جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پذیرش اجتماعی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Body management; handling,manipulating and paying attention to the body is influenced by different factors and this research tries to explain the body managementand external factors affecting the body management of women in Sanandaj city.The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theories of Anthony Giddens and Erving Goffman.

The survey research method and the research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and the sample size is equal to 441 women aged 25 to 45 living in Sanandaj city,who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling.

According to the results,there is a significant relationship between body management and social acceptance,dignity,discrimination and gender identity,and according to the regression test.In fact,from the point of view of the respondents,manipulation and adjustment of the body is a tool to receive approval and social acceptance,so that it can present a new and popular identity with a distinctive body and appearance.With this research,it can be concluded that,on the one hand,body management is an opportunity to improve the physical condition and health and adopt a healthy lifestyle,and on the other hand,it is a threat to health and adopting an unhealthy and pretentious lifestyle,and the important thing is how to take advantage of this opportunity with Paying attention to the interest and belonging of Sanandji women to the clothing style,eating style and style of consumption is to empower and display the art and ethnic identity to improve the status of Sanandji women.For this purpose,the officials should take advantage of this opportunity to introduce and modelbyincreasing awarenessand preparing the platform and conditions.

Scavengering is one of the hobbies of citizens and officials. In order to solve this problem, it seems necessary to know the roots and causes that have created this problem and contributed to its expansion and survival. For this purpose, this study, in a descriptive and analytical way, sought to identify and prioritize effective factors in the formation and development of garbage collection in Mashhad city. The required data was collected in the first stage through interviews with 20 experts. The limit of this number was determined based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. Data coding was done with the qualitative content analysis method and with the help of Atlas ti software. The results led to the identification of 12 main categories. In the next step, in order to prioritize these factors, the triangular fuzzy method was used. The findings showed that the factors affecting littering are: Access to garbage, legal vacuum, high benefits, poverty, unemployment, addiction, illegal immigration, inconsistency of devices, municipal income intervention, power mafia, social acceptance and lifestyle. Based on this, if these conditions are resolved in a suitable way, a significant part of these problems will be resolved.Key words: Scavengering, Illegal immigration, lifestyle, social acceptance, Mashhad.  Identification and Prioritization of Influential Factors in Scavengering With Using Mixed Method (Case Study Mashhad)Rostam Saberifar[1]Associate Professor, Payam –e– Noor University, Tehran, IranExtended Abstract 

Scavengering is one of the hobbies of citizens and officials. In order to solve this problem, it seems necessary to know the roots and causes that have created this problem and contributed to its expansion and survival. The present study was also carried out in this direction. This study has pursued two main goals. First, the factors affecting the formation and expansion of the phenomenon of scavengering were identified. In the next step, these factors have been prioritized. In fact, the main effort was to find a suitable answer to the question, what are the factors influencing the formation of the phenomenon of scavengering? And which factors have the highest effects and their control can speed up the management of this problem.

This study was based on the practical purpose and in terms of the type of method, it was in the field of survey-type descriptive studies. The approach of the present study was mixed. Qualitative data was obtained from a sample of 20 people and for a small part of 50 participants. The target sample was selected by snowball method. The collected data were analyzed by combining qualitative and quantitative methods with the help of Atlas ti software. Based on this, the present study was carried out on two levels, including the identification of the factors and areas of occurrence and expansion of the phenomenon of scavengering and the prioritization of the identified factors. The main factors were identified using semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the data obtained from the interview was coded using the qualitative content analysis method. The participants in this survey in the qualitative part were university professors and researchers who had studies or experiences in the field of garbage and garbage collection. The validity of the relative content of the questionnaire of this study was estimated to be 71% by using the expert opinions of ten people informed about the research. Also, the correlation of the answers based on the test-post-test method was obtained at the rate of 79%, which brought the reliability of the questionnaire.

