جنسیت

This study aimed to examine the moderating role of gender in the relationship between religiosity, optimism, social support, and life satisfaction among residents of Khuzestan Province.  This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-correlational in design. The study population included all residents of Khuzestan Province, with a total population of 4,710,509 based on the 2016 national census. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 1,067 individuals was selected through multi-stage cluster sampling across 27 regions of Khuzestan during 2019–2021. Data were collected using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), the Religiosity Questionnaire (Glock and Stark, 1965), the Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver, 1985), and the Social Support Questionnaire (Zimet and Farley, 1988). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS version 26.  The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between the predictor variables (religiosity, optimism, and social support) and life satisfaction (p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that religiosity, optimism, and social support collectively predicted 37% of the variance in life satisfaction. Furthermore, the moderating role of gender was confirmed, indicating that the influence of religiosity, optimism, and social support on life satisfaction differs significantly between men and women in Khuzestan Province.  The findings highlight that social support has the strongest influence on life satisfaction among participants. These results not only contribute to the existing literature but also provide valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and managers to inform decision-making and interventions aimed at enhancing life satisfaction in the region.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation with emphasis on the role of gender in students. The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran province in the academic year 1398-1399. 300 participants were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Instruments included self-made Mathematical Self-efficacy Questionnaire and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) (Vallerand et.al, 1992). The results showed that all four components of The self-made Questionnaire were positively correlated with the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation components in Vallerand Questionnaire and negatively correlated with Amotivation at the %1 level. The results of fisher test showed that gender significantly moderated the relationship between the components of Mathematical Self-Efficacy and Mathematical Self-Efficacy Stress and Extrinsic Academic Motivation. The type of academic discipline significantly modulated the link between the components of Mathematical Stress, General Mathematical Self-Efficacy, and Mathematical Anxiety with Extrinsic Academic Motivation

The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy, bias, and severity of gender-related facial emotion recognition among normal adolescent girls. The research design was an analytical cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study was adolescent girls from the high schools of Lahijan city in the academic year 1402-1403, and the sample size was 243 people who were selected from public school students using the available sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research tool was the emotion recognition/perception test designed using the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions (2009). The data were analyzed using the student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square, and chi-square goodness of fit tests. The results showed that adolescent girls had greater accuracy in recognizing women's facial emotions and showed more errors when recognizing men's emotions. In addition, happiness and disgust were recognized more accurately (with less errors) in men, same as sadness, fear, and anger in women. Adolescent girls also showed bias when recognizing facial emotions in men and women. This bias was associated with a greater selection of disgust in men's faces and a more selection of surprise and fear in women's faces. Finally, adolescent girls perceived facial emotions in women more intensely than in men. In addition, adolescent girls perceived happiness, sadness, and disgust in men more intensely, and fear and anger in women more intensely. Therefore, the gender of the emotion expressers affects the perception and recognition of facial emotions in adolescent girls.

The present study aimed to investigate the interplay between gender and personality types in shaping the tendency to study physical education at university. A descriptive survey methodology was employed for this study. The sample comprised 382 candidates (238 males and 144 females) aspiring to study physical education, selected through random sampling across various examination centres. The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator (MBTI) and a bespoke physical education questionnaire were utilised to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and the reliability was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. The findings indicated that the interactive effect of gender and personality on the proclivity of candidates for physical education was statistically not significant (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed between male and female candidates in their inclination towards physical education (P>0.05), although a notable variation was found among different personality types (P>0.05). The variance in the propensity for physical education across various personality types highlights the pivotal role of personality in this regard. It is therefore advisable to consider students' personality traits in academic advising and during the selection process for physical education programmes.

The present study was conducted to determine the comparison of happiness and character strengths based on gender and gender role attitudes. This research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population of all students of Tehran city was considered in 2021. The sample size in this study was 600 people (296 women) and (304 men). Sampling was done by cluster random method. Data collection using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Argyle, 1989), The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS; Peterson and Seligman, 2004), and Attitude Toward Gender Role Questionnaire (ATGRQ; Kiani et al., 1387) was done. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of variance. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between gender and happiness, as well as between gender and happiness subscales (P<0.05); Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference between gender and the total score of character strengths and character virtues (P<0.05). Other results showed that there was a significant difference between gender attitudes (traditional/egalitarian) and happiness score (P<0.05); In fact, the happiness score of traditional people was significantly higher than egalitarian people. However, there was no significant difference between the two gender attitudes (traditional/ egalitarian) in the field of character strengths and character virtues (P<0.05). Therefore, we can conclude that gender does not affect happiness and character strengths; But the traditional gender attitude can lead to more happiness.

