جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اپلین" در نشریات گروه "تربیت بدنی"

Nesfatin-1 and Apelin as two inflammatory adipocytokines affected by various stresses, including exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 14 days of resveratrol supplementation on changes in serum levels of Apelin and nesfatin-1 in response to one bout of exhaustive exercise in young sedentary overweight men.

20 young sedentary overweight men (mean aged= 35.7±3.26 years, BMI= 28.73±1.18 kg/m2) selected and randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). Subjects in both experimental and control groups participated in one bout of exhaustive exercise (Bruce Test). Then, subjects in experimental group (supplementation) consumed one capsule of 400-mg resveratrol per day for 14 days. In control group (placebo), subject consumed one capsule of 400-mg lactose per day for 14 days. First blood sample was taken before the study and second one was done immediately after Bruce test. At the fifteenth day and at the end of 14 days of supplementation, subjects in both groups perform the exhaustive exercise again and forth blood sample was taken immediately following their performance. According to t-test, in the experimental group and following supplementation, changes in serum levels of Nesfatin-1 were significant in response to one bout of exhaustive exercise. However, following supplementation, there were significant differences between mean changes of Apelin levels in response to one bout of exhaustive exercise in experimental group compared to control group. According to Pearson correlation, there existed significant correlations between primary levels of Nesfatin-1 and primary values of body weight.

Adipokines are molecules secreted from adipose tissue that are related to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training along with green tea extract (GTE) supplementation on the concentration of adipokines apelin and chemerin in obese women was investigated.

Thirty untrained women with a body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2 were selected from among obese women using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design method and were divided into three groups including training and green tea extract (GT), training and placebo consumption (PT) and green tea extract consumption (G). GT and G groups took 600 mg.kg-1 of GTE daily and PT group also took 600 mg of placebo for 8 weeks. The resistance training program consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks (60-70 minutes with an intensity of 65% to 80% of a one repetition maximum). Serum level of adipokines was measured using ELISA method.

The results of ANOVA with repeated measures indicate a significant decrease in serum levels of apelin and chemerin in GT and PT groups compared to G. Also, a significant decrease in the level of these adipokines was observed in the post-test compared to the pre-test in all three groups.

8 weeks of GTE intake and resistance training decreased inflammatory adipokines in obese women, and the combinatory effect of resistance training with GTE was more effective than the other two conditions.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of combined training and subsequent eight weeks of detraining on apelin levels in type 2 diabetic women.  

In this experimental study, 30 postmenopausal diabetic women with an age range of 50 to 65 years, overweight (body mass index: 30.42 ± 0.835 Kg / m2) were divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group trained for a 12 weeks. Training program (3 sessions per week) according to the combined aerobic program ( 50 to 75  percent of the maximum reserve heart rate) and then resistance training ( 50 to 75 percent of one maximum repetition) and then experienced three weeks of detraining. The apelin level, insulin, fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, and percent body fat were measured. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA at a significance level of (p>0.05).

Serum Aplin level in the training group increased significantly at the end of the training period (p = 0.04) and decreased significantly in the detraining period (p = 0.001). Also, these changes compared to the control group was significant (p = 0.016). Fasting blood sugar and insulin levels in the training group compared to the control had a significant decrease at the end of the training and detraining period (p = 0.001).

Combined exercise seems to increase aplin and detraining can partially destroy the positive effects of exercise in this regard.

Apelin as an adipokine is secreted from adipose tissue and affects various physiological processes, including the modulation of cardiovascular function, glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study is the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and green tea supplementation on apelin and fat profile.

In this research, 32 overweight and obese non-athletes (age: 25-35 years old) in District 4 of Tehran were included in the study in four groups of 8 people including green tea and exercise group, green tea group, exercise group and control group. The training program was three days a week for 8 weeks and there was 48 hours of rest between sessions. The dose of green tea supplement was 3 capsules of 450 mg green tea extract per day after 3 main meals, breakfast, lunch and dinner. Then the serum level of apelin, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and BMI were determined before and after the study in the groups. Data analysis was done with SPSS 25 software and covariance test was used to compare the averages of the groups.

