جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "well method" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key physical parameter of land surface processes, at local and global scales, which is a combination of all results from the land surface and the energy flow between the surface and the atmosphere. Earth surface temperature is an important indicator related to climatic, meteorological, hydrological and environmental phenomena and processes. Currently, data from meteorological stations are the most important decision-making reference in this case (Baidy et al., 2013: 517). What is considered as a basic defect in monitoring the temperature of the earth's surface is the lack of sufficient meteorological stations to know the temperature values in places without stations. Considering the limited information, the need to use remote sensing technology with time conditions, along with the feature of continuity and data collection in wide ranges, can be very efficient (Kake Memi et al., 2019).Soil moisture is the amount of water stored in soil particles and is affected by factors such as precipitation, temperature and other soil properties (Pandi et al., 2020: 1). Estimating soil moisture is of great value for weather forecasting, climate change monitoring, and flood monitoring (Beau et al., 2018). Remote sensing techniques provide tools for mapping soil moisture at large spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing can be effectively used to estimate soil moisture because soil light reflectance and thermal emission are highly correlated with soil moisture (Acharya et al., 2022: 2).Meteorological and hydrogeological studies of the Sentinel satellite series have been developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) to support the services of the European mission and the demands of the Copernicus program (Zarei et al., 2021: 3980); The first three Sentinel missions contribute to the understanding of the Earth system by detecting, monitoring, and evaluating changes in the ocean, troposphere, and land components (Ruskas et al., 2016: 1).

The studied area is Nair city. This city covers 8% of the total area of Ardabil province with an area of 1495 square kilometers. It is located at 47 degrees 59 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees 2 minutes north latitude. This city of Nir is located 35 kilometers west of Ardabil between Sablan and Bezgosh mountains. In this study, Sentinel 2 satellite images have been prepared for the date of 12/7/2022, and then atmospheric and radiometric corrections were made in ENVI 5.6 software, and a part of the images was cut based on the study area. After the atmospheric and radiometric correction of the image, the land use classification map was prepared in eCognition 9 software using the nearest neighbor method of the object-oriented algorithm; There are two main steps in image base object classification. The first step is image segmentation, which divides the image into separate areas or objects (segments) based on a similar spectral and spatial pattern. After segmentation, the second step is to relate the image segments using spectral and shape statistics, texture parameters and topological information. To perform this method, the results of different scales were analyzed. Finally, considering the scale of 60 and the amount of softness and compression, respectively, 4 0.0 and 0.6 segmentation was done. After segmentation of the study area, they were classified into seven classes: irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, residential area, water areas, snow cover, pasture and communication road; Then, the kappa coefficient and accuracy were estimated for validation. Sentinel 2 image was also used to calculate soil moisture using OPTRAM method. To perform this method, first NDVI and STR index were calculated and then soil moisture value was determined using these two indices.In the continuation of the research, to calculate the temperature of the earth's surface, the daily temperature product of Sentinel 3 images related to the time of 7/11/2022 was prepared for the studied area; And in the SNAP software, the temperature of the earth's surface was estimated. The Sentinel 3 temperature product is an official level 2 product and has a spatial resolution of 1 km. It provides estimates of LST and some related parameters, e.g. LST uncertainty, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation type (biome), atmospheric column water vapor content (CWVC) and parameters related to LST retrieval. has After extracting maps of surface temperature and soil moisture using satellite images, the correlation between the dependent variable of humidity and the independent variable of temperature has been investigated using geographic weighted regression. calculating In this research, in the first step, the classification of land use in seven classes of irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, pasture, residential area, water areas, snow cover and communication road has been done using the object-oriented method in eCognition software. The accuracy of this classification has an overall accuracy of 99% and a kappa coefficient of 98%, which has achieved acceptable results due to the use of Sentinel 2 images. One of the influencing factors on land suitability for different uses is soil surface temperature. In this study, the temperature products of Sentinel 3 images were used to check the soil surface temperature. One of the factors affected by climate and temperature is soil moisture; In this way, Sentinel 2 images and OPTRAM method have been used to estimate soil moisture. Examining the results shows that the temperature of the ground surface and the amount of soil moisture are completely dependent on the nature of the types of use. The highest average temperature related to pasture use is 43 degrees Celsius and the lowest average temperature related to snow and water use is 34 and 37 degrees, respectively. Examining the soil moisture of each land use shows that water areas have the highest average humidity and residential areas have the lowest average. Based on the results, there is a direct and inverse relationship between soil surface moisture, vegetation density and surface temperature. The presence of moisture on the surface of the soil and vegetation leads to a decrease in the temperature of the earth's surface. So that dry lands, or in other words, low humidity, as well as lands with low density vegetation, correspond to the areas that show high temperature in thermal images.

The predatory mite (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Neoseiulus barkeri is one of the native predators of. In order to investigate the semi-mass breeding methods of the predatory mite, different diets including different biological stages of three storage mite species Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrolichus casei and (Acari: Acaridae) Rhizoglyphus robini and different plant pollens (corn and date pollen) were used in rearing containers on wet sponge. Storage mites fed with wheat bran, yeast and corn pollen. The number of predatory mites counted one, two, three and four weeks later. It was more suitable to use larger containers for predatory rearing. Among the three prey species used, the storage mite T. putrescentiae provided better food for the predatory mite, so in the fourth count, the number of mites reached 17.12. Corn pollen is the best option for predatory mites due to the presence of compounds that are more nutritious and the simplicity of its preparation. Increasing the amount of pollen or bran containing storage mites did not affect the increase in the number of predatory mites. T. putrescentia storage mite along with wheat bran, yeast and corn pollen are recommended in breeding this predator.