The objective of this study was toexamine gender and the construction of feminine identity in contemporary love songs of Iran. The overall objective of this study was to examine the representation of femininity in Iranian songs, as songs are regarded as a significant artifact of media that has a significant cultural impact by attracting a large audience. In order to examine the paradigm of male-female roles that is embedded in the lyrics of the tracks, a qualitative approach was implemented, and the study is classified as a thematic analysis.A statistical society was established by selecting 50 songs from the tracks of more renowned singers as the statistical sample, from a vast array of tracks in the market that are all sung by male singers in accordance with governmental regulations within the five-year period of 2017 to 2022. Coding was employed to conduct thematic content analysis, which concentrated on the themes of linguistic descriptions of feminine roles. The coding processwas conducted by three programmers. The Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient was utilized to evaluate the reliability of coders, and the coding demonstrated sufficient reliability. The analysis of the sample of love songs in terms of feminine identity revealed that gender is constructed with three primary roles: 1. Passive and under control, 2. Sexual object and seductive, and 3. Unfaithful and negligent. The findings suggested that the feminine gender construction was devoid of any indication of conscious action, power, or autonomous choice on the part of the female gender. This suggests that femininity is depicted in accordance with the hegemony of a patriotic discourse.

Obsessional symptoms, as a major concern in adolescent mental health, are influenced by early maladaptive schemas. However, the distinction in this mechanism between boys and girls has not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the connection between early maladaptive schemas and dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents, considering the moderating effect of gender.

Based on a correlational design, 300 men and women students studying in Isfahan City in 2022-2023 were selected using random cluster sampling. They were administered the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation, Fisher's Z, and multiple regression statistical tests with SPSS-26 software.

The results of the correlation test showed that there is a relationship between the early maladaptive schemas and the dimensions of obsessive symptoms in adolescents. Additionally, the results of Fisher's Z test indicated that gender can moderate the relationship between the early maladaptive schemas and dimensions of obsessive symptoms. The results of the regression analysis also revealed that the early maladaptive schemas play a more significant role in explaining the overall obsession score of boys adolescents compared to girls adolescents. Moreover, the vulnerability schema in boys adolescents emerged as the most reliable predictor of the total obsession score, whereas in girls adolescents, the dependency schemas domain was the key predictor.

In general, the results of this research not only support the role of schemas in obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adolescents but also demonstrate the moderating influence of gender on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the dimensions of adolescent obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These findings can assist therapists specializing in obsession treatment by tailoring treatment approaches to address specific dimensions of obsessions and compulsions in girls and boys, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes.

During the last three decades, many researchers have investigated gender differences in academic emotions, but many of their results have been contradictory; Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a meta-analysis to achieve a comprehensive result in this field. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to combine the results of existing researches in the field of gender differences in academic emotions. The method used in this research is meta-analysis. The statistical population was all the researches published in the country between 1370 and 1400. After reviewing the primary studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 146 effect sizes from 80 selected studies were included in the analysis process. In order to collect information from the Mesrabadi checklist (1395) and to analyze the data, combined effect size with two fixed and random models, funnel plot, and sensitivity analysis, were used. In this research, Hedges g index was used among the types of d indices. The results showed that the difference obtained in the index of total academic emotions and types of emotions, according to the interpretation of Cohen's d criterion, is lower than the small level. Considering the heterogeneity of the effect sizes, sub-components were analyzed. Based on the obtained effect sizes, there is no difference between girls and boys in all kinds of academic emotions.

This study set out to predict the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children based on character traits and irritability of mothers according to gender roles. The present study had a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all mothers of elementary school students with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Districts 5 and 7 of Tehran in the 2019-2020 school year. The sample was drawn using the purposive sampling method (N= 230). The research instruments included the Temperament & Character Inventory (Cloninger, 1994), Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (1999) and The EAS Temperament Questionnaire (Buss & Plomin, 1984). Descriptive statistics as well as multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between character traits and irritability of mothers with symptoms of ADHD in children (β= 0.56, P≤0.001). The results also demonstrated that gender in interaction with mothers' character traits and irritability could not predict the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity in children (β= 0.052, P≤0.001). Based on the results, it can be concluded that some of the personality and character traits of mothers underlie the symptoms of ADHD in children. Therefore, paying attention to the personality characteristics of parents can prove helpful in the treatment of children with ADHD symptoms.

