جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پلیس » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

Freedom of association is one of the most important human rights of human beings, which also plays a serious role in the demand and realization of other human rights. In many cases, these rallies are held to protest participants against the government's policies. The peaceful holding of rallies and the important role played by the police and other security forces in securing them are among the important issues that need to be addressed. In some cases, some participants in peaceful rallies may resort to violence and the police may be forced to use force to maintain order and security. The fundamental question of this article is what are the powers and obligations of governments, especially in the use of force to control peaceful assembly? The research method of this research is analytical-descriptive and the method of collecting information is library. The results of this study show that Iran's domestic regulations are generally in line with human rights standards, but in some cases, there is a conflict between these regulations. In Law on the Use of Weapons by Armed Forces Officers, the police appear to use weapons to control illegal assemblies if other means are not effective, but in the human rights system, police can use force only in cases of legitimate self-defense.

Today, one of the prominent and important issues in the researches in the field of criminology in different countries of the world is the fear of crime, which according to some people is as important as the crime itself, but the phenomenon of fear of crime is a very complex issue that Its amount and factors may be different in each city or region. Fear of crime is not only a feeling, but a reality that is tied to people's lives and has destructive effects on politics, economy, social life and criminal policy of countries.Fear of crime plays a very important role in the field of crime prevention, so that the United Nations has considered fear of crime as one of the main elements of prevention. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the police on the fear of crime and ways to prevent it. The components that are in the prevention of crime and fear of crime and are related to the police have been analyzed and a solution has been mentioned for each.

Background and Goal:

 Police Force is main institution of Policing and security in every country. Good Performance of Police Force depends on Powers delegated by Parliament. Accused as a member of society interred criminal justice Process and do not recognized guilty for Charge directed against him/her, has enjoyed Rights cannot deprived without acceptable rationality.

In terms of objective, this Paper is an applied Research and in terms of Methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical study. 

In Deferent legal Systems, Confrontation of these Rights and Powers are differentiating, however, Reasonable balance between them is Virtue of criminal Justice System. In other Word a System of Criminal Policy witch at the same time providing maximum level of citizen Rights and Freedoms as well as required Measures of effective confronting with criminal conducts for Police Officers. Comparative Study of this balance in criminal Justice Systems of France, America and Iran demonstrate that Iran’s Legislature like progressive legal Systems in this Area give attention to Guarantying Rights of Accused and suspects in criminal Proceeding Process. In certain Area, Progressive actions in Guarantying Rights are so increased that increased fear of disarmament of Police Force versus Criminal Conducts.

Detraction of Police Powers without conformity with criminal Image and existing facts of society, Apart from cause minimizing physical and mental Security of society, because of Role of Policing and security as background of achieving Citizen Rights and Freedoms, it is not as Step towards securing Personal Rights and Freedoms.

In the legal criminal policy of Iran, the police are considered the powerful arm of the criminal justice system, which has the most relationship with the victim. This relationship starts from the moment the police arrive at the scene of the crime and continues until the execution of the criminal's punishment and even after that. In this context, the police can reduce the harm caused by crime by supporting the victims. Therefore, due to the importance of such a role for the police, this research has been conducted with the aim of examining the aforementioned support.

This qualitative research has been conducted in terms of practical purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject, and the obtained information has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manne.

The findings of the research show that the victims need the support of the activists of the criminal justice system in order to reduce the damages caused by the crime. and the protections he provides to the victims include: "attention to the victim and his rights, attention to the human dignity of the victim, attention to the concerns and pains of the victim, attention to the opinions and views of the victim, sympathy and sympathy with the victim, providing security and...".

In recent years, the idea of protecting victims has attracted the attention of criminologists, legislators, judicial authorities, and the police, and significant measures have been taken to protect victims, and since the police is the first institution that victims facing it, in order to reduce the damages caused by the crime, it can provide various protections to the victims.

