جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انگلستان » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

crisis of Azerbaijan was an event that is very important to investigate. The beginning and the end of Azerbaijan's crisis can be discussed at three levels: individual level and emphasis on the actions of those such as Ja'far Pishevari and Ahmad Qavam, national level; The role of oppression of the first Pahlavi government to the people of Azerbaijan as the cause of the crisis and the approaches of national institutions (army, parliament and government) in ending it; And finally, the international level, where the role of the Allied leaders in World War II should be emphasized as an important factor in the beginning and end of the crisis.  In this regard, this article has tried to analyze this event in the framework of the international order and the confrontation of great powers. In this framework, the question that is investigated in this research is as follows: How can the similarities and differences between the behavior of the United States and UK in the Azerbaijan crisis be analyzed? This research emphasizes that considering that the Second World War is a time when the former hegemon gives its place to the new hegemon, within the framework of Wallerstein's World-systems theory and emphasizing the concept of hegemony, it is possible to compare the behavior pattern of the two great powers of the world in this event. In this framework, this article has investigated this important event with a comparative approach and through the collection of library data.

With the spread of nationalism in the 19th century, the idea of a modern state in Iran, which had already been formed, was realized and the attempt to create a national and inclusive state in the name of law and parliament (people’s representatives) began during the Constitutional Revolution. With the coming to power of the Pahlavi government and the efforts and policies of the first Pahlavi (Reza Shah) including strengthening national unity, maintaining territorial integrity, and combining Iranian identity with Western identity for nation-building in the years 1925 to 1945, which for various reasons The British intervention in Iran was not successful. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of British interventions in the process of nation-building and the formation of modern national identity in Iran. The main question of the research is what role did the United Kingdom play in the nation-building process in Iran? This research has been studied by explanatory-interpretive method and the data collection method is also documentary. The results of this study show that the British intervention in Iran’s internal affairs has increased ethnic tensions and also its influence in the Iranian political system has led the actions of the Shah and the elites in the opposite direction and against national interests.

The aim of the current research is to identify the British strategic process in the cultural influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran and to provide provide solutions to deal with it. To understand this process, a qualitative study is required. Collecting the required information was done through semi-structured interviews. The samples were selected using the purposeful sampling method with a snowball fan and 13 interviews were conducted to ensure theoretical saturation. The findings were counted in 5 steps to explain the strategic management process. Based on this, the most important strategies of British cultural influence in Iran were: intelligent and methodical influence, control over elites, religious division, national division, engineering of preferences, beliefs and ideas (cognitive attacks), limiting activism and changing Iran's behavior.

Migrant smuggling has a special trend and position in different countries, and a lot of government funds are spent on preventing and fighting this phenomenon. Some countries, such as England, are facing this phenomenon because they are located in the center of Europe. In this regard, there are special supports to support immigrants in this country both in normal conditions and in special conditions. Special supports in this country due to the conditions of Russia's military action against Ukraine and the Corona epidemic are a very important trend in this country. The country has created. In this research, the library method to access the solutions available in this country is discussed.

The results of the United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union on Thursday June 23, 2016 was a big shock not for the UK but for the Europe and the rest of the world. In the plebiscite, 52 percent of the eligible voters chose leave, better known as Brexiteers, to take the rest of the 48 percent out of the Union. Due to type, form and the nature of the UK relations with the countries, the effects of the vote is quite understandable. Moreover, the leave vote put a huge question mark on the on-going efforts of European integrations.Changing world conditions, emerging China as an effective power, along with Russian moves especially after annexation of Crimea, jeopardizes EU’s firm stance against international developments. On the other side of the Atlantic, occurring Trump phenomenon in 2016 in the United States changed deep-rooted “Special Relations” with the two Anglo-Saxon countries and the Europe, as well. In the aftermath of the Brexit, “Global Britain” strategy focuses more than ever on Britain’s role in the world. In this strategy, Britain away from EU can be an active player in the world arena.This paper based on integration theory will quest the answer to the question of do we face close UK-US relations in the post-Brexit? The findings show that the two countries will be closer and the UK needs the US to gain its goals in the Global Britain policy.