Mate selection is one of the most important decisions that people make in their lifetime. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating role of gender, age, birth order and the level of education in mate selection criteria of Shiraz students.

The research design is descriptive and the statistical population of this research is all students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz branch who studied in this branch in 2022. A sample of 377 people (235 women and 142 men) was selected using the step-by-step clustering method and was evaluated by the demographic factors questionnaire and the mate selection criteria inventory (MSCI) were investigated. After collecting the questionnaires with SPSS software version 26, they were analyzed at two descriptive and inferential levels.

The results of the analysis of the findings using the multiple regression method in a simultaneous manner showed that gender and level of education play a negative and significant role in mate selection criteria of the participants. Also, the results of the analysis of the findings using the step-by-step multiple regression method showed that among these factors, gender plays the most important role in mate selection criteria.

So that women had more criteria to choose their future husband. This could be related to their foresight. From that point, women are thinking about their future and their children, they will prefer a spouse who can best provide their future needs and draw a bright and beautiful future for them.

The present study aimed to investigate the gender invariance of the relationship between online social capital and intensity of social network use. A sample of 117 Iranian Facebook users (62 females and 55 males) was selected using convenience sampling method and completed the Internet Social Capital Scales (ISCS). Data were analyzed using partial least squares multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA). There was a positive and significant relationship between bonding, bridging and total online social capital and intensity of social network use (P<0.01). For the whole sample and for men, bridging had a greater effect on the intensity of social network use. For women, however, bridging had a stronger effect. The path coefficients are not significantly different between the groups (P<0.05). It seems that online social capital and intensity of social network use have a mutual relationship, and users with higher online social capital use social networks more, and there is no gender difference in this area.

The current study examined the relationship between romantic jealously and intimate partner violence as predictors of marital infidelity, with gender serving as a moderating factor. The research design employed in this study was correlational and utilized regression; data collection was conducted through a survey. In 2021, the population of Shiraz city consisted of all married individuals who were residents. Purposive sampling was utilized to select a sample of 197 individuals, of which 89 were women and 108 were males. The participants completed the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (MJS), Questionnaire to Measuring Wife Abuse (QMWA), and the Infidelity Scale (IS). The data were subjected to analysis utilizing the Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS-26 software for regression. Positive and significant predictive power (p<0/01) was found for both romantic resentment and violence against an intimate partner in relation to marital infidelity, according to the study’s findings. On the other hand, findings indicated that gender can be substantiated as a moderating factor in the correlation between intimate partner violence, marital infidelity, and romantic jealously. In general, the findings suggested that romantic jealously and intimate partner violence could serve as robust indicators of marital infidelity. Nevertheless, gender may exert a moderating influence on this matter. The fact that males account for a greater proportion of the variance in marital infidelity than women may suggest that men are less reluctant to disclose such affairs. It can be argued that marital infidelity among males is generally more socially acceptable than that of women.

Cognitive poetics used as a literary theory for reading literature and generalizes cognitive principles to poetry, and it should be able to answer the questions raised in literary theories, including the influence of gender on texts (2). Considering language as an embodied and experimental concept can open the way for the gender-based study of literary works with a cognitive poetics approach (3) mbodiment transcends biology, encompassing the intricate interplay between the body and personality. It is reflected across a spectrum of topics, notably gender (5). Later studies, relying on the fact that no clear boundary exists between sex and gender, have more or less distanced themselves from assuming these concepts as independent and dual and have focused on their interactive relationship (9). Power relations in language and gender studies are explored using critical discourse analysis (11). The integration of cognitive poetics with critical discourse analysis has been done in this research in order to optimize it for investigating the representation of gender in poetry. “Another Birthday” by Forough Farrokhzad and “Aida in the Mirror” by Ahmed Shamlou are among the most prominent books published in the 40s S.H. (60s A.D.), in which gender and its representation are of central importance. The present study made an attempt answer the following questions: 1) How are men and women represented in the poetry of Farrokhzad and Shamlou? 2) What is the relationship between the representation of women and men in the poetry of Farrokhzad and Shamlou with gender discourses in the forties?

