’, ‘advise’, ‘order’, ‘appoint’ and ‘plead’ . 3. Commissive: Acts that indicate the speaker’s commitment to do something and, by expressing them, the speaker obliges oneself to do things. The verbs ‘promise’, ‘commit’ and ‘swear’ fall into this category. 4. Behabitive: Acts that show the types of social behaviors of language speakers, such as the verbs‘apologize’, ‘thank’, ‘sympathize’, ‘insult’, ‘humiliate’, etc. 5. Expositive: Acts that deal with how words are used in language and describe how speech is organized in the conversational process. This type of act includes the following verbs: ‘Argue’, ‘answer’, ‘assume’, ‘accept’ and ‘explain’. Taking of an oath or oath, which is the subject of this inquiry, belongs to the category of commissive acts in which the speaker takes an oath to express their commitment to an issue. Thus, from the point of view of the theory of speech acts, ‘swearing’ is an act that the speaker does with speech. The pragmatics and semantics of the syntactic construction in question confirm that although the form of speech is conditional, it is used for a certain act, which is the expression of an oath.

In this article, the nature and the status of the conditional construction of oath is examined with examples of classical and contemporary Persian literary works. To do this, with a comprehensive plan and a practical approach, we will examine the conditional construction of oath to understand how the components of this syntactic construction may change to encode a different meaning at different tenses and for first-person, second-person and third-person forms.   

What is needed to know about this type of oath is to answer the following two questions: 1- What is its syntactic form and what are its components? 2- How does each of the syntactic components of this type of swearing change, and in what ways can it be plotted? In other words, in different practical situations, what structural changes might occur in conditional oath constructions to produce different forms of this type of oath? The nature of the conditional type of oath is best revealed when comparing the following examples, which expresses the same subject in both types of oath: The common construction of swearing:   *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by my life that I will not break my covenant’ Conditional swearing: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘Broken be my back and my soul! If I break my covenant’ The meaning of both sentences is the same, but the way they are expressed is syntactically different. In the conditional construction, the speaker considers breaking the covenant as a curse upon themselves to show that they do not break the covenant. In this syntactic construction of swearing, the dependent clause in which the subject of the oath is raised is not limited in terms of tense: it is used for any subject in all three present, past and future tenses: Present: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘May I be a base-born if I have any other mistake than this’ Past: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘May my poetry be ill-gotten if I had written only a poem in my life except with the echo of your name’ Future: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘I would be worse than a dog if I run after bread/sustenance like a dog’ The main clause can be expressed in three forms: ‘declarative’, ‘imperative’ and ‘exclamatory’, each of which can be converted into other forms. The possibility of converting these forms into one another form implies that the speaker feels free to express a story with three different constructions according to the situation: Main clause in the form of a declarative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘I am ignoble if I go with a complain to a stranger’ Main clause in the form of an exclamatory sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘If I have been contaminated by the wine so far, may God’s lawful be unlawful to me!’ Main clause in the form of an imperative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)
• ‘If this deed of mine is not true, make me die a Jew God’ Although the expression of an oath through the conditional construction is possible in all three grammatical persons, i.e. first, second and third person, in both ‘singular’ and ‘plural’ forms, it is widely used in the first person (singular and plural) and its meaning is clearer in this form. This type of oath is rarely used in the second or third persons, and its meaning is not very clear: First person singular: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘My house may be ruined if I have said such a thing’ First person plural: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘We are not human if we relinquish our right’   

The present paper illustrated that oath in Persian is not limited to the major common construction rather it has long been encoded through conditionals on special occasions. The conditional construction of swearing in Persian is used for any subject in all three tenses of the past, present, and future, with slight differences in the first-, second- and third-person forms. The main clause in this type of oath expression is always in negative form and can be expressed in declarative, imperative, or exclamatory forms. Rhetorically, this type of oath is used widely in situations where the speaker emphasizes the subject in question and tends to reassure the audience about the subject by removing any doubts. Uncommon abbreviations: SUBJ = subjunctive; DECL = declarative; EXCL = exclamatory; IMPE = imperative; PRS = present; PST = past; FUT = future; PL = plural; SG = single.   