The findings of the research showed that eight weeks of aerobic training and green tea consumption had a significant difference on the effect of apelin in the studied groups compared to each other (P=0.043). Eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consumption of green tea did not have significant differences on cholesterol levels in the studied groups compared to each other (P=0.933). Eight weeks of aerobic training and consumption of green tea had a significant difference on (P=0.038) HDL and (P=0.012) LDL in the studied groups.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that aerobic exercise along with green tea consumption reduces apelin levels and improves the body composition and fat profile of overweight and obese women.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training with cinnamon supplementation on serum apelin concentration and insulin resistance in obese boys. The current study was of an applied type, in which 42 obese male students of District 4 of Tehran city were randomly selected and equally divided into four groups: 1) exercise, 2) exercise and supplement, 3) supplement, 4) division control. became Blood samples were taken before and after training. Two groups 1 and 2 also performed a high-intensity interval training program for 8 weeks and 2 sessions per week. Also, group 2 (exercise and supplement), in addition to performing the same exercises as group 3 (only supplement), consumed two cinnamon capsules weighing 360 mg daily. Apelin, glucose, and insulin levels were measured with an ELISA kit and the data were analyzed by one-way, two-way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance at a significance level of α≥0.05. The results of the research showed that HIT exercises decreased the serum levels of apelin (P=0.0001), but the supplement and the interaction of exercise and supplement did not have a significant effect on the levels of serum apelin (P>0.05). Also, the results showed that exercise, supplementation, and the interaction of the two have a significant effect on the insulin resistance index (P ≤ 0.05). According to these results, the pivotal role of exercise and cinnamon supplementation in simultaneously improving the pattern of apelin secretion and insulin sensitivity was highlighted.

 

Today, experts believe that diet and drugs alone are not enough to treat and control sugar and blood fat metabolism of patients, but physical and sports activities should also be added to the daily schedule. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a combined training course (aerobic-TRX) and cinnamon supplementation on the serum levels of apelin and IL-6 in inactive overweight women.

In this semi-experimental study with preand post-test design; 40 overweight women were randomly assigned into the four groups such as: combined exercise (n=10), combined exercise-cinnamon supplement (n=10), cinnamon supplement (n=10 people) and control (n=10). Aerobic exercise was performed with 50-75% of the maximum heart rate and TRX exercise in the range of 12 to 17 pressure perception on the Borg scale. Blood was taken 24 hours before the start of the training period and 48 hours after the end of the last session to measure apelin and interleukin-6.Then, by using covariance analysis test, between-group changes were used and paired t-test was used for intra-group comparison. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results between groups show a significant difference in the serum concentration of IL-6 and apelin (P=0.001). The results of the paired t-test show a significant decrease in LI-6 and Aplin values for all three groups (P<0.05).Discussion and

The reduction of inflammation caused by sports activity is one of the effective factors in reducing the level of apelin in the present study. According to the results of the present research and since combined exercise (aerobic-TRX) has a beneficial effect on apelin and interleukin-6. Cinnamon supplementation effectively reduces adipose tissue significantly, but does not affect muscle metabolism in the same way as exercise. However, both interventions may be used together as a powerful weight loss technique.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with and without curcumin supplementation on apelin levels, insulin resistance, and glucose in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Forty male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 including healthy control, diabetic control, diabetes + curcumin, diabetes + aerobic exercise, diabetes + curcumin + aerobic exercise. After the intervention, the animals were sacrificed based on the name of the group, and the desired variables were measured in the collected plasma samples. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and a P value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant difference.

The results showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased the levels of apelin (P<0.05) and decreased insulin resistance (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats. The use of curcumin also increased the levels of apelin (P<0.05) and decreased insulin resistance (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be a good way to lower blood sugar and to prevent from increasing it in diabetic patients. Also, taking curcumin in the range of health values along with aerobic exercise can affect better on the results.

Type 1 diabetes has been considered among of the metabolic diseases in various societies. Some research indicated that exercise and supplementation could have positive effects on the treatment of various diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of exercises and nettle consumption on the amount of apelin as an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue in rats with type1 diabetes mellitus.