The current research is a qualitative and data-based study. The research data was collected by reading two books, “Another Birthday” by Forough Farrokhzad and “Aida in the Mirror by Ahmed Shamlou. The books were published in Tehran in 1342 and 1343 H.S. (1963 and 1964 A.D.), respectively. Another Birth contains thity-five poems, and Aida in the mirror contains twenty-seven poems (actually 13 poems, one of which contains four poems, and another poem contains 12 poems). Fairclough’s model, including three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation, was used in this study to organize cognitive poetics around gender. In order to find gender-related items in the text, items with enough implications to be gendered were considered. This method prevents gender speculation. For example, considering the female gender for the narrator of a poem whose singer is a woman can only be correct if there are sufficient reasons for this claim in the poem itself. Otherwise, the narrative may be about an abstract object, character, or identity that cannot be definitively identified due to the poem’s complexity. Based on this, the items extracted from the poems are placed in one of the following categories: 1) Direct or implicit references to men and women in the poem; 2) References to women or men in different roles (mother, father, lover, wife, and the like); 3) Referring to experiences specific to one gender (such as giving birth); 4) Using the sexual activity field (such as conceptualizing based on sex); 5) Attributing females and males to genderless objects and phenomena (such as trees).According to the expansion of each item in the poem, one or more clauses or the entire poem was considered a text fragment. At the level of description in each text fragment, gender in the field of origin and destination of conceptualmetaphors, megametaphor (if any), the ratio of women and men with cognitive ideal models, over-specificity and under-specificity of gendered subjects and action chains of gendered participants were investigated. The literary schema was used to interpret the discourse practice at the interpretation level. At the level of explanation, the results of the previous levels were organized in the form of patterns of representation of women and men in relation to gender discourses in the forties.

Gender tracing based on five established criteria led us to seventy-six samples in Another Birthday and forty-three in Aida in the Mirror. The findings were in three explanatory axes: Women and men as parents, women and men as subjects of the relationship, and women and men independent of each other. The first axis showed that childbearing in these two works is activated in the pattern of reproduction and drives men and women to the two lower spheres of mating (in Shamlu’s poem) and rape (in Farrokhzad’s poem). The concept of birth is only used to conceptualize natural or abstract phenomena positively. These two approaches create a gap in that part of the dominant discourse that values men's reproductive power and women’s fertility. In addition, Farrokhzad challenges and rejects the valuing of women as procreative mothers. However, this does not mean the complete rejection of the concept of motherhood. The concept of motherhood is included in the nurturing mother model in relationships between men and women. The second axis indicated that at the level of the relationship, Shamlu sees the woman as the subject of a romantic relationship. A woman is conceptualized as a lover or combination with a nurturing mother (a faithful and nursing woman) or in the image of an ethereal woman (pure and incorporeal). Both cases are models of the Armani women cluster. This model disrupts the discourse of commodification of the body with a traditional point of view. The man of Shamlu’s poem feeds on the love power of this ideal woman to become stronger and more victorious. This is the dominant discourse in which the faithful and submissive woman is influential in the man’s growth in the power hierarchy. In Farrokhzad’s poetry, no boundary was found between romantic and physical relationships. What happens in a relationship is becoming one, and men and women reach an equal point in the ups and downs of the relationship, and this path is a natural path. At the same time as activating the egalitarian discourse, Farrokhzad also rejects the commodification of the body. The results of the third axis revealed that in Aida in the Mirror, the woman appears once outside a relationship (with a man) or as a parent (for a child). However, the man, in addition to these two positions, is also present actively in an independent. In the dominant discourse, a woman is always defined in relation to a man, and a man is the one who can grow in the power hierarchy. In Farrokhzad’s poetry, men are depicted as belonging to an egalitarian discourse like women. However, women appear with different roles in the poem to be challenged as manifestations of the dominant discourse. Notably, the narrator sees herself as separate or different from these women. 