Dialogue is one of the most important tricks in the field of fiction and the author in the present research in a descriptive-analytical and library method, with the aim of explaining the speech of male and female characters in the story of Goshtasp's kingdom in Shahnameh based on the theory of speech action Philosophy of language and mind seeks to clarify the fact that the male and female characters of the story of the kingdom of Goshtasp, when speaking in terms of their position and the audience, what speech action and for what purpose? In John Searle's theory of speech action, speech is divided into five declarative, persuasive, emotional, obligatory and declarative actions, which according to the aspect of the verb used in speech and how to use alternatives, indicators, as well as direct and indirect application of action. The speaker's ability to influence the audience can be measured. According to this theory, news sentences are not only the main and meaningful sentences of the language and the value of truth and falsity of all sentences is not possible; Because Ferdowsi's purpose in expressing action sentences is to describe his action, not to describe a situation. The results of this study indicate that women in the story of Goshtasp, due to lack of power, use more persuasive speech actions and the expressive and emotional actions used are more in line with persuasion of the audience than In this way, they indirectly persuade others (especially men and husbands) to achieve their desires. Also, declarative and commitment actions that require the direct action of the individual are less used.

In the present study, we are going to examine two variables of age and gender in “complaint speech act” in Persian. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender and age on the use of complaint speech act and ultimately its analysis in Persian language society. To this end, 21 Persian films, from family genres, were selected. Discourses containing complaint speech act were transcribed in Persian films and the age and gender variables were reviewed. Trosborg model was used for data analysis. He divided complaint speech act into 5 categories(hint, disapproval, accusation, blame and treat) and 7 sub categories (annoyance, ill consequence, direct accusation, indirect accusation, modified blame, blame (person), blame(behavior)). Statistical analysis was used to analyze gender and age effects, and the results were plotted at the tables and charts for a closer look. Statistical analysis showed that men use more complaint speech acts than women. Also, Men use direct complaints and women use indirect complaints more. In the Persian-speaking community, the young age group is the biggest user of the complaint. It seems as the age goes higher, the less willingness to use complaint acts occurs. It should be noted that the elderly and middle age groups use more direct complaints than child and young age groups. People use the most direct complaints and the least indirect complaints in conversations with younger people.

Speech act is not only for describing the events in real world, but also for doing things. Applying this approach, this paper studied the word of chr('39')khonokchr('39') in Shahnameh, as an expressive and directive speech act.First, we have introduced speech act theory and the works have applied this theory in Persian works. At the end, all chr('39')khonkschr('39') in shahnameh have been considered and categorized. chr('39')khonokchr('39') have repeated 42 times in shahnameh and the results show that chr('39') khonokchr('39') has expressive and directive speech acts and also has different functions and meanings in each act. Itchr('39')s worth to note that if we change our point of view, we will change our category; because there is a narrow border between their functions and meanings. This paper is the first one that has used pragmatics approach for studying the different meanings and functions of a word in Ferdowsi Shahnameh.

This study investigates the effect of the addressee’s power on the type and number of giving advice strategies, such as “on record”, “negative politeness”, “two” and “three” combination, employed by Persian male and female university students based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory.  A number of 60 M.A students (30 males and 30 females) from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan participated in this study. Discourse completion tests and role play techniques were utilized as two data gathering methods. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The results of the two data collection methods show that the addressee’s power affects the type and the number of giving advice strategies and there is a significant relationship between the addressee’s power and the type as well as the number of giving advice strategies employed by male and female university students. The most frequent strategy type is the “negative politeness” strategies while the least frequent type are “don’t do face threatening act” strategies. As to the number of the strategies, the most frequent and less frequent ones are the combination of three and nine strategies respectively.