For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, nettle, resistance training+nettle, and endurance training+nettle groups. Using streptozotocin, type 1 diabetes was induced in all animals. All groups-except control group- received 1 mg/kg body weight daily of nettle extract. The "resistance training+nettle" group climbed a ladder with weights attached to the tail that gradually increased. Also, "endurance training+nettle" group practiced swimming. Training protocols were performed for eight weeks, and at the end of the eighth weeks, blood samples were taken directly from the left ventricle of the heart. Plasma apelin measurement was performed using the apelin laboratory kit by ELISA.  Dependent t-test for determine weight changes; one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for compare averages and Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between variables were used for statistical analysis and the significance level was set as p

Apelin showed significant increase in "nettle" (p=0.04), "resistance training+nettle" (p=0.04), and "endurance training+nettle" groups compared to the control group (p=0.0001). Changes in this index in "endurance training+nettle" group were more significant than "nettle" (p=0.02) and "resistance training+nettle" (p=0.04) groups. A significant decrease was observed in "control," "nettle," and "resistance training+nettle" groups (p=0.0001) for the weight of animals between pre and post-test, but it was not significant in "endurance training+nettle" group (p=0.89).

Lack of weight losing and improvement in plasma apelin  levels in "endurance training+nettle" group in rats with type1 diabetes is probably due to the interactive effect of endurance training with the simultaneous of the nettle consumption.

Some adhesion molecules and adipokines are mediators of atherosclerotic inflammatory processes and blood levels of these substances are related to cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of two types of aerobic (Cooper) and anaerobic (Rast) on levels of ICAM1, VCAM1, E-selectin, P-selectin, L-selectin, omentin, apelin and fibrinogen. 17 obese and healthy young females were randomly assigned into two groups of aerobic and anaerobic tests. Blood samples were taken before and after the tests. Elisa method was used for evaluation of dependent variables. Analysis of data showed that only L-selectin levels after cooper test and fibrinogen levels after both tests decreased significantly (P≤0/05). Other variables had no significant inter group changes, also changes of all of variables between two groups were not significant (P>0/05). Overall, implementation of Rast and Cooper tests did not induce elevation of adipokines and atherogenic adhesion molecules in obese young females that may be a beneficial response for prevention of heart attack risk during exercise.

Considering the apelin effects on glucose metabolism, insulin, and its changes in hypoxia condition conditions, this study aimed to investigate the effect endurance training in normobaric hypoxia on apelin and insulin resistance in overweight men. Twenty healthy overweight men (Mean±SD; Age, 23.1±6.7; BMI, 28.2±1.9) that voluntarily participated in this study were randomly divided in to two hypoxia and normoxia groups. The eight-week training of the hypoxia group was performed at a simulated altitude of 2,700 meters in a hypoxia tent with an intensity of 60% of maximum oxygen consumption and normoxia group training was performed in normal conditions. Blood sampling was done in two groups, before and after 48 hours after the last training session, and used for measuring apelin and insulin and glucose levels. Mixed ANOVA test was used for comparing all variable at a significant level of P≤0.05. The results of comparing all variables changes in both training conditions showed that 8 weeks of training in hypoxic conditions did not affect body composition and VOmax indices compared to exercise in normal conditions (P>0.05), but significantly increased Apelin and significantly decreased insulin resistance and Insulin compared with the normoxia group (P<0.05). This study showed for the first time that eight weeks of training in normobaric hypoxia conditions caused an increase in the apelin serum level in overweight men, and training in hypoxic conditions compared to exercise in normal conditions, cause further decrease of insulin resistance.

Blood pressure is affected by various factors including activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on blood pressure, nitric oxide and apelin in women with pre-hypertension.

Twenty-four women aged 30-45 years with pre-hypertension were randomly divided in two groups: aerobic and control. Aerobic exercise was performed three times a week for eight weeks, This means that subjects the first week for 30 minutes at 50% heart rate reserve, the second and third weeks respectively were 35 and 40 minutes with a 50% intensity, Fourth week 40 minutes and intensity 55%, and 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th weeks run For a period 45 minutes with 55% heart rate reserve. Blood pressure measurement and blood sampling were performed one day before the first and 48 hours after the last exercise. Apelin and nitric oxide levels were measured using commercial kits by ELISA method. Statistical analysis of data was performed using independent and dependent t-test at a significant level (p <0.05).

After 8 weeks of aerobic activity, the levels of apelin and nitric oxide increased significantly in the training group (p <0.05). If the blood pressure level decreased significantly (p <0.05).