Social prevention by police as security guard in society obtain by focus on main social causes of crime and considering them to know the social environment situation for destroying the roots of offences and crime .nowadays in developed countries , the police passed his dictatorship period and began the new period of socialization . in this point police  move toward creating intimate relationship with citizens and informing them . by establishing local police uses from public contribution for reaching to its  most important goals and consider the security as a public product . in social prevention , police create close interaction with families and social , cultural and religious institutions . the police , consider teenagers problems extremely as a main cause of lots of offences in society . by formation of woman police , because of children and women offences wide programs have made for knowing their problems and for obtaining both social and developing prevention uses from religious teaching and create strong interaction with mosques for propagating Islamic orders and well-known recommendations and prohibition from abnegating

Cyber fraud is one of the most important crimes against property and ownership. Despite its many advantages, this space is a suitable platform for committing some crimes such as fraud due to its special features. The main purpose of this article is to explain the challenges of the police in detecting cyber fraud.

In terms of purpose, This research is practical and in terms of implementation method, it is a mixed type of research. The community participating in the research included experts in the field of computer crime investigation, the police, the judicial system, and other related systems. The qualitative statistical sample of 18 people was selected by purposive sampling method based on theoretical saturation and quantitative statistical sample due to the limited number of experts. The tool for collecting information in the present research is an interview in the qualitative part, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire based on the opinions of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated through Cronbach's alpha test of 86%. Quantitative phase data were analyzed using independent t-test using SPSS software.

FATA police is facing 50 challenges on three levels, the most important of which are: external organizational challenge (weakness of laws and regulations, development of cyber space without regard to its security, access to filter breakers), internal organizational challenge (hiding identity, complexities of cyber crime detection, Weak knowledge of users and lack of timely reporting to the police) and international challenges (weak laws and regulations, lack of facilities and infrastructure, growth of unauthorized and unregulated businesses).

The conclusion of this research have increased the knowledge and awareness of those in charge and can prevent the violation of the rights of those who have lost property, increase the authority of the judicial system and the police, and reduce financial crimes in the cyber space.

The issue of crime scene management is the most basic basis for filing cases. In this regard, the efficient implementation of knowledge management and its practical application in crime scene investigation is an important step in the study of this process, so the purpose of this research is to recognize the position of knowledge management as a powerful tool that includes a set of information, principles and experiences, for It is a crime scene.

In terms of nature, the research is of applied research type and in terms of method, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes employees and experts in the fields of knowledge management and crime scene investigation agents, and the sample size of 57 people has been selected purposefully. And the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, its validity was confirmed through interviews with experts and reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.863). The method of data analysis is done using the matrix of knowledge management components.

The ability to apply, the ability to combine and produce knowledge, especially indigenous knowledge, is important in crime scene management, so detectives and crime scene investigation experts acquire tacit knowledge from holding workshops, roundtables and scientific meetings, forming focal groups, banks Information, service experiences, ideas, innovation and suggestions, research projects, conferences, think tanks, etc. can act towards the optimal management of the crime scene, and as a result of its continuity, the necessary productivity in the crime scene investigation process is achieved.

This study, in order to maintain self-esteem and high rights of children and adolescents, while comparing the responsibility of police in dealing with juvenile delinquency in Iran and England, explains that the need for efficiency and productivity, changing organizational structure, creating a systematic education system, predicting mechanisms Behavior is an effective police communication and predicts the guarantee of effective performance by the police, and the UK is a good guide in this regard. This article, using analytical-descriptive method and in terms of data collection, is a document that the collected material from books, laws and Internet resources have been collected and analyzed. The specialization and training of special police and legal requirements and determination of structured resources is an essential element in dealing with juvenile delinquency that does not have the necessary coherence in Iran. The prevailing pattern of juvenile police in the legal system of Iran and the United Kingdom has been identified and the Iranian police can implement social programs for perpetrators and parents of children and adolescents in addition to prevention, according to domestic laws such as the British police. Due to the early intervention, the special police on the one hand realizes the importance of the age of action of the child and adolescent, and on the other hand understands to the child or adolescent that at this age the responsibility for the illegal act has consequences.

