جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « یادگیری حرکتی » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

This study was conducted to explore the effect of autonomy support on learning overhand throw in elementary school students. This research was semi-experimental with a pre-posttest design with a control group. Fifty-four girls from an elementary school in Astana Ashrafieh city were selected and asked to learn the task of throwing with the non-dominant hand towards a target consisting of several circles on the wall. After the pre-test, these children were placed in one of 3 groups: task-relevant choices, task-irrelevant choices, and yoked group. Subsequently, the participants were asked to participate in the acquisition phase (5 blocks of 10 trials) and one day after that they participated in the retention and transfer tests. Pre-test, retention and transfer scores were analyzed in separate one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). In the practice phase, scores were analyzed in a 3 (groups) x 5 (block) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the last factor. The analysis showed that task-relevant (p= 0/019) and task-irrelevant (p= 0/002) choice groups were able to perform better in the retention test as compared to the yoked group. Nevertheless, in the transfer test, only the task-relevant choice group (p= 0/017) was able to perform better as compared to the yoked group. It seems that, at least for children, task-relevant choices can have both information- and motivation-based effectiveness.

Sports performance is an important issue in sports that researches have always sought to identify different methods to improve it. One of the methods that has received special attention in recent years is tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) and its effectiveness in improving sports performance. tDCS changes the activity of brain areas involved in sports performance by stimulating and inhibiting nerve cells and neural plasticity. Researches have used this method in improving sports performance and have been associated with different results. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies conducted in this field. The research method was descriptive and review. In order to collect data, keywords tDCS-sport, sport performance, sport-neuron plasticity, tDCS-neurodoping were searched from Google.scholar, apa.org (Psychinfo) and Elsevier research websites. Then the abstract, results and findings of each article were examined. 16 articles were selected and their results were analyzed. The results of the research showed that the use and effectiveness of tDCS in improving sports performance has a positive role and is associated with improving the performance of not only ordinary people but also athletes. However, the results of review studies and meta-analyses show that heterogeneity in the type of sports activity, sample size, research design, stimulation areas, tDCS protocols and methodological limitations reduce the effect size of improving athletes' performance with tDCS. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies focusing on specific neural sites and specific sports functions of each discipline. In general, from these findings, it can be concluded that tDCS is a safe method without side effects and has a positive effect in improving sports performance of athletes, which requires more research.

Combining self-controlled and imposed levels of task difficulty during training seems to be better than completely self-controlled conditions. This study aimed at determining whether self-control of task difficulty affects skill learning during the early and late practice stages. For this purpose, 48 novice of high school students with a mean age (17.5 ± 1.75) years were randomly divided into four groups including complete self-controlled, self-controlled at the early, self-controlled at the end and paired. In the acquisition phase, which includes 100 trails,the self-control group was informed that they could choose and practice any of the preset distances from the target (1/5, 3, 3/5, 4, 4/5, 5 m) before each trial during the acquisition phase. The task difficulty was either self-controlled or imposed to the participants in the two phases of the acquisition session. The accuracy score of basketball throwing were analyzed by mixed variance analysis with repeated measures in acquisition and retention and transfer tests. The results showed that self-control of task difficulty improves the compared to the paired group (P=0. 001). Secondly, the performance of self-control of task difficulty in the early practice group was better than self-control of task difficulty in the end practice group (P=0. 001). Third, accuracy in the self-control of task difficulty in the early practice group was significantly better than self-control difficulty group and the paired group (P=0. 001). In general, the benefits of self-control of task difficulty were justified using the challenge point framework, the information processing perspective and cognitive perspective.

How the process of acquiring and learning new motor skills can be enhanced is one of the basic questions in theoretical and applied movement science, rehabilitation and sport. The Differential Learning (DL) approach is mainly characterized by taking advantage, for the purpose of learning, of fluctuations that occur, without movement repetitions and without corrections during the skill acquisition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Differential Learning (DL) and Contextual Interference (CI) on the Retention and Transfer of Badminton backhand short serve. Prior to the implementation of the protocol, all participants of the pre-test were taken. Then, each group of research performed for 8 sessions according to the type of training. One day after the completion of the practice protocol, of all participants were taken the tests of Retention and Transfer. The analysis t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between the groups DL and CI in tests Retention and Transfer (p= 0.00). In fact, the results of the research show the effectiveness of the DL approach on the Retention and Transfer of Badminton backhand short serve. Based on the results of the research, the conclusion is that the DL approach is useful for learning skills, and can discover adaptive solutions by creating oscillations in the individual and helped to improve and learning skills.