8 weeks of aerobic training can be beneficial for people with pre- hypertension by increasing nitric oxide and apelin levels and lowering blood pressure.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of Six  weeks of high-volume, high-intensity interval training with Cinnamon supplementation on serum Apelin concentration and insulin resistance in overweight Girls. Forty-eight students’ overweight Girls were randomly and equally assigned into four groups:1) training, 2) training and supplement, 3) supplement, 4) control. Blood samples were taken before and after training. Two groups 1 and 2 performed high-volume, high-intensity interval training program for Six  weeks and 3 sessions per week. Also, Group 2 (training and supplement) in addition to doing training, as well as group 3 (only supplement,) ate 3 capsules daily, each containing 380 mg of cinnamon. Apelin, glucose and insulin levels measured with ELISA kit and data were analyzed by using one, two-way and ANCOVA Analysis of variance at the level of significance of P≤0.05. Results of study showed training affect significantly on serum levels of Apelin (P=0.0001), But supplement and interaction training and supplement didn’t effect significantly on serum levels of Apelin (P>0.05). Also, the results showed that the training, supplement and interaction training and supplement significantly effect on insulin resistance index (P≤0.05). According to the results can be announced شش  weeks of high-intensity interval training by reducing rest level of serum Apelin and insulin resistance index is effective in overweight Girls. Also, cinnamon supplementation does not affect resting level of serum Apelin.

The aim of this study was to examine the response of the serum levels of Orexin-A and Apelin to the type and intensity of exercise in active young girls. eleven young active female students participated in the study, voluntarily. The Subjects performed 4 training interventions (moderate intensity continuous exercise, high intensity interval exercise, moderate intensity resistance exercise, and high intensity resistance exercise) with 3 days apart, using within subjects–counterbalanced crossover-design. Before and immediately after each exercise session, blood samples were collected and used for of Orexin-A and Apelin measurement through ELISA method. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used as statistical test at p0.05). it seems that acute aerobic or resistance exercises with moderate or high intensity have no significant effects on the serum levels of Orexin-A and Apelin in active young girls. These results may be due to energy depletion (high energy cost for all four protocols) in each session of activity.

Aerobic endurance training is the most efficient type of physical training. It indicate beneficial effects on obese subjects because of decreasing chronic inflammation. Apelin plays a key role in energy metabolism adjustment. Therefore it is important to study the levels of blood apelin in obese people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training on the level of apelin, TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in obese inactive women. In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese inactive women (mean age 37.19±1.75 yr, body mass index 35.01±2.42 kg/m2) with no regular physical training were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups (N=15) including training and control groups. The individuals in the training group performed a progressive aerobic training protocol including running 3 days a week during period of 12 weeks up to the 60 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate. The average of exercise duration in every session was approximately 60 minutes. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after protocol. The concentrations of biochemical markers in plasma and serum were measured by commercial ELISA kits. To extraction of results the two-way ANOVA 2×2 test was applied and the significance level was considered as p≤0.05. Two-way ANOVA was demonstrated the significant decreases in levels of apelin (p<0.001), TNF-α (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001) and CRP (p<0.001) after progressive aerobic training. Progressive aerobic training is related to reduction of fat tissue and cytokines production and consequently decreases in apelin levels. The apelin reduction can be considered as a well-known mechanism to decrease inflammation in obese inactive women.

Background & Circulatory Apelin increases in metabolic disorders and its levels could be used as a specific index for insulin sensitivity and its etiology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks aerobic training on serum Apelin and metabolic risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome.
24 women with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned into exercise (n=12) or control (n=12) groups. Subjects in exercise group carried out 20-40 min aerobic exercise program at 50-60% of heart rate reserve 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Body composition was assessed and blood samples were taken prior to the training program and 48 h after the last training session. Paired t-test was used for within-group comparison and independent t-test was used for between-group comparison, and Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between variables.
Significant correlations were observed between Apelin levels and all the metabolic risk factors at the baseline where all subjects included in the analysis (p0.05). Body weight, Apelin, glucose, insulin resistance index, mean atrial pressure and waist circumference were significantly decreased (p
Aerobic training can reduce serum Apelin levels and improve insulin resistance and also some of the metabolic risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome. However, the decreased Apelin levels in accompany with an improved metabolic profile indicates on its mediatory role to induce metabolic improvements by physical exercise.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training on apelin and inflammatory indicators (Interleulin-6 and C-reactive protein) in sedentary obese men. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 men aged between 48 to 60 years with BMI≥30 kg/m2, were randomly allocated to the resistance training (n=10), and control groups (n=10). The training program consists of 12 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions a week, 3 sets with 12 to 10 reps per session and with the intensityof 75-50% of one repetition maximum and 60-90 seconds rest. The exercises include bench press, axillary rowing, behind the neck barbell shoulder press, leg press, front leg extension and behind leg curl. Before and 48 hours after the 12 weeks exercise, measurement of apelin and inflammatory, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C - reactive protein (CRP) and insulin resistance index were performed. Paired t-test and Independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results revealed that after 12 weeks resistance training, significant reductions were observed in the levels of IL-6 (p= 0.036), CRP (p=0.011), weight (p=0.029), body mass index (p=0.021) and fat percent (p=0.005). apelin levels (p=0.06) and insulin resistance index (p=0.089) decreased in experimental group but it was not statistically significant. Generally, 12 weeks of resistance training, despite a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, apelin levels were not significantly decreased. It seems that the observed changes in inflammatory markers have been due to reduced body fat mass and anti-inflammatory nature of resistance trainings.

