جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « محیط کشت » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Gene transfer by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one of the well-known methods for the production of the transgenic plants. The success rate of this method depends on the growth of the bacteria and the regeneration of the plant explants. Among these variables, the antibiotics functioning as bacterial growth regulators have mainly inhibitory effects on the plant growth. Therefore, the introduction of a successful gene transfer method which is mediated by Agrobacterium requires the identification of an antibiotic with an inhibitory effect on the growth of the bacteria and also has a minimal effect on the regeneration of the explants and the growth of the transgenic plants. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of optimizing the antibiotic used in co-culture in order to increase the transgenic yield of Petunia hybrida. For this purpose, a variety of antibiotics in different concentrations were tested.

The growth rate of A. tumefaciens in the different medium culture with two suitable pH for the bacterial growth (7) and plant growth (5.7) in the presence of 500 mg/L of the cefotaxime antibiotic as a common antibiotic for controlling bacterial growth was investigated. Sensitivity tests were run. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of five different antibiotics in three concentration on the regeneration of the petunia leaf explants.

The results of the bacterial sensitivity test showed that the type and concentration of salt and the pH of the medium culture significantly affect the growth rate of the bacteria. So that the highest rate of bacterial growth was observed in LB and MH medium culture at pH=7, but on the contrary, no growth was observed in MS medium culture. In addition, two antibiotics of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone at 700 mg/L concentration had the highest inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth. The results of this experiment showed that different antibiotics have different effects on the regeneration of explants and the growth of the seedlings. According to the results, the highest volume of callus and also the highest percentage of regeneration were observed in the presence of ceftizoxime and coamoxiclav antibiotics in all three concentrations and cefepime at 300 mg/L. The highest number of the seedlings was also observed in the treatment of ceftizoxime at concentrations of 300 and 500 mg/L with an average of 7.70 seedlings. In relation to the seedling growth traits, the highest number and length of root per seedling were observed in ceftizoxime at 300 mg/l and cefotaxime at the same concentration, respectively. The highest dry weight belonged to the grown seedlings in the presence of co-amoxiclav antibiotic followed by the ceftizoxime (300 mg/L).

 The overall results of these experiments show that the seedlings which are grown in the presence of ceftizoxime antibiotic had a good growth rate, while the use of this antibiotic was effective in inhibiting the growth of A. tumefaciens. Therefore, we recommend that the use of ceftizoxime antibiotic in the co-culture process will be effective in increasing the efficiency of the gene transfer. Further studies will solidify these results.

In order to investigate the effect of some herbicides with different doses in direct cultivation and comparing it with transplanted cultivation, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on random complete blocks in three replications in Mazandaran in the spring of 2018. The main plots include  transplanted flooded rice and direct seeded rice and sub plots include Kancil herbicide with doses (150, 120, 90, 60, 30), Nomini herbicide with doses (250, 200, 150, 100, 50), Clean Weed with 65 doses; pertilachlor + bensulfuron methyl; clomazone+pendimethalin; Clomazone, weed-infested control and weed-free control. The results showed that in weed-infested conditions, there was a significant difference in paddy yield between the two cultivation methods, so that in flooded cultivation, the yield was 355.6 and in direct cultivation, the yield was 185.1 kg per square meter. In direct cultivation, Kancil herbicide with a dose of 120 and 150 grams per hectare yields (492.5, 546) and Nomini herbicide with a dose of 200 and 250 cc per hectare (412.5, 539 3) and Clean Weed 65 cc. per hectare yield was 534.3 kg per square meter. It is suggested that direct cultivation of rice will be a good method for sustainable production in order to control weeds with herbicides and use less water and obtain optimal yield, considering the limited resources, especially water.

Melisa officinalis L. or Lemon balm; is belonged to Lamiaceae family is one of the most importan p;ant medicinal. The therapeutics effects of Lemon balm such as, antispasmodic and digestive effects have been demonstrated. Due to low small size of seeds, seed germination and fallow it primary growth will be affected. Seed used in this research were purchased from Pakban Company, Ispahan, Iran and then were surface sterilized in 1 % chloramineT for 3 min. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium was used for seed germination assay. The effect of tow cytokinin and gibberllic acid hormones at concentration of 50 and 100 mM in single and combination form was investigated in a factorial based on completely randomized design. Growth seedling were cultured and growth under pot culture containing peat moss and then some characteristics including germinated seeds, vigor index, seedling dry weigh, seedling length and coleoptile length were measured. Mean comparison analysis showed all used treatments have a significant effect at the level of 1% among tested parameters. The highest effect of treatment on seed germination was related to two hormones combination at 100 mM concentration and the lowes effect was recorded in Cytikinin application at 50 mM concentration. Our observation did not show any significant different and effect of culture medium on seed germination in compared to sterile water. Based on obtained data in this research, use of plant hormones at low concentration and in combination form is suggested to seed germination improvement and increase of growth parameters.