A proper educational approach with a solid theoretical foundation is essential for learning sports skills. This study aimed to determine the effect of a differential education approach external and internal attention instructions on indoor football shoot learning and transfer. The present study was conducted with a quasi-experimental strategy, sequential design, and available sampling. The number of samples in the present study was 24, randomly divided into three groups. First, all participants were pre-tested using the indoor football shoot test. Then, according to the relevant instructions, individuals randomly performed their exercises in each group for 12 weeks, two sessions per week and 20 minutes per session. After 12 weeks, the immediate retention test was taken immediately after the exercises. The delayed retention and transfer were taken one week after the end of the exercise using the shooting skill test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software version 23 with a significance level of 0.05. There was a significant difference between differential training methods with external attention instruction, differential training with internal attention instruction and differential without instruction with attention methods on motor learning and transfer in indoor football shooting skills. This study showed the effectiveness of the differential learning approach with external attention instructions on retention and transfer of indoor football shoot skills. Research results can be used in order to design exercises for learning motor skills better and more effectively.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-modelling, skilled model, and learning model on the acquisition and retention of golf putting skill.
Forty-five students who volunteered to participate were selected and divided into three groups: self-modelling, skilled model, and learning model. After completing the pretest, participants engaged in six practice sessions, each consisting of six blocks of 10 trials. Prior to each training block, participants watched a video of their respective group's golf putting 10 times. The retention test was conducted 48 hours later.
A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated that all three groups made significant progress in learning the desired skill from the pre-test to the acquisition test. This progress remained somewhat stable until the retention test. Additionally, both the acquisition and retention phases showed that the self-modeling group performed better than the other two groups. However, there was no significant difference between these groups.
Based on these results, the type of model used in learning skills such as golf putting has a highly significant effect. Therefore, learning golf putting can benefit from the similarities mentioned in Bandura's theory.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of deductive and inductive training on acquisition and retention of dart throwing at 7 to 10 years’ children. 24 female student aged between 7 to 10 of Tehran city selected purposefully and divided in inductive education (IE) and deductive education (DE) training groups. Initially, a dart throwing training session was arranged for the participants. All subjects performed one block of 10 trial dart throwing in pre-test then IE and DE according to its own training protocol performed 2 block of 10 trial for 12 sessions. After completion of 12 sessions, a post-test (acquisition test) was performed. 48 After the acquisition test, the retention test was performed. The results showed that the deductive group had better performance in the acquisition and retention rather than inductive group. Therefore, it is suggested that coaches and teachers use deductive learning as a substitute for appropriate training rather than learning in the usual manner and explicit.

 The purpose of the current study was to examine the simultaneous effect of the ‌transcranial direct current stimulation (tDSC) and observational learning on learning ‌of basketball free throw. ‌

 In semi-experimental study with repeated measure design, 30 novice female ‌students in free basketball throw accessibly selected and randomly located in 2 ‌tDCS with model observation and artificial stimulation with model observation ‌groups. In pre test phase, participants throw 15 trials basketball free throw. ‌Intervention phase done in 5 consecutive days that each day electrical stimulation ‌of the brain was performed from the motor cortex (C3 anode & Fp2 anode), and ‌artificial stimulation with model observation, and then participants performed 15 ‌free basketball throws. In last session post test phase executed. One week and 21 ‌days after post test phase respectively executed short term and long term retention ‌phase. Data analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measure statistical method.‌

 The result indicated that tDCS with model observation (F= 22.327, sig =0.0001, η2 =0,615) and artificial stimulation with model observation (F= 3.044, sig =0.023, η2 =0,179) significantly improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that ‌tDCS with model observation than artificial stimulation with model observation ‌cause improvement basketball free throw in post test (p=0.002), short term test (p=0.002) and long term test (p=0.001). ‌

 Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS with model observation ‌can be effective as a new training method in addition to model observation to ‌improve basketball free throw skills.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dominant and non-dominant mental practice on Badminton's backhand short service. A total of 20 girls aged 12-14 years old from the city of Goldasht were selected and purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Both training groups trained in 30 sessions, in which 50 performance were made to visualize the skill of the service mentally. In order to compare the two groups, the mixed ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test were used.  Comparing the between-group, the results showed that mental practice with dominant hands was not significant in dynamic environment and interactive exercise, but subjective exercise was significantly (P <0.05). No significant results were obtained in the within group comparison, but given the low effectiveness, it seems that the difference between the two groups is very close to meaning. Research findings suggest that coaches and teachers of interactive practice can benefit from less-than-lateral mental practice to improve the performance of their athletes in training sessions.