Vasodilators are one of the key regulators of blood pressure and cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high intensity interval training on apelin and nitric oxide changes as vasodilators and regulators of blood pressure. In this study, apelin and nitric oxide were measured before and after 6 weeks of interval training. For this purpose, 2 groups: experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) of middle aged men (age range 45-55) in Tehran city were randomly selected. High intensity interval training protocol consisted of 10 intervals (45 seconds with 85-90% of heart rate reserve and 2 minutes of recovery) which was performed by the experimental group in 6 weeks. At the end of the third week, intensity of training increased to 12 training intervals and 90 seconds of recovery. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples and anthropometric measures and body composition were taken. The results showed that 6 weeks of high intensity interval training intervention significantly increased apelin (P=0.001) and nitric oxide (P=0.001) while it significantly reduced systolic (P=0.001) and diastolic (P=0.002) blood pressures in the experimental group. The results indicated the beneficial effect of exercise on apelinergic system and blood pressure and also showed that those with high blood pressure may have high intensity interval activity. However, this idea requires further research on the role of high intensity interval training and its relationship with blood pressure.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of omega-3 and progressive aerobic training on the levels of apelin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese inactive women. 60 subjects were divided into four groups (each group 15 subjects): exercise, exercise-omega, omega and control. The exercise and exercise-omega groups performed progressive aerobic training for 12 weeks. The training started from six 3-minute repetitions and ended to thirteen 3-minute repetitions in intervals. A 1-2-minute rest was assigned based on subject's physical condition and ended to 1 minute in the last 4 weeks. The exercise-omega and omega groups took 7 omega-3 capsules every week while exercise and control groups took placebo during the same period. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the study. The results of one-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated the significant effect of progressive aerobic training and omega-3 supplementation on the decrease of (P≤0.05) apelin levels and HOMA-IR in experimental groups compared with the control group. Decreasing fat mass and inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors, progressive aerobic training combined with omega-3 supplementation may reduce more apelin and HOMA-IR in obese inactive women.

Cardiac rehabilitation is a new approach in various ways to increase performance and efficiency of patient. This study examined the effect of 12 weeks of endurance training with testosterone injections on Chemerin and Apelin levels in the process of rehabilitation in male adult rats with ischemic heart disease. 40 Wistar male rats (average weight 200 ± 10 g and 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) and stored in a controlled environment: 1) control group (C), 2) injection of testosterone propionate group (TP), 3) endurance training group (ET) and 4) Endurance Training with injections of testosterone Propionate (ETTP). Endurance training group exercised for 12 weeks (5 days/week) and testosterone propionate group were given Testosterone propionate injections (3 times/week). Isoproterenol (50 mg/kg) was dissolved in normal saline and was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) during two days within 24 hours in order to create empirical myocardial infarction. After 12 weeks, rats anesthetized with sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg) and blood samples were taken and chemerin and apelin levels were measured by using ELISA method and data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD tests. The results revealed a significant reduction in the amount Chemerin in endurance training (p=0.008), injected testosterone (p=0.03) and endurance training with testosterone injections (p=0.01) knows shown and the significant increase significant amounts of apelin in endurance training (p=0.001), injected testosterone (p=0.001) and endurance training with testosterone injections (p=0.001) was observed. This study shows that injection of testosterone and endurance training in the process of rehabilitation is feasible and can have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.