The findings showed that the most effective factor in garbage collection is access to existing garbage. The next effective factor, whose role and position in the occurrence of scavengering and its spread was confirmed in this study, was legal loopholes in the control and management of scavengering. The variable of high benefits has taken the third place among the factors affecting scavengering in Mashhad. Among the prioritized factors in this survey, poverty has been assigned the fourth place. In this study, unemployment was determined to be another factor affecting scavengering in Mashhad. Addiction, as a serious problem of today's society, was also influential in the category of scavengering. Because a significant part of the garbage collectors have entered this area only to supply the drugs they need. Maybe this is the reason why in this study, the addiction factor has been assigned the sixth place. Indiscriminate immigration is one of the most important factors that has caused many of the current urban disturbances. In this study, it was found that this factor ranks seventh. Finally, the 8th and 12th positions in the continuation and development of garbage collection are respectively assigned to these factors. Inconsistency of institutions, municipal income intervention, power mafia, social acceptance and lifestyle. In general, in the current situation, the gap between income and quality of life among citizens has widened. This factor has created two completely different worlds among the residents of the same city. When the poor see the created income gap, they feel so disgusted. As a result, this group is willing to do anything to free themselves from the created conditions. In this situation, they either commit violent crimes or at least collect and sell abandoned valuables. In this way, they try to provide the minimum of life for themselves and their families. In fact, the consumption of the benefits proposed by Veblen, Dusenberry and Maslow for the rich has produced a lot of waste and discarded consumable goods. Poverty, unemployment and the inability to provide the basic necessities of life for the poor group have forced them to gather these tools and materials for daily consumption or sale through scavenging. These conditions have also caused that scavengering is not limited, but its dimensions and scope are increasing every day.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize factors affecting the formation and expansion of scavengering. Based on this, the current study was carried out at two levels including the factors affecting the formation and prioritization of these factors. The findings showed that the most effective factor in this process is access to existing waste. In fact, if there is no garbage available, there is no point in picking garbage. In other words, the organizations in charge of waste management and control cannot collect waste properly and dispose of it in a timely manner. For this reason, needy or profit-seeking people can easily access these materials and collect them and sell them. Therefore, as long as garbage is available and can be easily collected, garbage collection will continue. Based on this, the results of the current research, in line with other researches conducted in this field, showed that scavengering is a multidimensional phenomenon. For this reason, this problem cannot be solved by emphasizing one of these dimensions. In fact, scavengering is a problem that has challenged all effective organizations in urban management, and its solution depends on the presence of all these organizations.

According to many experts and specilists, the most important factor in the ineffectiveness of Iran's education policy is the incompatibility of policies and decisions in this field with scientific, theoretical and research supports. The purpose of this research is to study the social vitality of elementary school teachers based on the ranking of factors affecting social vitality. Since political research is a process, in the preparation stage, gathering information was reviewed in the conceptualization stage, semi-structured interviews with a number of participants were conducted to obtain preliminary information, and the theories of Seligman, Tau and Diener, Shaw and Giddens were used. In the technical analysis phase, factors that may be the cause of the problem were examined. Therefore, in this research, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to determine the factors affecting the social vitality of teachers. The total number of statistical population is 110 elementary school teachers of  Mammollan city, 30 of whom were selected by random sampling method. The method used in this research is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in which pairwise comparisons of criteria and options are discussed. Construct validity was used to identify the five effective criteria on social vitality. In this research, the first ranked factor affecting teachers' social vitality is hope for the future. Religiousity, socio-economic base, level of education and social acceptance were ranked next. Also, the results of the pairwise comparison of primary school teachers' social vitality criteria based on gender showed that women considered socio-economic base and social acceptance more than men, and men considered hope for the future, level of education and religiousity more effective than women on their social vitality. After analyzing the policy recommendations and findings, solutions regarding the followings  are presented  strengthen the socio-economic base of teachers, pay attention to the application of academic degrees in the ranking of teachers, the development of community- oriented, civic and voluntary activities for women and the formation of a data bank related to the vitality and happiness of teachers.