The discourse of hegemonic masculinity and, consequently, modern submissive femininity were the two dominant discourses in the 1340s S.H. in Iran, which also overlapped with the discourse of body commodification. Competing discourses included egalitarian discourses and anti-body commodification discourses. Disturbing the existing discursive order required demarcation with modern government-made femininity and traditional femininity, denying the independence of female identity. Men’s and women’s reproductive power is the only part of the dominant discourse that is rejected with similar intensity by Shamlou and Farrokhzad. The signs of rejecting body commodification in Shamlu’s poetry are rooted in the traditional view that protecting women’s dependence is in the dominant discourse. The model of a nurturing mother, which is part of the dominant discourse, also leads to the image of an ideal woman in Shamlu’s poem in combination with a lover. The man of his poetry has the characteristics of a hegemonic man. In his poetry, competing spaces between genders happen by backgrounding the female gender. The women’s representation in Farrokhzad’s poetry moves on the border that is necessary to disrupt the existing discourse order. Her poetry is less polarized than the male and female genders, and competing spaces are mainly formed between different types of women. This characteristic, along with the use of the female body and experience in conceptualization, shows her confrontation with the dominant discourse on different levels.

Critical thinking is defined as the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking along with a review to correct it. Critical thinking is one of the basic needs of human life for decision-making, selection, and deep understanding of various issues. There is a research gap regarding the possible role of analytical literacy and computer literacy in predicting critical thinking with regard to the gender variable.

This study was conducted to predict critical thinking through computer and analytical literacy with the mediating role of gender in second-year high school students of Gilan province.

Research method was descriptive correlation type and the statistical population included second-year high school students of Gilan province in the first half of the academic year 2019-2020. The statistical sample included 384 people (191 girls and 193 boys) who were randomly selected in person and virtual. Data collection tools included critical thinking questionnaire (Ricketts', 2003) and researcher-made computer and analytical literacy questionnaires. The data were analyzed using hierarchical regression, multivariate regression, and Z-test using SPSS software version 26, and a significance level of 0.05 was considered to test the hypotheses.

The results showed that the effect of analytical literacy and computer literacy on students' critical thinking is positive and significant and explains 43% of its changes. Also, multiple relationships between analytical literacy and computer literacy with critical thinking have been stronger in male students than in female students.

According to the obtained findings, it seems that Critical thinking in students can be predicted by the variables of analytical literacy and computer literacy according to the role of gender

During the last three decades, researchers have investigated gender differences in metacognition, and many of their results have been contradictory; Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a meta-analysis in order to achieve a comprehensive result in this field. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to combine the results obtained in this field. The method used in this research is meta-analysis. The statistical population was all the researches published in the country between 991-2021. After reviewing the primary studies, 350 effect sizes from 128 selected studies were included in the analysis process. In order to collect information, Mesrabadi checklist (2015), combined effect size with two fixed and random effects models, funnel plot, sensitivity analysis, regression and CMA2 and SPSS22 software were used. In this research, Hedges g index was used among the types of d indices. Data analysis showed that the overall effect size is -0.018 in the fixed model and -0.022 in the random model. Considering the heterogeneity of the effect sizes, sub-components and moderating variable (age) were analyzed. The results showed that the difference obtained in the total metacognition index and its various components, according to the interpretation of Cohen's d criterion, is lower than the small level. As a result, there was no difference between girls and boys in the overall metacognition index and its components. Also, the age of the subjects did not play the role of a moderating variable on the relationship between metacognition and gender.

This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of gender and self-compassion in the relationship between child maltreatment with self-control among adolescents aged 13-19 in Qom & Kahak cities of Qom province. This research method was in the category of descriptive and correlational. The sample includes 409 people (205 girls and 204 boys) who were selected by the available sampling method. Instruments for gathering data included Child Abuse Self-Report Scale (CASRS), Self-Control Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale –Short Form (SCS-SF). The data of this research were analyzed by the role path analysis method. The findings showed that child maltreatment predicts a low level of self-control in adolescence. Child maltreatment predicts a low level of self-compassion in adolescence. The role of the moderator of self-compassion in the relationship between child maltreatment and self-control was confirmed, but the role of the moderator of gender in the relationship between child maltreatment and self-control was rejected. Thus, reducing child maltreatment can be promoted self-control and self-compassion in adolescence. Also, cultivating the trait of self-compassion in boys and girls who have experienced child maltreatment prevents them from reducing their self-control levels in adolescence.Keywords: child maltreatment, gender, self-control, self-compassion. adolescence.