Cow tail (Smirnovia iranica) is considered a valuable shrub species indigenous and adapted to the sandy lands of the Iranian central regions which besides playing an essential role in the desert cover for soil protection and of forage production, is considered important due to its great medicinal values. Considering the fact that seed germination of this plant does not easily occur due to its hard and solid seed coat, in this study, the in vitro tissue culture and seedling establishment is utilized for the first time in order to surmount the obstacles laid ahead of cow tail seed germination.

Scratched seed, unscratched seed and seed embryo of cow tail as different explants were placed in two culture media (MS, MS with free amino acids complex) following surface sterilization, and were exposed to two photoperiod treatments (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness as well as absolute darkness) and were investigated in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with six replications. Finally, germination percentage (10 days after seed culturing) and shoot length (30 days after seed germination) were evaluated.

The results indicated that significance of the effect of investigated treatment conducted over some in vitro on germination characteristics. It was revealed that the cultivation of seed embryo in MS culture media along with free amino acids complex for 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness photo period can be considered as the best in vitro germination method, in terms of seed germination percentage (78.83%) and germinated shoot length (44.83 mm).

In vitro culture can be used to improve germination and seeding production of this species.

The aim of this study was to use the potential of productive cultivars to produce new hybrids and to evaluate the morphological and anatomical traits of hybrid seedlings between P. nigra and P. deltoides. In the present project, the male and female bases of the superior clones of Populus nigra and Populus deltoides were used, which had a high performance in terms of wood production and proper trunk quality, and were introduced to the implementation department. In winter 2018, the flowering branches of the base material with flower-bearing buds about 60–100 cm in length were collected from the end branches of the tree and planted in 20 litre plastic pots consisting of mixture of soil, sand and well-rotted cattle manure. To prepare pollen grains, a sufficient number of flowering branches were separated from the male branches of each of P. nigra and P. deltoides species and placed in a container of water and the pollen was collected by opening the male flower catkins. Pollination was achieved by lightly dusting the receptive flowers with a camel-hair brush. Catkins were collected from the branches when capsules mature and all of sterilized hybrid and open pollination capsules were cultured on Half-MS medium without hormone in the form of splitting. Produced plantlets taller than 1 to 2 cm in size were transferred to jiffypots with a mixture of sterilized perlite and peat moss and sand and kept in greenhouse and the characteristics of the percentage of contamination, height of plantlets and the number of plantlets transferred to jiffypots were recorded. The hybrid seedlings were transferred to large pots after gradual adaptation, and then they were evaluated based on quantitative traits such as height, collar diameter, branch and quantitative characteristics and anatomy of leaves after two years. The results showed that the highest catkins height, number and weight of capsules were in open pollinated cross. A total of 28 progeny were obtained from Populus different crossings. The highest stem height in crosses of PD♀xPS♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. deltoides Samsun) and PD♀xPB♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. nigra betulifolia 17/13), the maximum branch angle, leaf area and specific leaf area in open pollinated cross of PD♀ (P. deltoides Marquette) was observed.

The aim of this study was to use the potential of productive cultivars to produce new hybrids and to evaluate the morphological and anatomical traits of hybrid seedlings between P. nigra and P. deltoides.In the present project, the male and female bases of the superior clones of Populus nigra and Populus deltoides were used, which had a high performance in terms of wood production and proper trunk quality, and were introduced to the implementation department. In winter 2018, the flowering branches of the base material with flower-bearing buds about 60–100 cm in length were collected from the end branches of the tree and planted in 20 litre plastic pots consisting of mixture of soil, sand and well-rotted cattle manure. To prepare pollen grains, a sufficient number of flowering branches were separated from the male branches of each of P. nigra and P. deltoides species and placed in a container of water and the pollen was collected by opening the male flower catkins.Pollination was achieved by lightly dusting the receptive flowers with a camel-hair brush. Catkins were collected from the branches when capsules mature and all of sterilized hybrid and open pollination capsules were cultured on Half-MS medium without hormone in the form of splitting. Produced plantlets taller than 1 to 2 cm in size were transferred to jiffypots with a mixture of sterilized perlite and peat moss and sand and kept in greenhouse and the characteristics of the percentage of contamination, height of plantlets and the number of plantlets transferred to jiffypots were recorded. The hybrid seedlings were transferred to large pots after gradual adaptation, and then they were evaluated based on quantitative traits such as height, collar diameter, branch and quantitative characteristics and anatomy of leaves after two years. The results showed that the highest catkins height, number and weight of capsules were in open pollinated cross. A total of 28 progeny were obtained from Populus different crossings. The highest stem height in crosses of PD♀xPS♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. deltoides Samsun) and PD♀xPB♂ (P. deltoides Marquette x P. nigra betulifolia 17/13), the maximum branch angle, leaf area and specific leaf area in open pollinated cross of PD♀ (P. deltoides Marquette) was observed.