Social identity is the knowledge and belonging of a person to a specific social group that a person introduces himself in terms of belonging and dependence, and identity is formed in current relationships or people's perceptions of themselves and others, and social identity is affected by external factors and body image. . This research aims to investigate the state of body management and external factors affecting the social identity of women in Sanandaj city. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theories of Anthony Giddens, Erving Goffman and Henry Tajfel, and the survey research method and the research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, which is based on 450women aged 25 to 45 living in Sanandaj city, who are selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. have been selected, and after removing outlier data, we obtained 441 samples. According to Pearson's results, between social identity and body management (r=0.503) and appearance factors; There is a significant relationship between social acceptance (r=0.510), discrimination (r=0.250) and social status (r=0.189).In other words, appearance management and attention to the body is an identity factor for acceptance and differentiation and improvement and display of social status among women.and according to the regression test results; Social acceptance has the greatest impact on shaping women's social identity. In fact, appearance management and regulation, design and self-grooming are the construction and treatment of women's social identity, and they are constantly building their bodies to create a distinct and positive appearance in interaction with others, which they should use the opportunity of body management to design Iran's model and identity and cohesion. Social and empowerment of women benefited.

Parents greatly influence their children lives, as children imitate their parents’ behaviors and attitudes. Improving parents' interactions and behaviors can lead to positive changes in their children's social skills and maturity. This study examines the relationship between social maturity and social skills of teenagers in Yazd city and their parents' social adequacy and acceptance. 

Methods and Data: 

The method is a correlational study with a sample of 150 mothers with teenage children in Yazd. The instruments used are Matson's Social Skills Questionnaire (1983), Rao's Social Maturity Scale (1986), Fellner's Social Adequacy Scale (1990), and Marlowe and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale (1960). 

Data analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between adolescents' social maturity and social skills and their parents' social adequacy and acceptance. Adolescents who have higher levels of social maturity and skills tend to have parents who have higher levels of social adequacy and acceptance, and vice versa. This implies that mothers who have high levels of thinking, problem-solving and cognitive recognition abilities can facilitate their children's emotional and skill development. 

According to the results, increasing parents' social adequacy and acceptance can predict their adolescents' social maturity and skills. This implies that parents can enhance their children's social development by improving their own self-esteem, modeling positive social behaviors, providing constructive feedback, and support. 

Key Message: 

The coping strategies of teenagers in confronting with physical, mental, and social changes is an important social skill which can play a role in the process of their communication and adaptation. Parents, especially mothers, play a significant role in this process. The attitude of parents and especially mothers towards themselves and the realistic view of different aspects of life shapes the skills and ability of teenagers in relation to different issues.

Being absent in traditional sociological analysis, today the body and the body concept is at the heart of our sociology, social life, and identity self-concept. With the development of modern media and communication technologies, one of the most important challenges in the field of body management relates to the uncertainty of the impact of global forces or local contexts. Drawing on the world-localization approach and based on the Robertson’s, Goddens’s, Fiderstone’s and social acceptance theories, this paper has investigated the impact of modern media use on body management mediated by social acceptance among club women in Noorabad Mamassani. In his research, the survey methodology was used, the data were collected using a questionnaire, and the sample was selected through simple random sampling. According to the results of the research, women mostly used modern media, respectively: knowing about the sports equipment and use of them, search for fitness patterns, and knowing about fashion and clothing (the Internet); the use of fashion advertising networks, watching science, medical, sports, and commercial (satellite) programs. Among the multiple indicators of body management construct, sports and fitness, surgery and beauty of the body and quality of clothing were the most influential indicators. Comparing the impact of modern media (0.81) and social acceptance (0.17) on body management, it can be said that modern media significantly increase women's attention to body management more than social acceptance in different aspects.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Narcotics Anonymous Association twelve-step training on social acceptance, psychological well-being, quality of life, and craving in substance-dependent individuals.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all anonymous substance-dependent individuals referring to addiction treatment centers in the city of Abarkooh in 2020. Among them, 40 people were selected using convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. Participants in both groups completed the social acceptance questionnaire, the psychological well-being questionnaire, the quality of life scale, and the craving questionnaire in pre-test and post-test. The twelve-step sessions of the Narcotics Anonymous Association were implemented on the experimental group in twelve 60-minute sessions based on the World NA Association’s (2008) book. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that after controlling for the effect of pre-test, the effect of the twelve-step training significantly affected social acceptance, psychological well-being, quality of life, and craving, and this educational program significantly led to improving social acceptance, psychological well-being, and quality of life, and reducing craving in substance-dependent individuals.