In recent decades, the concept of criminal policy, in its broad legal and socio-political context, has gained attention in continental European countries as a modern system, in contrast to the narrow and equivalent concept of penal policy. Among the studies within this domain, it is noteworthy that this issue has been subject to structural analysis and modeling, taking into account the unchanging elements in any criminal policy, including crime, deviance, governmental response, societal response, and the fundamental and subsidiary relationships between these elements. In this analytical approach, 'crime' is often defined as a violation of necessary legal norms, characterized by normativity and necessity, while 'deviance' is defined as a breach of prevailing social norms or a state of non-conformity with average behavioral standards, often characterized by normality and the prevailing state of behavior. Due to the widespread prevalence of legal norms, such as the divine legal duties, in Islam, the division of norm-violating behaviors into 'crime' and 'deviance' within the concepts mentioned is not particularly practical for studying criminal policy in Iran. Nevertheless, within the Islamic normative system, controlled behaviors are distinguished from free behaviors

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the experiences of organizational experts about various obstacles and challenges of inter-organizational interactions and communications between the police and the country's intelligence and security community in order to deal with terrorist groups.

This research is qualitative and phenomenological in nature. Sampling was done in a purposeful way and the participants were selected based on the rule of theoretical saturation, 10 experts and experts related to terrorist groups and police inter-organizational communication were selected. Content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The research tool is a semi-structured interview, which includes open-ended questions. To measure validity and reliability, the prepared content was provided to two experts, and the opinions provided about the interview were applied, and participants were helped in analyzing and interpreting the data. became.

The findings of this research consisted of 50 simple concepts, of which 37 concepts were related to the challenges and obstacles of inter-organizational interaction, and in the next stages, these concepts were categorized in the form of 7 general concepts. The results indicate that the main challenges of the police interaction with the responsible agencies in dealing with terrorist groups are: the multiplicity and contradiction of upstream documents; lack of centralization of information management; Weakness in the efficiency of decision-making institutions; Guarantee of implementation of approvals; inconsistency in the field of action; Interactive culture and attitude and information and knowledge sharing.

Service providers, developers and content producers in cyber space are often non-governmental natural/legal entities. Therefore, ensuring the security of this space depends on the responsible participation and association of nongovernmental organizations with the police in the process of crime prevention and cyber security. In the domestic arena, all individuals and institutions related to cyber activities can directly participate in the security of the cyberspace and be reliable partners of the police, but the main problem in this regard is the way to organize and use and the communication model of these partners with the police in the international arena. And the range of police powers.

The current research is descriptive-analytical and "applied" in terms of its purpose. The method of data collection is also a library with a chip removal tool.

The security of cyberspace, policies, strategies, programs and preventive measures in it are significantly dependent on the private sector, and security in this space should be provided with the view of maximum participation and above all, it should be based on interaction and use of capacity. be in the private sector. Cooperation with the private sector, especially to monitor the main entrances of Internet communication and border crossings, data storage and communication infrastructure, and systems carrying national big data to prevent penetration, variability, maintain integrity and credibility, and exchange secure content. and healthy and awareness-raising and the adoption of appropriate technical measures in parallel with the observance of the fundamental rights of individuals through helping the coherence and coordination of programs centered on the police should be followed for the inherent duty of crime prevention and detection.

conclusion of cooperation memoranda, establishment of international institutions and organizations between the police of Islamic countries, acceleration of the creation of a national information network by using the capacity of the private sector and formulation of frameworks for the cooperation of the private sector with the police by using the capacity of Haya Rapid response teams, establishing contact points with the private sector, especially in the international arena, can help the police in cooperation with the private sector to ensure the security of cyber space.