Background and Theoretical Foundations:

The economic effects of sea level rise on the growth of tourism is a growing concern. Because the rise of the sea level has affected the reduction of the level of the coasts all over the world, which means the reduction of the capacity of carrying recreation by the coastal areas, which in turn can significantly affect the tourism economy. Rising sea levels have created significant challenges for the growth of tourism in the Middle East, especially in coastal areas, over the past two decades. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the economic effects of sea level rise on the growth of tourism in the Middle East.

The current research is mixed in terms of data type, applied-developmental in terms of purpose, exploratory in terms of nature, and survey in terms of data collection method. The data of this study has been done in the form of a time series and for the years 2010-2000 with an increase in sea level rise equal to 2.92 centimeters and for the years 2011-2021 with an increase in sea level rise equal to 4.87 centimeters. The statistical population of the research is Middle Eastern countries. The data needed for this research was obtained from official international statistical centers such as the World Bank, United Nations Statistical Division, Tourism Statistics Database, Data Info. To analyze the data of the research, the panel method and EViews software were used.

The research findings showed that the effect of the logarithm of population density variable on the dependent variable of tourism growth is positive and significant, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above sea level, the coefficient of the logarithm of population density variable is equal to 0.77 with an increase in sea level to 4.87 0.56 was obtained. The effect of the variable of the logarithm of agricultural area on the variable of tourism growth is positive and significant, so that at the height of 2.92 centimeters above the sea level, the variable coefficient of the logarithm of agricultural area was equal to 0.13 and when the sea level increased to 4.87, it was equal to 0.09. The effect of the logarithm of the GDP variable on the tourism growth variable is positive and strong, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above the sea level, the coefficient of the logarithm of the GDP variable is equal to 0.34 and with the increase of the sea level, it is equal to 0.31. The logarithm variable of vegetation has an effect on the growth of tourism, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above the sea level, the coefficient of this variable is equal to 0.57 and when the sea level increases to 4.87, it is equal to 0.28. The logarithm variable of carbon dioxide emission per capita is negative and significant on the variable of tourism growth, so that at a height of 2.92 centimeters above sea level, the variable coefficient of carbon dioxide emission per capita is -0.14, and with the increase of sea level, the coefficient of this variable is equal to 0.18 - Was obtained.

The result of the panel method showed that the effects of economic variables during the rise of the sea level over time affect the growth of tourism. Therefore, taking environmentally friendly measures against sea level rise requires a combination of strategies at different scales, from individual actions to initiatives at the community level and broader government policies. As sea level rise affects numerous coastal areas around the world, international cooperation is critical. Sharing knowledge, best strategies and financial measures can help vulnerable areas. Renewable energies are the key source of environmental sustainability, awareness and education can significantly affect the consumption of renewable energies, and making society more aware of the effects of environmental degradation is vital for the production of renewable energies.

Local communities have always been the first to help the victims immediately after the disaster. Therefore, we should try to empower them as much as possible. Today community based components in disaster management occupies a very high position in the field of disaster management. Because in facing various disasters and reducing the damages caused by them, there has been a transition from the traditional paradigm of disaster management, where the focus was on the physical approach, to the new approach of community based disaster management. In this approach, the social dimensions of people's participation in decision-making and their implementation are among the most important stages of the disaster management process. Taking advantage of social resources, building local capacity and empowering the community to face various disasters are the basic components of this approach. In order to optimally manage the different stages of the disaster, various approaches are used. An approach that has been noticed in recent years is the developmental or community based approach. In this approach, an effort is made to increase the ability of the society to adapt to the harmful consequences of risks through capacity building and empowering the members of the society, and by involving participants into actions that lead to the reduction of the risk, and to empower the society to prevent and face with disasters and finally return to the original situation. In the form of this approach, two sub-approaches of the structural ideology and the institutional ideology have been explained in this direction. The structural ideology emphasizes on socio-economic criteria and the institutional ideology is based on the concept of resilience. In fact, the failure of top-down approaches caused a series of social and cultural topics such as trust, values and norms, social capital and human capacities to be taken into consideration in the field of urban, local and regional planning and management.In the field of institutional approach, the correction and improvement of local institutional procedures and arrangements is emphasized. In this field, the main emphasis is not only on activate government political institutions at the local level, but also on the role of agents and non-governmental institutions. According to what is said, it can be found that the Institutional approach as a sub-approach of community-oriented disaster management is one of the latest approaches in the field of disaster management which is oriented in disaster management in connection with the participation of the citizens of Ardabil city.

The current research is descriptive and analytical with an applied purpose. During the study of the theoretical literature, it was found that basically the realization of people's participation in urban affairs, of which disaster management is also considered a part of; It requires providing the necessary grounds and platforms at the community level. Therefore, due to the wide range of the issues, it was tried to provide the criteria to investigate this issue within the scope of the study. The basis for choosing criteria is based on library and document studies, which include 6 criteria of (sense of place, social cooperation, social trust, social cohesion, incentive policies and educational activities) and 30 sub-criteria. The statistical population of this research is the districts of five regions of Ardabil city, and the questionnaires was used to collect statistics and information. The content validity of the questions of questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha with the coefficient of 0.818. To obtain the statistical sample size, Cochran's formula was used, which was estimated to be 384 people with an error percentage of 0.05 and a confidence factor of 95%. Stratified random sampling method is proportional to attribution. In selecting the samples, we tried to refer mostly to the heads of the household. After indexing, first the average of each index was calculated using SPSS software, and then after weighting the studied indices using the Shannon entropy method, the target areas in the Excel software were ranked using the MABAC method.