Based on the results of the present research, the sessions of the Narcotics Anonymous Association can be used to improve social and psychological problems and reduce the craving of substance-dependent individuals.

The present article is "Explaining the relationship between social welfare and urban livability". The term livability refers to the degree to which a society meets its needs based on the needs and capacities of its people. The research method used was the survey method and the data collection tool was a questionnaire with an interview. The statistical population of the study is all citizens aged 18 and over living in Ilam city and based on Cochran's formula, 383 people were selected as the sample size and using a multi-stage cluster method appropriate to the volume. The validity of the questionnaire was achieved through content validity with a total mean (0.833) and the reliability of the tool through Cronbach's alpha (0.828) for the urban viability variable and (0.75) for the social welfare variable. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used in data analysis. The results and findings of the study indicate that the average satisfaction with economic viability (49.10), the average satisfaction with social viability (55.00) and the average satisfaction with environmental viability (32.66). All research hypotheses except the hypothesis of the relationship between social participation and satisfaction with environmental viability have been confirmed.

Feeling valued and accepted by peers and the community is called social acceptance; It is very important for every person because social acceptance makes a person resistant to all kinds of physical and mental preblems. This study aimed to investigate the mindfulness-based resilience training on social acceptance of Isfahan University students. The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all the students of the University of Isfahan who were studying in this university in 2020, 30 students were selected by convenience sampling method, They were then randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) and before the questionnaires to Marler Crown Social Acceptance Scale before and after They ponded after the intervention. The contents of mindfulness-based resilience training sessions were presented in 6 sessions. Research data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance in SPSS software. The results showed that mindfulness-based resilience training was significant on students social acceptance p <0.05, and social acceptance has increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based resilience training increase their social acceptance. According to this finding, it emphasizes the application of this educational intervention in other variables as well as for other members of society.

Risky behaviors have always been on the rise as the epidemiological transition experts have predicted, and the two subgroups of adolescents and the youth are predominantly exposed to these behaviors. Risky behaviors affected by inadequate quality of life can have awful and costly consequences. Accordingly, since approximately 25 percent of Iranchr('39')s population comprises adolescents and the youth, the purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of quality of life on risky behaviors among adolescents and the youth living in Mahabad.

In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the goal, and in order to collect the data needed to test the hypotheses, the survey method using questionnaires has been used.

Multivariate analysis showed that factors, such as quality of life, are significantly correlated with the variables of sex, family life arrangements, and education level of parents, and they also have a significant impact on risky behaviors. Among these, the level of fatherchr('39')s education and quality of life respectively play the most important role in explaining changes in risky behaviors. In addition, quality of life has an inverse relationship with risky behaviors.

It seems that understanding the occurrence of risky behaviors and its relationship with other variables, such as quality of life can be effective in policy making, planning, and intervention proceedings to improve the quality of life and reduce risky behaviors among target groups.

The purpose of this study was to identify the social and cultural factors affecting the return of married women to Education in Tehran by qualitative thematic analysis method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 married / returning women-based, systematic, and value-based titles through purposeful sampling and were analyzed using three-step method (description, analysis and interpretation). of married The sample size criterion in the qualitative section was theoretical saturation,analysis of the main theme extracts the "Strategy of Searching for Possible Selves for Making Balances in Different Areas of Life" and consequently identifies three typical patterns of women's return to education with identity-based, systematic, and value-based titles. A thematic map form is provided. This basic theme is the result of the interaction of its two main and self-contained classes, which comprise nine subcategories. In a category of open source code among womenquently identifies three typical patterns oftegy of Searching for Possible Selves for

In modern society, the body has particular importance. Individuals manipulate and change their outward features to build social body that is accepted by society. The purpose of this study is to identify status of social acceptability in the conceptual model of women's body management and their life satisfaction. The research was conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Data collection techniques, unstructured interviews and required data were collected from interviews with 15 women living in Gorgan who had experience of managing the body. Interviewee’s selection was done with targeted sampling method which requires use of sequential sampling technique called snowball method. In this study, triangulation validity was used. According to the findings, the conditions of this study were identified as social comparison, conformity with others and partiality and sensitivity. The core concept of social acceptance that has emerged in the context of alternatives to deficiencies limitations and deprivations, marriage and childbirth as a hindrance to beautiful organs, body anxiety and the belief in gender segregation. Isolation, organizational acceptance, peer group acceptance, social status, and fear of rejection were identified as intervening conditions, and eventually women were identified using strategies to increase body monitoring, maintain and pursue beauty, and enhance the attractiveness of outcomes such as acquisition. Life satisfaction, body censorship, the emergence of a good mental state, the development of social relationships, the pursuit of opportunities and privileges in life, and the achievement of my desired purpose.