Money laundering is considered as a by-product of criminal activities having the potential of destroying the integrity of financial institutions in a country. Thus, it is necessary to discover this crime and fight it. But the special characteristics of this crime, including its non-visibility, rhizomization of the space and ways of committing, professional perpetrators, its mobility and dynamicity, dispersion of danger, being organized, and seeming to be without victims. Therefore, we have to use secret operations to discover this crime. Entrapment can be mentioned among these operations, having three features in the crime of money laundering: 1) Gaining evidence against money launderers and excluding them from the cycle of criminal activity; 2) Arresting people who are likely to have fraudulent intentions, these people will be prevented from committing crimes because of the fearing that they may be the prey of these operations; 3) Through these operations, criminal organizations have moved large amounts of cash to use the services of money laundering companies, making it easier for the officers to identify them. But an entrapment operation can be successful when, in addition to entrapping real criminals, it also warns potential criminals. Taking into account the economy and ethics of these operations and their management and considering people's reaction to them are among other characteristics of this kind of operations.

Criminal policy in its broad and legal-social concept (as opposed to the narrow and equivalent concept (penal policy)) has been proposed in recent decades and has been more or less considered as a new order in the countries of continental Europe. Among the studies in This territory that has been implemented is that, this category, by paying attention to (invariable elements) existing in every criminal policy (crime - deviance and government response - social response) and (relationships) existing between these elements, (structural analysis) and (modelling). In this method, (crime) is investigated as a violation of mandatory norms, usually legal (normativity-must) and (deviance) as a violation of prevailing social norms or a state of non-compliance with the average behavior (normality - the dominant state of the existing behavior) is defined. Considering the pervasiveness of legal norms (the rules of obligatory khumsah tavariyyah) in Islam, for the study of criminal policy in Iran, dividing the behavior that violates the norm into (crime) and (deviance) - in the aforementioned concepts It is not practical. Nevertheless, in the normative system of Islam, controlled behaviors are distinguished from free behaviors

Artificial intelligence in today's world of technology, by proving its efficiency and capabilities, has been able to create the fourth revolution and, like a huge and powerful wave, has covered all areas of human life and has helped or replaced many jobs. One of the areas of application of artificial intelligence in criminal investigations is to detect crime, identify the accused, prove the crime and identify the victim. This will help improve and expedite the performance of the police, increase the accuracy of criminal investigations, and play an effective role in preventing crime and high-risk behaviours in society. It will also play an effective role in implementing preventive justice and creating security in the community, and improving judicial decisions to grant arbitrary institutions. This article presents and analyzes the capabilities and capacities of artificial intelligence in criminal investigations and similar examples used worldwide to prove the necessity of using artificial intelligence in criminal investigations and the necessary actions and planning by policymakers and Governments in this area. The main topics discussed include the performance of artificial intelligence in crime detection and prediction, the risk capacity of criminals and the ability to apply arbitrary institutions and the introduction of artificial intelligence programs implemented worldwide in the field of criminal investigation.

this study, while briefly paying attention to the common procedures of crime prevention, reviewing them and also the legal process of crime prevention in Iran, with a new approach to the issue of crime prevention and presenting a new approach called reverse crime prevention in the face of events Criminalization and rehabilitation of criminals seeks to prevent the recurrence of crime and reduce its occurrence by creating the conditions for social development, placing the capabilities, skills and black intelligence of professional criminals in the path of individual and social excellence (turning threats into opportunities). In addition, the police have a greater guiding and expert role in managing, coordinating and implementing reverse crime prevention processes.

Method: 

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the data, the data collection tool is also documentary and inferential. In addition, the theories of the elites in the field of crime prevention have been used for theoretical purposes.

individual rehabilitation of criminals by creating grounds for social development, strengthening victims and crime environments on a case-by-case basis, which is in fact the focus of the reverse crime prevention approach as a new practice; While developing police knowledge and capabilities in crime prevention management, it also integrates single-institutional or multi-institutional preventive measures.

Reverse crime prevention as a new method with point performance and role of police guidance in creating cross-sectoral coordination, eliminating the risks of criminal events, managing needs and creating opportunities for social development for both criminals and victims, while providing quick returns. Being also helps complement other preventative approaches to crime prevention.

The global problem of terrorism, which has called on all governments to fight, requires serious measures to prevent security damage in addition to effectively confronting its policymakers. Therefore, resisting terrorism without strategic planning will intensify security measures.

The present research has been applied in terms of collecting information by documentary method and by studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.