In this research, in order to evaluate the participation of citizens of Ardabil city in urban crisis management, the Likert scale was used and the answers were ranked 1 to 5. In this way 1 refers to the lowest participation and 5 is the highest amount. In this way, the number 3 is considered as the theoretical median of the answers and the average obtained from the participation rate is compared with the number 3. Based on the results of the statistical calculations, the average of the total citizen participation criteria is 2.81 and is lower than the average. Among these, the lowest average is related to educational activities (2.59) and the highest average is related to social cohesion (3.50). Therefore, it can be concluded that despite the high potential of Ardabil city in the field of various risks and despite the repetition of many disasters; unfortunately, the city officials have not been able to realize the main deficiency of the urban crisis management system that is the weakness or lack of public participation.The weakness of people's participation, which is one of the important principles of sustainable management, has caused that despite spending a lot of money in the disaster management system of Ardabil city, the urban system is still disturbed and confused by the occurrence of natural hazards. In addition, in the present research attempts to prioritize the areas of the 5 regions of Ardabil city in terms of the level of citizens' participation in disaster management by using the MABAC method. For this purpose, the citizens' responses were first collected and the average responses were entered in the Excel software as the primary matrix, and then the MABAC method was used to rank the areas. The results show that district 1 of the region 1 with a Q value of 0.546, is at the first rank, district 1 of the region 3, ranked second with a Q value of 0.351; district 2 of the region1, ranked third with a value of 0.315. Also, district 3 of region 4 ranks last with a Q value of -0.432.In order to improve the participation of the citizens of Ardabil in urban disaster management, for each of the criteria considered for the current research the following suggestions and solutions were presented: implementing educational programs and also distributing features such as motivation, worrying about the future, helping and related knowledge and skills in schools, universities and visual, written and listening media seem necessary. Considering that one of the influential factors in citizens' participation is their satisfaction with city facilities and services, therefore, the city officials should distribute city services fairly at the city, ensure public welfare and comfort of the people, and create a safe and healthy urban space in order to Provide the basis for the participation of citizens as much as possible. By holding meetings at the neighborhood level and creating a local council, the city officials can take advantage of citizens' opinions, suggestions and criticisms, and by establishing a disaster management information and communication network which is a communication bridge between city officials and citizens, increase social trust and as a result, provide a greater desire for collaborative affairs among citizens. According to the results of the present research, the average indicators related to the sense of place in the areas that have better environmental conditions and physical quality (district 1 of region 3, district 2 of region 1, district 1 of region 1) compared to other districts is higher. Therefore, it seems that physical improvement - even if it is insignificant - and revitalization of community places in urban areas; It can facilitate the participation of citizens in the disaster management of Ardabil city.

Considering the problems of using medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases such as high volatility and non-targeted effects, and the role of nanotechnology in reducing these challenges, the present research was conducted with the aim of obtaining a nano formulation containing Clove essential oil for use in dental research. 4 liposomal formulations containing Clove essential oil were prepared using phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol by thin layer and heat methods separately. The encapsulation efficiency, size, polydispersity-index and zeta potential of nanoparticle (by zeta-sizer) were measured. In each of the manufacturing methods, a formulation that had suitable physicochemical parameters was selected in order to check the essential oil release pattern and the morphology of nanoparticles (by SEM). Also, the toxicity of nano-liposomes obtained from selected formulations was measured by MTT method on human fibroblast(HFF) cell line. The encapsulation efficiency, particle size and zeta potential for the selected formulation obtained from the thin layer method were 50.57%, 123.3nm and -18.6mV, respectively, and for the heat method, they were 55.43%, 121.4nm respectively and -19/2mV. The release of essential oil from the selected formulations was slow and continuous and dependent on pH. Nano-liposomes made by heat method caused less toxicity to HFF cell line compared to thin layer method. Considering the suitable physicochemical characteristics of nano-liposomes containing Clove essential oil and very low toxicity of nano-liposomes made by heat method for healthy HFF cells, these nano-liposomes can be suggested to further research in the field of oral and dental health.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the most important soil microorganisms. They have mutualistic relationships with more than 90% of terrestrial plant species. In order to investigate the effect of Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae on some growth and physiological traits and the uptake of some nutrients by scallion seedlings, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. The investigated factors included the mixed application of arbuscular mycorrhizal species in three levels (seed treatment, soil treatment and control) and soil sterilization at two levels (sterile and non-sterile). The results showed that all the studied factors in scallion plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots were obtained by mycorrhizal seed treatment and soil treatment in sterile soil, respectively. The highest shoot height, phosphorus concentration and nitrogen uptake of scallion were obtained by mycorrhizal soil treatment in sterile soil. The mycorrhizal colonization, the amount of copper, zinc, manganese and iron concentrations, chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids contents increased significantly in scallion inoculated with mycorrhizal seed treatment compared to other treatments. In general, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi used by seed treatment in sterile soil are able to improve the growth of scallions by increasing the absorption of nutrients and photosynthetic pigments.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of red pepper under different irrigation treatments (type and amount) in the filed experimental at Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan as a split-split plot experimental in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 2018. Experimental factors included: moisture conditions (optimum and reduced irrigation), irrigation methods (drip and flood irrigation) and different levels of the foliar application (negative control; positive control or water as solvent; L-phenylalanine at 2000 and 4000 ppm). The results indicated that the highest the plant height was related to the application of 2000 ppm phenylalanine optimum irrigation (69.3 cm), the highest values of the fresh and dry fruit weights were related to 2000 ppm L-phenylalanine × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (6.60 g/m2) and L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × optimum and reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.18 g/m2), respectively. Results of the biochemical traits showed that the highest degree of intensity was under L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × reduced irrigation × flood irrigation (449 g/m2). In addition, the maximum values of vitamin C and total phenol were related to the water foliar application × optimum and reduced irrigation conditions (0.82 and 0.72 mg/g dry weight) and the water foliar application × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.15 mg GAE/ g dry weight), respectively. In general, the results of this study showed the negative effect of drought stress or reduced irrigation on the growth traits of red pepper, however, reduced irrigation enhanced the degree of intensity, vitamin C and total phenol. In conclusion, the foliar application of L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) could improve the quality and reduced the negative effects reduced irrigation on the growth and yield of red pepper under arid and semiarid climate.