The study of the social as well as aesthetic representation of body in public sphere has been one the most popular research agenda during the recent decade in Iran. Dispersion of the research results regarding the mentioned representation clearly divulge the necessity of performing a meta-analysis of the studies oriented toward the social construction of the body. Consequently, a relatively comprehensive image of the achievements as well as the challenges relating to the stated topic can be perceived. The purpose of the present study is to numerate the variables related to the body management and suggest a typology of them. The main question tried to be answered is “Which variables have attracted the attention of Iranian social studies researchers studying the phenomenon of body management?” Meta-analysis of 29 purposefully selected research papers show that the biological as well as natural bodies of the social actors have been changed into to a kind of social construction through the impact of 48 independent variables. Generally speaking, these mentioned variables can be categorized in terms of four types including social, cultural psychological and demographic ones as well. Social variables have the highest frequency of usage in 57/8% of the meta-analyzed studies while cultural variables have the lowest frequency of usage in 27/2% of the mentioned studies. In 78/2% of the reviewed studies, researchers have emphasized the impact of psychological variables on the social construction of the body. To put it differently, it can be concluded that lower levels of significance have been attached to the social and cultural variables than those allocated to psychological and demographic ones in the studies reviewed in this research paper. The absence of offering practical solutions related to mechanisms of the social construction of the body as well as neglection of the types and forms of relation between social construction of the body and different aspects of dominant of religious-political discourse are the two important dimensions missed by the authors of the purposefully selected research papers.

The present study aimed to provide theoretical and empirical explanation of the analytical model in which the role of social health and its dimensions is as the external variables and social happiness as the internal variable. Generally, in the happiness area of research, more than one theory is required for the sake of explaining the concept of happiness. Accordingly, in the present study the Keys Social Health Theory and its five-dimensional indicators were implemented as a theoretical framework. The study conducted by the survey research method and statistical population included all the male and female married citizens of Isfahan in 2017. The data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos software. The correlation coefficient test showed that social health and its three dimensions including social cohesion, social acceptance and social dependence might have a close relationship with social happiness. However, there were no significant or meaning relationships among social prosperity and social participation with the concept of social happiness. Moreover, the estimated value in Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that 0.38 of the social inclusion variance was due to social health. Besides, the significant level of SEM indicated that the calculated impact factor had a meaningful difference with zero. Therefore, it can be claimed that social health might have a potential effect on social happiness.

The purpose of this study was to compare the interpersonal problems, somatization and social acceptance in high and low tendency to substance dependence in students. The method of this research is causal-comparative. The statistical population is 300 students of Tehran University of Applied Sciences. The sample size in this study is 300 students. The conditions for entry into student sampling, as well as the ability to answer the questions, are presented by the researcher and not any disorder. For sampling, the cluster-random method has been used in the present research. The research tool Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire, Physical Recognition Questionnaire, Crown and Marlow Social Compliance Scale and addiction tendency questionnaire. The collected data were first described using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, ...) and multivariate analysis of variance analysis (MANOVA) and Bonferrin test. To answer the research hypotheses, using SPSS software Became The results showed that interpersonal problems, physicalization in high-tendency students are higher than those with low drug dependency and social acceptance in high-tendency students than those with low drug dependence

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social acceptance according to planning of behaviour and sustainable development of students in using bicycles. The research method was descriptive-correlational, distributed by a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was students of Imam Reza University of Mashhad. A randomized simple sampling method was used to collect the questionnaire (32 items) from 5 to 7 times 254 people. According to the probability distribution, 270 questionnaires were distributed among the subjects. A researcher-made questionnaire based on the Spritzer model (1997) and social acceptance questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior of Eisen (1985), derived from previous research was used. The reliability coefficient (83/0) came out. Findings of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between social acceptance and sustainable development (P<0.05). Also, 20% of the changes in sustainable development were related to the dimensions of social acceptance. Based on the results and given the importance of the role of social acceptance in improving and enhancing the sustainable development of bicycle use, it can be argued that by studying and researching this field, and paying attention to the development of these factors, we have taken effective steps towards achieving sustainable development.