Saffron is a sterile triploid plant which is propagated by a daughter corms from the mother corm, thus improving its agronomic characteristics has been limited using conventional plant breeding. Tissue culture technology is a useful tool to improve crop characteristics. The purpose of this research is to find the appropriate protocol for the induction of callus in parts of saffron corms. A factorial experiment was carried out with plant growth regulators 2,4-D and BAP, at three levels (1, 2 and 3 mg/L) each, with 5 replications in a completely randomized design. The control samples had no any kind of growth regulator. These results indicate that MS culture medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 2 mg/L BAP was the best culture medium for callus growth and formation. The purpose of this study was to achieve a suitable protocol for inducing embryogenic callus and indirect regeneration in saffron. To achieve this, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications using two growth regulators of 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L, and BAP at three levels of 3, 4 and 5 mg/L. Observations showed that there were no significant differences between treatments. Then, these calluses were sub-cultured into two different levels of MS medium (half-strength MS and complete MS) without ABA with 3% and 6% sucrose, and with 1 mg/L ABA. The factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 replications to examine embryo development. The results showed that the best medium for embryo development was complete MS medium containing 1 mg/L ABA. Finally, in order to growth and differentiation, these calluses were transferred to a MS medium with 6% sucrose. The observations indicated that calluses in full MS medium containing 1 mg/L ABA, showed the best reaction to regeneration.

GF667 is a hybrid of Prunus Amygdalus × Prunus persica and is the most commonly used rootstock for peach, nectarines and almonds. Due to low efficiency of propagation trough cutting, tissue culture is a good and fast method for propagation of GF667. In the liquid medium, contact between the plant tissue and the medium is better, propagation is accelerated, and cost of production is reduced. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize micropropagation methods for GF677 rootstock by using liquid culture system.

In this study, sterile nodal explants were cultured on different media include Murashige and SKoog (MS), Woody plant medium (WPM) and Gamborg (B5) supplemented with various concentrations of BA (benzyl adenine) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L and IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L. Elongated shoots of GF677 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l IBA and 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l BA for rooting. Factorial analysis of variance was carried out and differences between means were scored with LSD tests.

Effect of different culture media (MS, B5 and WPM) and growth regulators (BA and IBA) on number of shoots per proliferated explant of GF-677 showed that the maximum number of shoots (2.44 shoots) was obtained in WPM medium at a concentration of 1 mg / l BA and the highest shoot length was obtained with 1 mg / l BA and 0.25 mg / l IBA in medium B5. As concentration of BA increased to 1 mg/l, the number of shoot also increased. It sounds that there is a positive correlation between concentration of BA and number of shoot to a certain concentration of BA, so that number of shoot reaches its peak at concentration of 1 mg/l BA. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/l BA decrease in number of shoots can be seen. It shows that when concentration of BA was in excessive amount, it resulted in decrease of shoot number. One of the possible reason can be reductive effect of higher concentrations of BA. Apparently a certain amount of BA is required to obtain the best effect. Higher concentrations of BA brought about formation of high amount of callus which is not appropriate in tissue culture. On MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/l BA, a maximum rooting efficiency was obtained. Rooted plants were transferred in terrestrial environments combination of perlite, sand and soil in the ratio of 1: 2: 1 respectively. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to potting mix with 90% survival and grow naturally after strengthening and transferred to soil.

The shoot multiplication of GF677 was influenced by the media (MS, B5 and WPM) and growth regulators. The WPM medium at a concentration of 1 mg/l BA gave the best results (2.44 shoots) for the proliferation of cultures from explant among the tested media.

Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is considered a valuable plant with high level of various beneficial phytochemical, which has been used centuries in traditional medicine. Since it contains various secondary metabolites and shows noticeable activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, nettle has been identified as an appropriate choice for wider applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries in the recent years. This plant is native to Asia, Europe, Africa and North America and grows naturally in different regions of Iran. Although nettle is an important medicinal plant worldwide, there is no information about optimization of its tissue culture conditions. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different plant growth regulators, explant types and light condition on the callogenesis properties of nettle plant under in vitro condition.