Sarcocystis is a intracellular parasitic protozoan that can cause gastrointestinal disorders in patients and huge financial losses in the livestock industry. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in slaughter buffaloes in Urmia slaughterhouse, Iran. This study was observed during a six-month period (October to March 2016) at 10-day intervals by referring to Urmia slaughterhouse and preparing carcasses of various tissues including tongue, esophagus, heart, diaphragm, thigh, and arm for the presence of rice grain cysts. During the present study, a total of 120 buffalo carcasses were examined macroscopically. For microscopic examination by digestion method, 100 g of each animal tissue was packed and transferred to the parasitology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Azad University. According to the results, no macrocysts were observed in buffaloes. Microscopic examination showed a moderate frequency of infection with Sarcocystis microcysts that 16.67% of the studied buffaloes were found to be positive for infection. Data analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the rate of infection in different age groups and the rate of infection increased with age (p <0.05), while the rate of infection was gender independent and there was no significant difference between the rate of infection of different sexes (p>0.05). There was also a statistically significant difference between the level of infection in different muscles (p<0.05). All skeletal and esophageal muscles had microcysts and then microcysts were observed in the diaphragm, tongue, and heart muscles. our study showed that digestion is one of the most useful and accurate methods available to identify infected samples.

Introduction ‎:

The main challenge to global sustainable development is environmental degradation due to ‎increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The ecological footprint index is widely used to ‎measure environmental degradation and represents environmental sustainability. The ‎Ecological Footprint Index is an indicator of environmental sustainability and is the most ‎appropriate indicator for assessing sustainable development - in the sense of meeting ‎current needs without reducing environmental capacity - for future generations in a region. ‎Given the importance of political and economic globalization and its impact on ‎environmental quality, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ‎economic and political globalization with the index of environmental degradation in Iran. ‎The innovation of this study compared to previous studies is prominent in two dimensions. ‎First, in most studies, the emission of one types of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, is ‎considered as an indicator of environmental degradation, and this shows a small part of the ‎degradation. Therefore, the use of ecological footprint as a measure of environmental ‎degradation is the present study innovation‏.‏

Methodology ‎:

KOF is a comprehensive index of globalization that includes three very important ‎economic, social and political aspects. The economic aspect of globalization index includes ‎trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign investment in stocks (FPI) - buying bonds ‎and stocks of companies in stock exchange transactions and deposit bills in foreign banks - ‎Barriers to trade, such as restrictions and tariffs, include barriers to covert imports, tariffs, ‎international trade taxes, and capital controls on real flows. Therefore, this index, by ‎increasing the volume and variety of exchanges of goods, services and capital flows, etc., ‎has a high power in explaining and reflecting the growth of economic interdependence of ‎countries. Political globalization includes the diversification of embassies in the country, ‎membership in international organizations, ratification of international treaties, as well as ‎participation in UN Security Council missions. Social globalization includes variables that ‎affect personal audiences such as telephone traffic and international tourism, information ‎streams such as the Internet, newspapers, etc.. Importantly, in addition to economic ‎globalization, the index also includes social and political globalization. Therefore, this ‎index is more comprehensive than other indicators used in previous studies. To calculate the ‎KOF index, each of the variables - the variables of economic, social and political ‎globalization - is converted to a number in the range of 1 to 100. The number 100 indicates ‎the highest value and the number 1 indicates the lowest value. The data is converted to ‎percentages of the original distribution, then weights are selected for each subgroup. These ‎weights are calculated for all countries and all years using principal component analysis. ‎Finally, the general index, which is a composite index, is obtained from the weighted sum ‎of these sub-indices. In order to investigate the asymmetric effects of economic ‎globalization on the ecological footprint, the non-linear extended nonlinear regression ‎‎(NARDL) approach was used. The extended NARDL is the extended-interrupt self-‎regression (ARDL) method, with the advantage that the asymmetric effects of the ‎independent variables, that is, the effect of positive and negative changes of the explanatory ‎variables in the short and long run, can not be examined separately. In this regard, ‎ecological footprint, GDP per capita at constant price in year 2010, foreign direct ‎investment, fossil fuel consumption, the effect of economic globalization and the political ‎globalization are considered as explanatory variables. In order to examine the effect of ‎economic globalization and the effect of political globalization, these variables include ‎positive and negative effects. In this study, the data are time series (1995-219) and these ‎data are from three sources: Global Footprint Network to extract ecological footprint data, ‎http://globalization.kof.ethz to extract KOF data and other required data were collected ‎from the World Bank.‎

Conclusion ‎:

In this study, the asymmetric effects of economic and political globalization on the ‎ecological footprint for Iran were investigated in long-run and short-run. The results showed ‎that the negative relationship between ecological footprint and political globalization ‎confirms the hypothesis of global environmental management and shows that political ‎globalization reduces human environmental demand. Based on the results of the research, ‎suggestions are presented as follows.‎Given the direct relationship between ecological footprint and energy consumption, through ‎policies including increased investment in energy saving, energy efficiency projects and ‎investments in Increasing the role of renewable and clean energy sources can reduce energy ‎consumption and consequently the ecological footprint. Therefore, reducing energy ‎subsidies and imposing environmental taxes on illicit uses can be an effective step towards ‎reducing the ecological footprint and increasing the ecological capacity to protect the ‎interests of the future. Given the focus of the ecological footprint on how much people ‎should reduce consumption, increase technology, and improve their behavior to achieve ‎sustainability, adopting environmental protection policies to control and reduce the ‎ecological footprint is essential. In this regard, awareness is needed to reduce the extreme ‎use of ecosystems and the use of efficient technology and control of industrial pollution.‎The results of the long-run relationship showed that the negative shocks of economic ‎globalization in the long run increase the ecological footprint, so it is suggested that the ‎increase in trade liberalization to emphasize the management of its negative effects on the ‎country's environmental capacity as a principle. Therefore, it is necessary for the ‎government to develop business measures and strategies in order to increase environmental ‎protection. The development of trade with a focus on environmental protection can be a ‎useful step in improving the ecological orientation of the country. Therefore, it is ‎recommended that goods that produce more pollutants domestically be imported from ‎abroad. In this case, economic globalization can be a useful step in improving the ‎technology of production and improving the quality of the environment.‎On the other hand, the negative effect of political globalization on the ecological footprint ‎index confirms the hypothesis of global management of environment and shows that ‎political globalization reduces the demand for environment. Therefore, reducing political ‎instability and conflicts in the region is essential to reduce environmental degradation. ‎Political instability and conflict not only weaken economic performance, but also shorten ‎the horizons of economic policymakers, thereby weakening macroeconomic performance ‎and environmental regulation.‎

Competitiveness can predict the economic viability of destination tourism and can be measured by calculating the rate of loss or gain of employment and revenue opportunities for the destination. Competition in tourism is a factor that makes the destination attractive to the tourist and promotes culture, economy, environmental resources in the destination (Armenska, 2011). Increasing investment in tourism destinations has led to increasing global competition for the number of incoming tourists, and as a result, tourism destinations offer different tourism services (Reisinger et al, 2019). The more the country's economy depends on tourism for its development. , Show more effort to improve the competitiveness of their goals. Thus, the impact of competitiveness on the performance of destinations is growing according to global economic trends (Dwyer, 2015). There are many forces and factors that affect the competitiveness of tourism destinations and the identification of these factors is the subject of this study. It is not possible to improve the competitiveness of a destination until the strengths, weaknesses, and priorities of a destination are identified, understood, and measured. Competitiveness is essential to the success of a destination and to ensuring its prosperity. Therefore, it is very important that the destination is aware of what needs to be done to increase its competitiveness. The competitiveness of a tourist destination is very important to achieve the desired position in the international tourism market and maintain a competitive advantage. Managing a tourist destination will not be possible without knowing the situation, phenomena and categories in which it is involved. A tourist destination must be familiar with the global definition of competitiveness and understand the models and factors of competitiveness. This has made measuring the competitiveness of the world's tourism destinations for policy-making and decision-making for future actions an important part of the tourism industry. Geotourism is often referred to as a form of nature-based tourism that focuses primarily on a geographical system (Gray, 2011).

In the present study, the capabilities of the Comansco method, Paolova method and Hadzik model have been used to investigate the extent of tourism potential and its impact on the economy of Ardabil province using the Comansco model, Hadzik model, Paolov model. One of the strengths of the Comansco method compared to other models related to the evaluation of geomorphosites for tourism, in addition to the newness of the model, is the large number of sub-criteria involved for each of the effective criteria. Unlike other similar methods in which the weight of none of the aspects of tourism is less or more than the other, because there is no specific reason for the importance of one over the other in determining the tourism potential of a geomorphic place, in this model the difference between geomorphosites Each other is identified in each of the criteria, and cases with defects and the need for reinforcement are identified and the necessary solutions are provided. The Comansco method is based on 5 values (scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic and managerial). The maximum score that each of the sub-criteria can achieve is given against each sub-criterion (Table 1). The score of each value is based on several sub-criteria and is averaged. After identifying the geotourism attractions of the study area, to identify the characteristics of these attractions for each of them, a geomorphological location identification card was prepared based on the Comansco method. In the next step, the questionnaires were distributed among two groups of local geomorphologists and local residents. The questionnaires were completed using professors, PhD and senior geomorphology students and local people. After completing the questionnaires, the average of each value was measured for each geomorphosite and finally the results obtained from these cards were used for interpretation (Figure 2). Also in this research, to identify the studied areas, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used. Field study This research was conducted in the field and a questionnaire was completed in June 1401. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that the selected areas have tourist characteristics and are also among the index areas in the region. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the potential of tourism in the region is the Hadzic model and Pavolova model to analyze the competitiveness of tourist areas. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of tourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 50 tourists and 30 experts. A total of 240 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas.