Speech act theory is known as the fundamental aspects of language pragmatism which considers the role of language in its applications and the contextual use. In such a scientific area of language study, speech act theory focuses on discovering the unobservable relationship between the language and an act known as pragmatics. To this purpose, the present study is an effort to analyze one of the odes of the resistance poet, Mahmoud Darvish, with a descriptive-analytic methodology. It aims to discover the resistance speech acts according to the semantics, context, and pragmatics which are accompanied by the poet in his ode “Qasidat-al-Arz”. As together with John Searl's speech act theory, results show that the assertive and expressive speech acts have the highest frequency among others in the so-called ode. The assertive speech act of the poet was in concordance with proving the geo-political identity, mentioning the truths and the usurped rights of Palestinians. It is with an emphasis on the past to testify his claim in order to promote emotional motivation and esprit. In the expressive speech act, the poet attempts to demonstrate a grim picture of his feelings because of the happenings of his contemporary. His speech acts are stated implicitly which are prerequisites of a poetic text.

Risalat Al-Teyrs are narrative texts with the mystical content and the mystic allegory language. It is obvious that Risalat Al-Teyrs, with little addition and removal, change and transposition, are affected by each other. Among the Persian and Arabic Risalat Al-Tayrs, the present study aims to see which one is borrowed from the other, and in terms of narratology, how is it possible to investigate the effect and influence of these works relying on Searle's speech act theory and Genette's Hypertextuality borrowing an analytical -descriptive research method. The study seeks to investigate the intertexuality link of Persian and Arabic Risalat Al-Tayrs. It is hypothesized that these texts are Hypertextual and the newer narrators were consciously affected from the previous ones. In order to investigate the hypothesis, these works are analyzed at the level of sequence and predicate and then similar sequences are determined. Next, each predicate is shown with abbreviation, and at the end, these Risalats are described in terms of structure and content of these sequences, similarities, and differences. Results indicate that excessive use of affirmative and encouraging sentences is in line with the affirmation and expression of guidance or encouraging the reader towards the educational issues. Considering 17 similar sequences in these works, it is found that except the Ghasideh Eyniyeh that has few similar sequence compared to other Risalats, IbneSina and Mohammad Ghazzali's Risalat Al-Teyrs and Mohammad Ghazzali, with two different structure, are considered as pretext. Ahmad Ghazzali's Risalat Al-Teyrs describes more details compared to Mohammad Ghazzali's Risalats. Risalats of Chachi, Eynol-Ghozat, Mantegho-Tayr, and Kashfol-Asrar have followed the Risalat of Mohammad Ghazzali, but through embedding the changes in the sequence, have saved their works from general imitation, thus creating innovation in their works. The Risalat of Sohrevardi is so similar to the Ibn-Sina's in the first part, but Sohrevardi has used different sequences to create new work

Literature texts have numerous meaning layers and pragmatic interpretations. The reader must extract the intent of the writer or narrator from the text. Human minds use different processes consciously and unconsciously to achieve this goal. The specialists of multiple fields in humanities, such as linguistics and its subsets have had a high regard for how to extract meanings and the hidden intent in a text from the past. The notion of speech act is one of the solutions for understanding the hidden meanings of a text. The history of Beyhaqi is one of the ancient texts which is considered as one of the best literary texts because of its style that indicates the fluency and excellent ability of its writer, Beyhaqi. This research has analyzed “Sultan Amir Masoud’s letter to kharazmshah Altontash” from the history of Beyhaqi based on speech act theory. This notion is constantly used in applied semantics and is located within discourse analysis domain. In this letter, the writer has used more directive acts compared with fewer expressive acts that indicates various meanings.