The present study seeks to investigate the relationship between physical capital and social acceptance among students of Islamic Azad University, Ilam, in 1396. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of "Gaffman", "Bourdieu", "Giddens" and the exchange school. The method of this research is a stratified random sampling method, and the sample size was chosen based on the Cochran formula (352 people). In this study, a researcher-made physical capital questionnaire and Marlow and Crown social acceptance standard questionnaire were used with Cronbach's alpha of 84% and 68% respectively. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson & Spearman's correlation coefficients, T-test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test. Inferential findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of fitness index, cosmetic surgery, and attitude toward fashion, field of study, marital status, educational level, social class, job status and social acceptance rate. But there is no meaningful relationship between body composition, diet, age and gender with social acceptance.

How to portray women in cinema is subject to social and public acceptance which uses the constructionist approach. A review of studies in authentic scientific research journals was done by the research synthesis method. So we study 63 articles with two variables: body management, representation of women in cinema and finally 40 articles were extracted for re-reading of coding and their indices and concepts. After re-coding, the results of mixed method study were divided into four categories: Prioritizing the concepts of modern women, merely as a showcase for the development and advancement of modern society - woman with desirable body, managed body as a symbol of a rebellious and uncontrollable woman, objectification of women for consenting to the patriarchal system, and body management as a female submissive tool in social acceptance; and based on the examples, the continuum of these categories and the way of women’s construction in Iranian cinema was revealed. The results of the research indicate that the submissive-domineering look of women's identity in the cinema of Iran has existed and the woman is depicted as a commodity for further male highlighting. Women's body management and modern appearance are also expressed by the presence of men who consider the modern woman as desirable so that if men decide, it is easy to remove and replace traditional and obedient women. The female body is represented as a tool for social acceptance and affirmation of the male society. So, this aesthetic look on the female body also points to the men dominance on the role and identity of women in the society.