Geomorphosites have two main values, scientific (reconstruction of some elements of ancient geography) and added value (cultural, historical, ecological, economic and aesthetic) (Reynard, 2005: 181). In this study, the overall importance and value of each geomorphosite was determined and calculated based on questionnaires prepared according to the Comansco method. The questionnaires were completed by two groups of local people and students of indigenous geomorphology of the region, whose averages are shown in Table 4. According to the calculations, the highest total value related to Sarein tourist city was 0.72 and the lowest total value related to Hir tourist city was 0.65. (Table 4). Among each of the values, aesthetic value has the highest score and cultural value has the lowest values, which should be considered in the management and organization of tourism in these areas. The highest and lowest aesthetic values are related to Sarein (20/50) and Meshkinshahr (10/25), respectively. In scientific value, Sarein and Hir, with 17.25 and 11.25, respectively, have the highest and lowest scores among tourist cities to attract tourists. The highest value in cultural value was 11.5 for Meshkinshahr and the lowest value was 7.25 for Hir. The highest economic value for Sarein was 17.75, which plays an active role in generating income for the people of the region, and the lowest value for Hir was 13.75, which may be due to lack of necessary infrastructure. In the managerial value section of Sarein and Meshkinshahr, 16.50 and 14.5 were ranked first and second, respectively (Figure 2). According to the results of Table 4, Sarein with a total value of 0.72 has gained the most tourism points. This city has a very excellent capacity for development in the tourism industry and economic development of Ardabil province, and due to having numerous hydrotherapy every year, it has witnessed a very high potential for attracting tourism. According to the results obtained from field studies and using a questionnaire, one of the negative factors reducing the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotourist areas in terms of lack of professionals and deficit of financial resources with a value of 8.33 is the highest score in terms of poor tourist attraction. And reducing the level of competitiveness among geotourist areas in Ardabil province, in other words, this area due to the lack of professionals and lack of financial resources has not yet been able to identify itself as a tourist area among other tourist areas and in terms of competitiveness. Located on the lower levels. Also, Sarein region, although it has developed in terms of tourism, but in terms of financial resources deficit with the amount of 7.33 has unfavorable conditions to compete with other tourist areas. In general, one of the biggest weaknesses of Sarein region is to develop and compete with other tourist areas (Table 8).

The tourism industry with its special characteristics is considered a dynamic industry with a bright future. Therefore, based on the results, it should be noted that Sarein tourist city using models to assess the potential of tourism and its impact on the economy of Ardabil province has a higher capability than other tourist areas studied. Therefore, it can significantly increase the economy of Ardabil province in terms of tourism, development and progress, and lead to job creation for the city and the province.

Land use is the most important factor affecting biodiversity on a global scale, the availability of water and climate condition. A large part of the land is used for agriculture, forestry, residential, and industrial areas, which has a great impact on the environment. Agricultural products, preparation of wood from forests, medicinal plants, animal products, air conditioning and purification are biological uses related to land use. Land use changes and conversion of natural resources to agricultural and residential areas have become a major problem for many countries, because it directly affects human life. One of the important reasons for land use changes is human interaction with nature and the use of natural resources to improve the quality of life. Land use changes affect hydrological processes such as infiltration, groundwater recharge, base flow and surface runoff. Unfortunately, the increase in population, the development of technology and the change in human lifestyle have had destructive effects on land use, especially in recent decades. Land use classification is often the first step in land use studies and thus forms the basis for many earth science studies. Up-to-date land use maps are very important to scientists, planners, natural resources managers and policy makers. Land use simulation is one of the most important tools to manage land use, so various methods were developed for land use change simulation. CLUE-s is one of this model that use to simulate land use change of Mahdishahr Township. Mehdishahr Township and especially Shahmirzad city has favorable weather conditions compared to Semnan and is always the focus of the people of Semnan and other cities of the province. This condition has caused an excessive increase in demand for residential areas and the destruction of natural resources, agricultural lands and their conversion into residential areas.

The aim of this research was land use mapping using remote sensing technique, land use change detection, and finally land use change simulation for year 2040 in Mahdishar Township. At first, Landsat satellite images related to different seasons were prepared for 1992 and 2017. In the next step using field survey and also using Google Earth software, 128 training samples were prepared for supervised classification. The 85 training samples were used for classification and 43 samples were used to evaluate the classification method. There is multi-temporal agriculture in the case study, and there are spectral mixes between agriculture and other land use types. As a result, traditional methods did not have enough accuracy for land use classification in this region, and land use map of 1992 and 2017 was prepared using synthetic methods. In Synthetic methods, different types of land use are prepared using different methods. Synthetic methods use additional maps next to satellite images to separate land use types with the same reflectance. This integration of remotely sensed data with other data sources can result in higher classification accuracy. In the synthetic method, supervised and unsupervised methods and ancillary data were used simultaneously. Unsupervised classification method and false color combination were used to extract agricultural land use. Also, the slope map was used, in such a way that the agricultural use was compared with the slope map and the areas with a slope above 30% were removed from the map. Forest, residential and barren land use types were prepared using the supervised maximum likelihood method. By combining these land use types, the remaining areas were considered as rangeland. For 1992, the method was relatively similar, but training samples were taken from the images themselves and in specific areas of each land use types. For accuracy assessment, overall accuracy and kappa coefficients were calculated for the map created with the synthetic approaches. Training samples were entered into ENVI software and their compatibility with land use classes was checked. In the next step area of each land use types were calculated and land use change was identified in this period. Finally based on land use maps of years 1992 and 2017, land use change simulation of the Mahdishar Township was done using CLUE-s model. The simulation is such that susceptible areas for each type of land use are assigned to the respective land use based on the maximum probability. This is done based on the regression relationship for all land use types in all pixels. Accuracy assessment of regression method (a part of simulation process) was carried out using ROC curve for each land use types. To evaluate the accuracy of the land use map, the training samples that were not used in the classification are used. Accuracy assessment showed that overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of synthetic methods was 0.93 and 91.3% respectively. Overall accuracy of the synthetic approach (0.93) is over the 85 % level that is considered satisfactory for planning and management purposes. This shows that integration of remote sensing data, ancillary data and decision rules provides better classification accuracy than traditional methods. Results of land use change detection showed that the main land use change in Mahdishahr Township is degradation of natural resources areas and conversion to agriculture and residential land. The degradation rate of forest and range is 24 and 17.6 percentage respectively. The value of ROC method was achieved 0.91, 0.86, 0.92, 0.96 and 0.89 for agricultural area, bare land, forest, residential area and rangelands respectively.