balance of power in Europe began with coagulation of Peace of Westphalia Contract in 1648. With the formation of the balance of power, competition between European countries intensified to penetrate other regions of the world. From Fath Ali Shah Qajar era, that, Iran established Regular relations diplomatic with European countries, was impressed of International political processes and fight of major world powers. Since then Iran's foreign policy was particularly influenced by competition between the two countries, Russia and the England. By following this process during the First Pahlavi period, Reza Shah tried to reduce of volume of intervention of the two countries to internal affairs with open the "third force" in Iran. The development and deepening of relations with Germany was done for this purpose. In order to examine the present issue, the question arises as to What effect has the balance of power in Europe had on Reza Shah's foreign policy? It is further hypothesized that Iran's foreign policy during the reign of Reza Shah was practically a function of the policy of power and balance of power between European countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of these developments on Iran's foreign policy in the era of Reza Shah by descriptive-analytical method and by providing explanations related to the balance of power and European developments.

Fear of crime has always been considered as a category at the first level of criminological research in England. In this article, which is written with a descriptive and analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the mechanisms used to detect crimes and maintain the internal and international security of the United Kingdom, it seeks to answer the main question whether there are coherent mechanisms for this purpose in the law of England. What is the position of the responsible organizations and how to apply the laws to detecting crimes in this country? The efforts of the authorities in this country to control crime and also to increase the sense of security in the society is exemplary. Regardless of the police and judicial system, the extensive information systems in this country play a prominent role in detecting and controlling crimes. The relevant organizations in this country are made up of two main parts, the first category is the organizations that are somehow under the supervision of the government, such as MI5, MI6, GCHQ and the police organization of this country, and the second category is The title of independent institutions can be identified, such as the Intelligence and Security Service of the Parliament or the SOCA organization and its replacements, which are fully connected with the first category organizations.

In the opinion of many scholars, international law has grown and formed in the pursuit of the goals of the great powers in the recent century. On this basis, the role of the great powers in the formation and development of international law is somewhat vague and contradictory. This is the question to consider: Why and how great powers of the international system are determinative in the formation and expansion of international law? Although governments seem to be legally equal, but the great powers have a key role in shaping and expanding international law through institutionalization, treaty formulation, interpretation of laws and by normalization, due to their different capacities. Given that the great powers want to maintain the rules governing the international order to establish their position, it is considered to create and extend legal rules in their interests. Because legal rules and international institutions can reduce the cost of maintaining the system and increase the legitimacy of the actions of great powers. So the present study claims great powers are shaper, stabilizers and advocates of legal rule. In this way, the present study intends to study the role of international powers in the creation and expansion of international law based on a descriptive-analytical method and using historical evidence and utilizing library practices.

Termination is a legal act that is done by a will and is included in the number of contracts (Article 449 of the Civil Code). The best basis that can justify the option of termination if the obligor refuses to perform the obligation is the theory of condition according to Articles 235, 238 and 239 of the Civil Code. In Iranian law, options have no single basis and the effect of termination is according to the articles of the Civil Code, including Articles 287, 454 and 459 of the Civil Code from the time of termination. In English law, the cause is the basis for the termination of the contract, and according to the rules and regulations of English law, if the obligor fails to fulfill the obligations contained in the contract (whether the main obligations or minor obligations), the obligation of the obligor will be terminated. That is, the obligee can terminate the contract or ask the obligee to fulfill the obligation from the court. In this descriptive-analytical study, an attempt has been made to examine the legal and economic foundations of the right of termination in the law of Iran and the United Kingdom. The results indicate that the basis and source of termination of the contract in English law is the basis for the termination of the contract.