The aim of this study was to compare the role of linear and nonlinear training on team and individual creativity in beginner futsal players. In this study, 30 students from Tabriz University participated voluntarily. Subjects in each of the linear and nonlinear groups (15 people in each group) were randomly divided and practiced futsal game and futsal skills for three months. Variables dependent on film analysis method were measured. The results of analysis of covariance for appropriate and inappropriate actions and descriptive statistics for creative and original action and team creativity showed that the nonlinear method is better than the linear method. These results emphasize the manipulation of constraints instead of providing feedback and pattern and are applicable to educators and teachers and it is recommended that these people be trained to use new learning methods

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of two learning by expecting to teach versus traditional learning styles on executive functions and motor learning of golf putting skill.

The present study was a quasi-experimental and was performed in two experimental groups for three days. Participants consisted of 24 adults (All males; mean age 22.58 ± 1.81 years.) who were selected convenience and randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Participants performed six blocks of 10 trials each day with 5-minute rest intervals.

The results of mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and MANCOVA showed that in the acquisition phase (p = 0.07) and the response inhibition index (p = 0.06), the group of expecting to teach had no superiority to the control group, in the retention (p = 0.03) and transfer tests (p = 0.01) and also working memory index (p = 0.02), the group of expecting to teach had superiority to the control group.

In summary, it can be concluded that learning by teaching to others will improve motor learning by improving working memory. Therefore, in educational settings, it is suggested which this new style of practice can be useful.

This study was aimed to compare the effect of two methods of variability (contextual interference and differential learning) on the learning in golf putting. For this purpose, 50 female students (mean age 21.6 ± 1.7) were randomly divided into five groups, including blocked contextual interference (BCI), random contextual interference (RCI), blocked differential learning (BDR), random differential learning (RDR), and control. After a pre-test, participants practiced the putting task for three consecutive days (10 blocks per day, 12 trails each) according to their grouping. Ten minutes and 72 hours after the last practice session, the immediate and delayed retention tests were performed, respectively. Also, the participants completed a transfer test. Results for the retention tests did not show a significant difference between differential learning groups and the random contextual interference group (p > 0.05), while during the transfer phase, differential learning groups showed higher accuracy (p < 0.05). Therefore, the continuous changes in differential learning Probably for reasons like the emergence of the subject and context-dependent attractors also the phenomenon of Stochastic perturbations seems to be more generalizable than the pattern created by contextual interference.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion and the number of practice attempts on facilitating motor skill learning.

A number of 32 students with a mean age of 10.43 ± 0.9 were selected and divided into two groups of 16 based on the type of visual illusion (target appears larger and the target appears smaller).The participants of each group, after performing 30 training attempts to get acquainted with the execution of marble shooting skills from a distance of 65 cm from the target center, performed 540 attempts related to their group in 6 sessions; Three retention tests were performed in such a way that one test was performed after every 180 attempts. To analyze the data, a Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures and one-way ANOVA was used.

The results showed a significant difference between the exercise group with large and small visual illusions, which depends on the level of rate of progress of individuals (P <0.05).

The results of the present study, by confirming the challenge point hypothesis, suggest that in order to improve the accuracy of targeting, first people

Mental fatigue is a psychological state caused by prolonged periods of cognitive activity and decreases physical performance, but its impact on motor learning has been less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled feedback on learning to produce low, medium and maximum forces in mental fatigue condition. Participants consisted of 28 eligible volunteers who were randomly divided into two groups of self-controlled feedback and yoked. Electrical dynamometer, Stroop test, multidimensional fatigue inventory and the VAS scale were used in this study. Both groups firstly performed the Stroop test for one hour under mental fatigue protocol and they entered the acquisition phase of force production task after making sure that mental fatigue was created. Immediate and delayed retention tests were performed 10 minutes and 48 hours after the end of the acquisition phase respectively. Findings showed that in mental fatigue condition, there was no significant difference between self-controlled feedback and yoked groups in acquisition and retention of different forces. Also, the error produced in learning the medium force was less than those in learning the low and maximum forces in the mental fatigue condition, that is to say the learning of the medium force was significantly better than the low force. The results showed that mental fatigue reduces the effectiveness of self-controlled feedback and destroys learning to produce low and maximum forces more than medium force.