In many studies land use map in topography mas are used that are no very accurate. Using these maps is not logical because of land use change in Iran. In this research land use map was created using synthetic method with acceptable accuracy. In general, Mahdishahr city has better climate conditions than its surroundings, so is very susceptible to land use changes. Due to the drought in recent years and the decrease in employment, migration from other provinces to Semnan province and consequently Mehdishahr city has increased, which has led to an increase in land use change in the region. Considering this condition, it seems very necessary to pay more attention to land use management and monitoring land use changes in this area. Simulated map of land use change using CLUE-s model can be a useful tool to better management of land use in the study area.

Tourism is one of the vital industries in many countries. Besides its advantages, tourism has some disadvantages due to its considerable role in the emission of pollutants, such as CO2. Many studies have been conducted on the negative consequences of tourism, while there are few studies on carbon management and subsequent issues. The main purpose of this study was to monitor the carbon footprint of tourism, considering it an effective approach to Controlling Environmental hazards and preservation of a sustainable environment. The extant study was conducted using a mixed-method of exploratory-sequential approach within two qualitative and quantitative phases. As the case study, Payam International Airport providing travel and tourism services since 2018. In this research, the relevant variables were identified and defined by using the environment input-output model then three fundamental information categories were introduced. Finally, Structure Decomposition Analysis (SDA) (the decomposition caused by high temperature) was used to measure respective indicators. The results showed the ascending trend of carbon footprint in Payam International Airport over recent years. The outcome of the present paper was monitoring carbon footprint in tourism, serving as an initial task in carbon management in tourism and an effective approach to Controlling Environmental hazards and preservation of sustainable environment. Such crucial results can identify the gaps and chasms in this context and reveal the main bottlenecks of CO2 emission. Related decisions in this area can prioritize the protection of the environment and the control of hazards and environmental pollution.

Fungi are important sources of commercial and applied enzymes in various industries. The aim of this study is to introduce an optional salt-loving strain that produces cellulase, lipase and pectinase enzymes and optimize enzyme production using Taguchi method.

In this study, more than 350 fungal samples were isolated from the soil and climate of Tehran Forest parks and identified. After qualitative and quantitative analysis, 19 strains that had the highest production of lipase, pectinase and cellulase were identified by molecular technique. Then, based on the amount of enzyme production, optimization and design of Taguchi statistical method were performed by 8 factors at three levels to produce two cellulase and lipase enzymes for the best strain.

About 280 isolates were identified, including the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Rizhopus sp. They secreted most of the enzyme’s pectinase, lipase, protease, amylase and cellulase. Among the isolated samples, Penicillium halotolerans had the highest enzyme production, which was selected for optimization. The production of cellulase and lipase enzymes of this fungus increased before 0.0744 and 0.0233053 U / ml before optimization and after optimization, increased to 0.63872 and 0.192105 U / ml. The most effective factor in the production of both enzymes was temperature and nitrogen source. The production of pectinase enzyme in the initial absorption of 540 nm was 0.71 (U / ml) which was not included in the optimization.

Optional salt-loving fungi can be introduced as a commercial and industrial strain due to their stability in fermentation conditions, availability, cheapness and locality.

Failure to early diagnosis of plant diseases increases the use of chemical pesticides and reduces the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Rapid, accurate, low cost and early diagnosis of plant diseases, especially those that spread without early symptoms, is effective in reducing the use of chemical pesticides and improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. In this paper advanced method of plant disease diagnosis based on nanotechnology, nondestructive techniques of spectroscopy and electronic olfaction system is described. Some of these technologies make it possible to diagnose many diseases before the onset of symptoms, which by controlling and preventing the development of the disease, in addition to reducing the cost of disease control, sustainable agricultural, environmental protection and consumer health will also follow.

The aim is to investigate the effects of magnetic nanoparticles on tissue health.

Magnetic iron nanoparticles were produced using Fusarium oxysporum and after proving their size to evaluate their effect on the liver tissue of 24 rats, they were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. Based on the interventions, nanoparticles were injected intraperitoneally. At the end of the experiment, tissue sampling was performed and the samples were sent to the laboratory to prepare histopathological sections and analyze induced paired plasma spectroscopy.

The fungus produced magnetic iron nanoparticles and visible light spectrophotometer tests, X-ray diffraction confirmed its presence and electron microscopy showed that their average size is 20 to 30 nm. MTT test also showed that magnetic iron nanoparticles have low toxicity and ICP analysis showed that with the presence of electromagnetic field, the rate of entry of iron nanoparticles into the tissue has increased. Microscopic results also showed that the most changes in hepatocytes, lobular center vein and sinusoidal space were in the electromagnetic field group and non-toxic dose group of nanoparticles with the presence of electromagnetic field.

Based on the results, it can be said that while magnetic iron nanoparticles do not induce a specific toxic effect in tissue, but the probability that the electromagnetic field itself causes tissue changes increases.

Polyhydroxy alkanoates are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers produced by a wide range of bacterial strains. In the present study, the natural strain of Bacillus cereus producing polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) copolymer with high productivity isolated from starch effluent was used. In order to produce, starch effluent was studied as a cheap and expensive culture medium. Then, by examining the effective factors, the optimal composition of the culture medium was evaluated and in order to achieve higher productivity, the culture method with high cell density was evaluated. The results showed that the mean maximum production of PHBV using the platelet-Berman test design method (culture medium related factors) was about 3.07 g / l (59.5% of cell dry weight). Subsequently, by optimizing culture with high cell density, the production rate increased to 4.45 g / l (more than 72% of dry cell weight). Therefore, it can be concluded that the high-density cell culture method has a significant effect on increasing the productivity of PHBV production by B. cereus. Due to the use of cheap culture medium and the cost of wastewater, the importance of these results is twofold and shows the potential for production on an industrial scale.