Due to the globalization the emphasis on international cooperation of HEIs has become necessary and the international aspect of HE requires scientific study. The purpose of this study was to compare the policies and strategies of internationalization of Iranian HE with some leading countries. This study was a comparative study based on the Mill's model. Sample countries were purposefully selected according to the available documents.  The results showed that all countries don't agree on “achieving high quality of education and research", " earning economic benefits", "cultural diversity and understanding", "achieving high standards and research power" and "knowledge diplomacy". All countries agree on "participation in research projects" and "teacher-student exchange". Since the main challenge of internationalization of HE in Iran is the lack of clear and purposeful policy at the policy-making level, it is suggested that serious studies and actions should be taken to determine, clear and leading policies So that appropriate strategies can be adopted through it.

The purpose of the present study is to review Protestant religious reformation from political approach. The method of research is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that contrary to what is assumed, Protestantism was not a religious movement to revive religion and avoid Christianity abuse by the priests and the Pope; but rather it was a political movement against the Pope and his absolute authority aiming to prevent the emerging kingdoms then to take measures against the Pope's policy of dividing the world between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Thus, they attempted to weaken the status and domination of the Pope. The effect of this movement in Europe was different from country to country, that is to say, this movement was successful in regions where the kings were against the Pope and sought powerful presence in the global realm while it was not really successful in other regions where the kings did not seek to be present in the international level and had insufficient power to fight against the Pope and his followers. Besides, this movement led to the birth of government-nations on the global level.

In the area of contemporary Iranian politics, "influence" is one of the main concepts that at any point in history of Iran, has created a kind of risk and threat to the interests of Iranian society and country in practice. One of the first steps in confronting this project (external infiltration project) is to gain a favorable understanding of the various aspects of this issue and to analyze. With respect to this matter, the present study uses the "content analysis" method to examine the coordinates of the British influence project during the Iranian constitutional movement (between 1906 and 1913) based on the analysis of letters issued by the previous British Foreign Secretary. (Edward) has dealt with Iran at that time. The findings of this paper show that in order to maximize its interests, the UK has designed seven policies based on a set of influence principles and implemented them through its internal and external agency. According to the results of this study, the main audience, observer, competitor, and supporter, are four categories of the audience that in the process of designing these policies, the influencers have been considered the nature and strategy of the historical obstacle of the infiltration process.

The principle of sovereignty of the will as a fundamental principle dating back to Western law and especially industrial capitalism in English law in the 17th and 18th centuries, as a general principle governing a variety of contracts, including marriage. On the other hand, the principles and conditions of the principle of the rule of will in the financial rights of couples in Iranian law, jurisprudence and English law make significant differences with each other. Apart from the fact that, within the framework of the rules of fair trade, the rules of jurisprudence and the rules of morality, the principle of the rule of will can be affected in English law. Which includes marriage and financial rights of the couple, in other cases such as disproportion - meaning the financial rights of one spouse over another - can not be considered a restriction of the sovereignty of the couple. On the other hand, the principles of the rule of will in English law are based on principles such as the principle of good faith, fair trade and non-violation of the rules of jurisprudence. However, in Iranian law, which originates from Shiite jurisprudential standards, the principle of the rule of will in the financial rights of couples is severely limited compared to British law; In such a way that the legislator, despite recognizing the right of the couple, including in determining the amount of dowry, has limited its receipt to a certain capability

The first issue which was referred to the United nations since its establishment was the complaint made against the Soviet government by Iran.The above mentioned complaint was made in tow times. At the first, it was made due to the intervention of the Soviet authorities in Iran's internal affairs. For the second time, Soviet was accused of being disagreed to make a withdrawal of its forces from Iran after the end of second world war.Ultimately, the Soviet forces were forced to make a withdrawal from Iran.The second serious issue that occurred between Iran and the United nations was the complaint made by of England against of Iran in the basis of 1933 treaty after the nationalization of oil as a national industry was officialized and implemented by Iran. The England government brought a lawsuit against Iran to the international court of justice. Finally, the court gave a verdict on the above- mentioned issue by voting for Iran's favor.The research method of this current study is library resources and documentary research with an analytic and descriptive approach. In this study, a lot of attempts were made to demonstrate the constructive and effectual interaction of the government of Iran with the United nations and all related institutions. Also the governments of Iran were able to succeed in handling the issues with great tact of the govenments and the proper application of diplomacy.