The aim of present study is to investigate effect of the quiet eye and quiet mind training on the dart throw learning. Thirty young males were selected with 24.53 mean aged through convenience sampling and randomly divided into quiet eye group, quiet mind group and control group. The study was conducted in four phases, including: Pre-test, training in quiet eye and quiet mind training, retention 1, under pressure test and retention 2. Descriptive statistics, Mixed ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni correction were used to data analyze. The results of the study showed that radial error of all groups dwindled as the result of training. Moreover, the radial error of quiet group was lower than other groups and that of quiet mind group was lower control group. Likewise, quiet eye and mind groups were capable of maintaing their performance in the under-pressure test rather than control group. The results of this study suggest that quiet mind and quiet eye training would be beneficial as a tool to prime impilicit learning conditions.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the comparison of effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of vision and motor cortex on learning of basketball free throw. In semi-experimental study with repeated measure design, 45 novice female students in free throw (Earn score below 59 on Proficiency Level Test) an age range 18 to 30 years old and with normal eye and right hand accessibly selected and randomly located in three tDCS on vision cortex, tDCS on motor cortex and artificial stimulation groups. In pre test phase, participants 15 trial free throw. Intervention phase done in 6 consecutive days that each day electrical stimulation of the brain was performed the motor cortex (C3 anode & Fp2 anode), the visual cortex (Oz anode & Cz cathode) and artificial stimulation, and then participants performed 15 free throws. In last session post test phase executed. One week and 21 days after post test phase respectively executed short and long term retention phase. Data analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measure statistical method. The result indicated that tDCS on motor cortex (F= 16.90, sig =0.0001, η2 =0,547) and vision cortex (F= 7.41, sig =0.0001, η2 =0,346) significantly improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex than tDCS on vision cortex cause improvement basketball free throw (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS on motor cortex can be effective as a new training method in addition to physical training to improve free throw skills.

Retention is one of the important indicators for inference of learning motor skill. There are some disagreements on the retention evaluation concept among experts and researchers of the Motor learning area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the qualitative content of retention measurement concept in motion skills in Persian scientific research articles between years of 1388 to1398. The present study was developmental research and quality content analysis method. One hundred Fourty three articles of Farsi scientific research journals were studied, which mention the concept of retention. Analyzing data was performed with Nvivo10 software. Results revealed that there are forty-seven side topic and six main topic including measurement method of retention concept, Number and duration of retention test, he number and duration of the acquisition phase, the number of warm-up decrement attempts, tasks type and no-practice interval length about the retention measurement concept. Also, the results are indicating that there has been no agreement among experts about the measurement method of retention concept and its related issues. Not only this topic could lead to researcher’s confusion on how to measure the retention concept in Motor learning area, but it also limits the possibility of comparing different research results with each other and makes it hard for decision making on solutions and optimal practice methods. Therefore, it is necessary to make specific decisions in this regard by holding symposiums with the participation of experts in the field of motor behavior.

The aim of present study Esfahan was to examine the effect of practice with Ebbinghaus' illusion on targeting skill performance in field dependence and field independence individuals. The Group Embedded Figure Test was distributed among 300 male students with the average age of 13.86±1.08. On the basis of the test results 60 people were divided into four groups (n=15) field independence on large target perception, field dependence on small target perception, field dependence on large target perception, field independence on small target perception groups. A pre-test was conducted to ensure that there were no differences between the groups at pre intervention time; the participants practiced marble shooting, (3×50 trials) in three sessions based on their groups. After 24 and 72 hours from the last practice session, retention and a transfer test was taken respectively. For analyzing data, two-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used. The results showed a significant difference between the main effect cognitive style on retention test and between the main effects cognitive style, visual error and the interaction effect (visual error×cognitive style) in the transfer test (P<0.05). Findings showed a significant difference between the field dependent group with the larger perceived target and the other groups (P<0.05). This study suggests that practicing with a larger perceived target for individuals who are field dependence, has a negative effect and, practicing with a smaller perceived target is an advantage for them.

The special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). The population studied here included all male and female shooters from the city of Semnan. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 shooters, consisting of two groups of women with the mean age of M= 21.33 and two groups of men with the mean age of M= 23.44, who performed shooting with air gun at five distances (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 meters) from the target. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables, and figures) as well as inferential statistics (regression and one-way analysis of variance). Simple linear regression with the significance level P

The aim of this study was to identify resource-efficient individual experiences handball national team athletes. This was a qualitative study and applied phenomenology as its methodology. The research community, athletes, field handball national team in 1393 (2014), which were selected purposefully and snowball method. Participants (8 men and 4 women) voluntarily participated in this study. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were used. Data were analyzed using themed analysis. The study was an attempt by the standards of credibility, reliability, and portability Verifiability is reliable. The findings obtained from the interviews, resource-efficient individual participants in 4 explanatory Code "sports experiences", "practical experience", "social experience", "mental experiments" were identified. The findings were similar to other theories and were complementary and special in some regards. Some findings were contradictory. This study of the subject individual efficiency to achieve more success in the international sports arena offers a handball Iran.