The aim of this study is to identify and manage HSE risks in the chemistry laboratory of Najafabad University. First, the risk was identified in the laboratory using the Delphi method. A Delphi implementation and monitoring team was formed, which consists of ten specialists. Then, all the indicators used were collected based on the study of literature and research in this field and the initial questionnaire was prepared. This questionnaire was sent to the experts for review to answer the questions based on their importance. Then, the answers received in the first period eliminated. Then a new questionnaire was sent to the individuals with suggested indicators. After collecting the first round of questionnaires, the second round of questionnaires was distributed and the output indicators of the first round were examined. This operation was repeated in the third round and finally HSE risks were selected in the chemistry laboratory of Najafabad University. Then, the identified risks were analyzed by FMEA method. Based on the results, iodoform test and synthesis of dibenzalone acetone were identified as the most dangerous were analyzed. In this round, the indicators that did not score in the first round were activities in terms of harmful effects on health. Qualitative analysis of some anions was in the second place and elemental analysis was in the third place. Qualitative decomposition of some anions was identified as the most important risk in terms of safety hazards. The synthesis of dibenzalone in the second place and permanganometry were recognized as the third high-risk in this category. The synthesis of adipic acid in the second place and the decomposition of group V cations in the third place were recognized as the most important risks in terms of environmental hazards after the synthesis of methyl salicylate. Synthesis of methyl salicylate was recognized as the most important risk in all three dimensions of safety, health and environmental hazards.

Due to the variety of educational disciplines, various laboratory operations are performed in the university laboratory, which can be exposed to various harmful chemical, biological and safety factors. The most important injuries caused by these factors include burns and corrosion caused by acids, respiratory injuries caused by inhalation of gases and toxins, liver, kidney, central nervous system and cancer due to poisoning caused by heavy metals and organic solvents, infectious contaminants caused by microorganisms. It has been transmitted to humans, and fires and electric shocks have also been reported. Laboratory wastes are classified as hazardous wastes due to their toxicity, corrosion, flammability and reactive properties. The establishment of HSE management system in organizations, companies and small and large industries in the world is always done based on a series of guidelines. The ultimate goal of the HSE management system is to protect people in the community, property and the environment. Prevention of injuries and accidents, health, safety and environment in order to sustainable development and increase productivity by considering the health and safety of employees, customers, contractors and others requires the existence of a structure of health, safety and environmental management system. HSE management system has been a management tool to control and improve the performance of health, safety and environment in all development programs and industrial projects or organizations, by creating a creative cultural context and a new and systematic approach to sustainable development and human dignity, in an integrated and By converging and integrating the manpower and facilities and equipment and by using the efficient training system, periodic audits, continuous evaluation and improvement, minimize the adverse effects of industry on the environment and increase its desired effects by ensuring the overall safety of all employees and colleagues. Organization, equipment and facilities and zero accidents and injuries caused by work by controlling or eliminating unsafe conditions and improving the health of people by applying management, engineering and executive control strategies at all levels of the organization as well as environmental protection as human capital.

In this study, Delphi and FMEA methods were used. Following the preparation and preparation of a preliminary study questionnaire, the questionnaires were distributed among 10 specialized and experienced people in the laboratory of Najafabad University; Expert opinions on hazards were evaluated in the laboratory of Najafabad University and FMEA method was used to analyze the data. The Delphi method is used in cases where insufficient and unreliable knowledge is available or there are limitations in the application of mathematical rules, formulas and models. In other words, the judgment is left to the experts. This method polls people in order to examine the attitudes and judgments of individuals and expert groups as well as to create coordination between views. These surveys are conducted in several stages using a questionnaire and without requiring people to attend a certain place. At the end of summarizing, evaluating and analyzing the set of views and opinions of individuals, is the basis for goal setting, program development or decision making. The main idea in designing the Delphi method process is that the respondents can express their views without being influenced by reputable and famous people and people who have good speaking power in meetings. In this method, by eliminating the effect of the ability of individuals to speak, all opinions and ideas are collected and after analysis are returned to the questioned members. Thus, anonymity and feedback are essential elements of the Delphi method. One of the advantages of this method is that experts and specialists can reconsider their opinions without losing their prestige and credibility when they realize that their opinion is wrong for compelling reasons.Participants in the Delphi study in the present study include 10 professors of chemistry at Najafabad University and HSE management.

Preparation of lead chloride from lead nitrate and crystallization, acid and base titration, determination of calcium carbonate by acidimetric-alkaline assay, limonene extraction, distillation, crystallization, soap preparation, decomposition of group I cations, decomposition of group III cations, measurement of iron to Furic acid method, measurement of iron by spectrophotometry, measurement of chloride ion by Wilhard method, determination of liquid surface tension, determination of liquid viscosity, refractometry, application of conductivity in the study of chemical reaction kinetics, iodine reaction kinetics with acetone, preparation of boric acid from borax, Preparation of low-risk potassium metapridate, elemental analysis, decomposition of group V cations, iodoform test among moderate risks and qualitative decomposition of some anions, permanganometry, synthesis of adipic acid, synthesis of methyl salicylate, synthesis of dibenzalstone were identified as risk Therefore, it is necessary to design control measures to eliminate the risks or reduce any of the factors affecting the RPN.