liability of government is an affair which has been a challenge from beginning of establishing a modern governments and has experienced various ups and downs. One of the fields , regards newer in this base, is the civil liability arising from financial policies of the government. These policies are effective considerably on fate of persons of society and economic active persons and sometime, it has caused lots of losses to them. Therefore, the present research that indicates to civil liability arising from financial policies of the government in England , after expansion of conceptual space of the research subject, it will indicates civil liability. According to the subjective documentations, presented in this research, educational, descriptive, analytical methods and method of gathering information are librarian in this research. These findings of this study indicates that firstly, it seems that Civil liability is arising from financial policies of main government, accepted in legal Council of England. Secondly, Law 1998, codified a framework in this field , its basis, the financial policies of England , has been regulated. Therefore, this essay indicates a systematic analysis and timely analysis in these two cases (1) How does this law regulates well financial law requirement from theoretical dimension and (2) how will develop financial policy be realized practically in light of this law.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative assessment of drug and psychotropic crimes in Iran and the United Kingdom. In Iranian law, the criminal policy governing drug crimes is based primarily on government, official, and repressive responses. In English law, a relatively more flexible procedure has been adopted, and except in a few cases, the legislature has not resorted to punitive penalties, such as the death penalty, in response to drug offenses. Medium-term imprisonment is the main punishment for most drug offenses in the UK. However, in both legal systems, there are minimal similarities, including the widespread use of the power of imprisonment to respond to drug offenses. So the question is, what is the difference between punishing drug and psychotropic crimes in Iran and the United Kingdom?

Undoubtedly, the purpose of concluding any contract is to implement its provisions and commit to the effects resulting from that contract. In order for the contract not to encounter any obstacles in its implementation, its contents should be clear and the parties should not have any disputes about the terms of validity and terms of the contract and how to implement it, and after the agreement of the parties and the conclusion of the contract, the most important issue In the opinion of the parties to the contract, timely performance of the contractual obligations is necessary, because the violation of the contract is not in the interest of the parties. In the discussion of the implementation of the movable sale contract, it is important to examine its conditions, such as: demand and acceptance, the competence of the parties to the transaction and the conditions of sale, the principle of sovereignty of will, etc. This article aims to have a comparative view between the two systems of Iran and England in the structure of the sale contract with a descriptive-analytical approach, while briefly examining the characteristics and conditions of sale to explain and the principles of the rule of will. The results of the research showed that the interpretation of the contract paves the way for the correct implementation of the correct contract by clarifying the terms and expressions and the intention of the parties according to the logic (principle of sovereignty of the will).

Independent lawyers play an important role in defending human rights and fundamental freedoms at all times, so examining the independence of lawyers and its standards in different legal systems can be effective in achieving justice and human rights. This research has investigated the conflicts and legislative challenges, the principle of lawyer independence in the constitutions of Iran and the United Kingdom, with a descriptive-analytical approach and a comparative approach. The results of this study indicate that despite the obvious differences in the nature of the advocacy system in the legal systems of Iran and the United Kingdom, but these two legal systems have common views on the criteria of lawyer independence and the challenges it faces and their obvious differences in personality. He mentioned having a public and governmental bar association in the United Kingdom and having a private aspect in some areas (financial, managerial) in Iran. Also, the most important challenge and conflict that exists in the legislation regarding the independence of lawyers in Iran; The involvement of the judiciary is in the issuance of bylaws and laws that are contrary to the principle of the independence of the lawyer and will have international consequences.