The most important components of the target of terrorist attacks; exposure, vitality, symbolism, legitimacy, destructibility, crowdedness, proximity, and ease of access are all chosen by terrorists in a rational process.

In fact, each target is assessed in terms of the risk of terrorist attacks and, consequently, with police-oriented strategies such as reducing the target of crime, electronic surveillance, the physical presence of police in hot areas, controlling surveillance, identifying hot spots and potential criminals, designing an anti-terrorism environment and increasing police awareness can all prevent terrorist attacks.

In the present era, one of the new challenges for the police is to deal with cybercrime. Given the vastness and networking of cyberspace, it must be acknowledged that tackling cybercrime will be due to the extent of the damage and the large number of victims, cross-border and the difficulty of detecting and prosecuting the perpetrator, and many other police-only characteristics.        

This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.   

The criminal policy governing cybercrime in Iran relies more on government response with a focus on national security. The lack of police dynamism, the lack of international cooperation and the lack of a homogeneous police criminal policy structure at the global level have challenged the criminal policy of the Iranian police in the fight against cybercrime. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired result and facilitate international police cooperation in order to reduce the challenges ahead, as well as to build capacity in the fight against cybercrime, an effective coordinated international criminal police policy through international police cooperation mechanisms against cybercrime is necessary. And specializing in cybercrime units, providing equipment and facilities for advanced cybercrime hardware and software, adopting international frameworks for police cooperation in cybercrime, and establishing a coherent international police policy in the face of cybercrime.

One of the most important goals of the formation of the Islamic system is to provide the grounds for cultivating moral virtues and educating human beings and bringing them to the desired perfection. Since the police force is one of the most important pillars of the Islamic system, it can be said that its function is to help the Islamic system to achieve that great goal. The jurisprudential analysis of the position of the police force in the moral education of the society and its educational task removes the ambiguities and doubts that arise for both the police forces and the people - in terms of the limits and rights of each. This research, with its jurisprudential approach and ijtihad inference and collection and analysis of religious texts, seeks to present the reason and extract the jurisprudential ruling and answer the question: Do law enforcement officers have a religious duty to educate the Islamic community? If the answer is yes, what is the jurisprudential ruling of this duty? Inferential results after collecting and analyzing textual data indicate the proof of the duty of law enforcement in the moral education of society through six specific reasons (verses of cultivation, necessity of establishment, necessity of preparation against enemies, biography of the infallibles, rational reason and necessity of obedience to the guardian ) And has seven general reasons. In general, with the help of the arguments that some indicate the necessity and some of the acceptance of the moral education of the society by the police, it can be ruled that the jurisprudential obligation for the members of this force to spread Islamic education and customs in society.

Human security means the conditions under which the vital core of human life is protected. In this view, although the government has an important role to provide security, it should be seen as a means to provide it, not a matter or a source of security.This doctrine in the broadest sense means freedom from need and freedom from fear and living with dignity, since there's no accepted definition of it, it can be divided into minimalist and maximalist schools.The purpose of this article is to examine the duties and authority of NAJA with an emphasis on the minimalist of human security,which believes that lasting stability isn't achieved ,unless people are protected against violent threats to their rights,security or lives.Regarding the mentioned issues, the present study aims to answer the question"What are the responsibilities of the IRI police in achieving personal,political and social security?"It has been written with a descriptive-analytical approach,using the library method. According to the research 'findings, based on law, establishing order and security, providing public and personal comfort is one of the main missions of NAJA. Hence, the threats posed in the security components based on freedom from fear, directly, indirectly , follow its duties .It should be noted that the performance of police in achieving these security areas, due, is not satisfactory and goes far from the Philosophy of Existence of NAJA and the goals of human security, which is to maintain the security of human and human dignity.The change in the duties and powers of NAJA isn't a matter of choice,it's an inevitable necessity,That the most important of it’s effects will be the guarantee and promotion of the citizenship rights, increasing the public trust in the police ,intensification of the community centered police,establishing more discipline and security and increasing the legitimacy and acceptability of the system.