Tehran as a big and a developing Metropolis in Asia suffers from automobile use and its negative impacts for environment and health care. In this situation and according to recent important steps for extending public transport system, main role of the Tehran transportation system is still handled with Motorized vehicles by private use sector.
Nowadays, Transportation planning efforts include increasing Active Transportation. In this regard, Bicycle as a sustainable form of commute is recognized to urban clean transportation, with several economic, and environmental benefits. Cycling as a mode of transportation, especially for short trips is extending its trace between cities. Many of cities around the world have a bike plan to improve usability of bicycles besides other modes of transportation. In spite of an effective role of sustainable modes of travel like walking and cycling, these modes haven’t a good situation in modal share of Tehran city, now. Bicycle use in Tehran is not popular and very few people use a bicycle regularly.
According to Tehran transportation and traffic master plan (2004-2008), Percent of all daily trips are made by bicycle is restricted to only 0.004 of urban commutes. This rate of cycling comes back to various reasons like scope of bicycling infrastructure or culture of people in the city and Psychological variables. One of the factors that received relatively little attention in research on bicycling is the role of social and Psychological variables. Psychological variables directly measure behavior of cycling and its dimension. One of the best ways to measure this, is the social acceptability index. This index is pervasive and is used in various urban planning and transportation topics. In addition, Social acceptance is defined to affirmative reactions toward the specific object. These reactions are related to some kind of behavior.
Measurement of public acceptance for social subjects needs to define a set of factors. There is no consensus on the dynamics surrounding social acceptability. The broader concept of social acceptability encompasses various variables such as attitude and perceptions. In order to have a reliable category, we need to have a theoretical framework. Applying Psychological approach and theories that explaining human behaviors is very popular, in this area.
Theory of planned behavior which is introduced by Ajzen & Fishbein is one of the important efforts for analyzing behavior in Psychological realm. Many researchers have used this method in western countries. We have used this theory as a main theory of this study. Moreover, it was extended by new elements such as injunctive norms and Descriptive Norms from a proposed theoretical framework of Dickey-Griffith (2009). Additionally, Injunctive norm is measured separately. Furthermore, for analyzing background factors that relate to or influence the belief's people, these factors were divided into Main Elements, Perceived features and Personal characteristics. Built environment issues were used as a city and cycling situations according to critics of Handy (2005). Other variables were measured by other related items.
Attitudes
Beliefs
Norms
Intention
Behavior
Perceived Behavioral Control
Subjective Norms
Main Elements Features
Perceived Features
Personal Features
Subjective Norms
Injunctive Norms
Figure1: Theoretical Framework of study
This study is done with a quantitative research method based on extended theory of planned behavior. Data collection for this research was conducted with a researcher-made questionnaire among 495 men gender respondents of Tehran metropolis with Stratified Sampling. In addition, we use confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling as statistical techniques.
Discussion of Results and This survey used a critical approach to current studies of Tehran cycling field. Results indicated that unlike previous researches, bicycle and cycling among Tehran residents have a good position and orient of intervention must change to more acceptance for using the bicycle as a mode of transport. Finding of article supports this idea that cycling can be an excellent mode of transportation for all ages of population in Tehran and not just only for kids and teenagers as mentioned in current studies and documents about cycling in Tehran.
All parameters of the designed models had a significant relation to cycling. Furthermore, between psychological determinants of cycling behavior, health factor had the most important sub-items in attitude variable and social norms had a more relation rather than to attitude in cycling. At norm's item, injunctive norms and Descriptive Norms had the most effect, relatively. Perceived behavioral control had a lowest effect between variables.
Perceptions of respondents said us that cycling was not safe and comfortable in Tehran. In addition, according to spearman correlation in psychological belief items, perceived features were dominant factors to forming attitude variable and meanwhile; health, benefit of cycling and transport necessity had the most relations.
Finding of research showed that increasing bicycling as a mode of transportation has a complex process and is not restricted to just only facilities and infrastructure such as bicycle sharing programs or building separated bike lanes, but it also needs to programs, and policies that support bicycling form psycho-social determinants for understanding and achieving changes in cycling behavior. Furthermore, social acceptability index has a good potential for identifying psycho-social features of enhancing cycling in cities.
This study is the first serious attempt for describing, analyzing and explanting of bicycle use in Iranian cities with Psychological approach, which is done by measuring social acceptability index. By peer looking to findings of this research, revising of stereotypes and existing viewpoint of bicycle and bicycle use in Tehran city is very necessary.
Considering to Injunctive Norms, keeping and maintaining present positive attitude toward cycling are essential for enhancing cycling in Tehran. Moreover, it should be noted that psychological needs of users of bicycle are same importance with physical attributes in cities, and without this; success of every program has no guaranty in long time. By combining these measures and systematic study of bicycle preferable needs and applying in action, Bicycle commuting will be increased subsequently.

This study aims to identify Social and Cultural factors affecting the Body Management among Women in Kashan. Thus, by using the ideas of the experts, such as Bourdieu, Goffman and Featherstone, formulate hypotheses and using Survey Method and Questionnaire, studied 320 women. The findings of the present study, that was aimed to test hypotheses about the relationship between the variables of the research, indicated that it was parallel to the increase in the Use of Media, Social Capital, Cultural Capital, Religious Beliefs and Social Acceptance, women tendency to the Body Management increases. Results of Regression Analysis suggest that Religious Beliefs, The use of Media and Social Acceptance variables have explained about 49 percent of Body Management changes among women. Also, Path analysis shows that the variables of Religious Beliefs and The use of Media have the most direct positive impact on women’s attention to the Body Management. As a result, we see that Kashsn women, regardless of their intellectual and religious orientation, have gravitated to the Body Management. In this context, the impact of rising Global Communications and access to New Communication and Information Channels also caused a range Cultural Change in different Groups and the various strata of society, especially among women.