The present article aims to investigate and compare the argumentative discourse of Abraham’s debates with Nimrod, Azar, Star-worshipers and Idolaters in the Holy Qur'an. To this end, at first, the Persian translations of Abraham argumentative discussions with the opponents have been identified and then they have been analyzed based on Pragmatic-dialectical approach.This approach is composed of two parts: the dialectical and the pragmatic section. According to this approach, each argumentative dialogue has four stages: confronting, opening, argumentative and concluding features. In fact, the protagonist goes through these stages to defend his standpoint and tries to persuade the antagonist. Considering Abraham’s debates with his opponents on the one hand, and pragma-dialectical approach other hand, two questions have been the focus of attention in this article:1. Are these four stages of pragma-dialectical approach and the ways of persuading the audience different in Abraham’s debates? 2. Are the speech acts used in these debates the same? The related hypotheses are: 1. these four stages of pragma-dialectical approach and the ways of persuading the audience are not different in Abraham debates. 2. The speech acts used in these debates are not the same.
Research methodology is descriptive- analytical. The translations of Abraham’s debates with Nimrod, Azar , Star worshipers and Idolaters in the Holy Qur'an have been extracted from Makarem (1378, 12387) and Husseini (1382) and then have been analyzed and compared. Out of 167 Ayahs that have narrated Abraham‘s story in the Holy Quran, 61 Ayahs show Abraham’s debates. According to these debates, 105 speech acts were studied in terms of argumentative stages (confronting, opening, argumentative and concluding) and also the frequency of speech acts according to Searle (1969) was identified.
The research findings showed that from 105 speech acts in the debates, 86 of them are of Abraham and 19 cases belong to the opponents. In addition, the study showed that the argumentative stages of Abraham debates vary in these debates. Abraham debate with Star worshipers is different from other debates in confronting and opening stages. In this way difference in opinion is hidden in confronting stage and gradually it becomes clear in the opening and argumentative stages. Furthermore, in confronting stage the standpoint is single sided .Convincing the idolaters and Star worshipers, Abraham has made use of a“dramatic method”. In the pragmatic section, frequency and type of speech acts used by Abraham are different in the debates. In addition, the current research showed that this approach should be appropriately modified if it aims to investigate the argumentative discourse of the prophets in the Holy Qur'an.

The use of linguistic theories in the discourse analysis of literary works can reveal new aspects of these works. This paper seeks to analyze the "contents" of Golestan Sa'adi on the basis of the Searl's Theory of Speech Acts to find some linguistic reasons to prove the effectiveness of these themes using the statistical method and content analysis.For the analysis, the themes of the fifth and seventh chapters were first extracted, and then the type of the semantic roles, vocabulary (action verbs), the form, the structure of the sentence and its context were examined in the domain covered by each theme; in this way, the direct speech acts of the statements are recognized from the indirect speech acts. The data analysis was done based on the Searl's theory of speech acts. On the one hand, the interaction between the speech acts and the linguistic and semantic features as well as the context of each theme was investigated, and on the other hand, the manner of Saadi's speech delivery was examined on the appropriate use of speech acts in the educational genre in accordance with the subject of the speech (here the two chapters of Golestan with two different themes). Based on the findings of the study, as far as the indirect speech acts (the speech acts inferred from the function of the context) are concerned, in the seventh chapter, the persuasive, expressive, and affective speech acts had the highest use in the language propositions, respectively. Given the didactic nature of this book, this result was predictable. In the fifth chapter of the Golestan, the most language roles used in the linguistic propositions are expressive, affective, and persuasive, respectively; and the frequency of speech acts does not change in the case of excluding the indirect persuasive speech acts. Given the title and subject of this chapter (love and youth), it is natural that the frequency of functions is more related to the affective and expressive speech acts. The indirect speech acts of this chapter are also more of the affective one than persuasive.

Dynamic assessment (DA) having root in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of mind has been investigated by many researchers. However, DA of pragmatics has not been much researched. Considering the important role of pragmatic competence in promoting learners’ communicative competence, the current study examined the effectiveness of dynamic assessment, cake model, on the development of learners’ pragmatic competence. To conduct the research a number of 46 MSc students of engineering, studying at the University of Tehran, were assessed dynamically. The assessment provided three scores: actual score, mediated score, and learning potential score (LPS). In order to analyze the data, paired sample t-test and univariate analysis of variance were run. The results showed that DA had a positive effect on learners’ knowledge of the speech acts of apology and request. The results also showed that there was no interaction between learners’ scores and their proficiency levels. The findings of the research can be used in teaching, assessing and learning the speech acts of apology and request.