A factorial experiment was carried out on the base of completely randomized design with three replicates. Different explants including young leaves, old leaves, nodes and seeds of nettle plant were cultured in the solid MS medium supplemented with 30 g l-1 sucrose and different concentrations of plant growth regulators of 2,4-D (1, 2 and 3 mg l-1) and BA (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg l-1). Callus-related characteristics, including time of callus induction, callogenesis percentage, and their color and texture were analyzed. Analysis of variance was carried out by SAS software ver. 9.3.1 and mean comparison was conducted using Duncan multiple range test.

According to the results, callus induction was significantly influenced by explant type. The highest callus induction was attained from young leaves, nodes and old leaves, respectively. The results also showed that callus induction and its properties were significantly influenced by light condition. Preservation of cultures in dark condition resulted in higher callus induction than light condition. In addition, the effect of plant growth regulators was significant on callus induction and its properties. The highest percentage of callus induction was obtained from young leaf explants in the medium containing 1 mg l-1 2,4-D and 1 mg l-1 BA in dark condition followed by node explants in the same plant growth regulator treatment. However, medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.1 mg l-1 BA showed to be more effective for old leaf explants. Based on the results of this research, young leaf explants in the MS medium containing 1 mg l-1 2,4-D and 1 mg l-1 BA in dark condition are suggested for callus induction from nettle plant.

Type, color and amount of produced callus in different plant species are highly dependent on the genotypes, compositions of tissue culture media as well as the levels of both endogenous and exogenous plant growth regulators. Auxin and cytokinin are two main plant growth regulators playing important roles in callogenesis of different plant species. There is an interaction between the level of plant growth regulators and color of produced callus. Based on the results of present study, it seems that in the nettle plant, node explants endure a higher level of plant growth regulators and hence produce a brighter callus than the leaf segment explants when they are treated with high concentrations of these chemicals.

Horseradish has a male sterility that produces a small amount of seed with a low germination. It then propagates with root cuttings, which is also subject to a limited number of mother rootstocks. Therefore, the mass proliferation of this plant is important through tissue culture, especially somatic embryogenesis protocols. Somatic embryogenesis is a method to develop embryo via plant somatic cells during in vitro culture. The purpose of the present experiment is to find the best method for callus and somatic embryogenesis inducing horseradish, which is carried out in two B5 and NL media in both solid and liquid phases.
 

This research was carry out in the tissue culture lab of the department of horticultural sciences at gorgan university agricultural sciences and natural resources from 2016 to 2019. Calli are developed on callus induction media (B5 + 1 µM 2,4-D + 2 µM kin, NL + 1 µM IAA + 2 µM kin), and then transferred to somatic embryo induction phase (B5 + 3 µM 2,4-D + 4 µM kin, NL + 3 µM IAA + 4 µM kin) for 8 weeks. Elimination of IAA, 2,4-D and kin from induced calli done onto realization phase, and globular, heart and torpedo embryos observed 4 weeks later.
 

Based on the results, the best surface sterilization was achieved by 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 70% aqueous sodium hypochlorite (v/v) for 60 minutes. The callus and somatic embryo were observed in both solid and liquid B5 and NL media. In the study of callus induction, according to the measurement of appearance quality and the process of callus formation, the growth and increase of callus in solid phase are higher than that of liquid phase. The highest callus induction record is seen in solid B5 medium containing 2 µM Kin and 1 µM 2,4-D. Generally, calli on embryo induction phase are bright green to yellowish and compact consisting of separate clusters of somatic embryonic cells. The results of somatic embryogenesis revealed that globular, heart, torpedo and total embryos in B5 containing 1 µM 2,4-D are more than NL containing 1 µM IAA.

Optimizing the growth of somatic embryos is important for mass propagation of plants that face problems in seed germination or have a long growth period. Due to the success of the production of horseradish somatic embryos, the results of this experiment can provide the possibility of production and propagation of horseradish plants in a short time. Further studies are required to determine the somaclonal variation of horseradish mature somatic embryos and plantlets.

Hyparrhenia hirta L. is a drought tolerant herbaceous species and one of the valuable genetic reserves. Poor seed production has caused some problems related to natural regeneration of this plant and micro-propagation and the production of artificial seeds through somatic embryos in this plant is necessity and especially important. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was performed to consider the effect of encapsulation of somatic embryos with different concentration of sodium alginate and calcium chloride as well as different duration of ion exchange on seedling emergence percentage from encapsulated embryos. Single adult embryos derived from suspension cultures were placed in different sodium alginate concentrations of two, three and four percent. Single embryos in sodium alginate solution were injected by syringes in various calcium chloride complex at concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 mM, and were coated in different times of 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes. The encapsulated seeds were cultured on MS 1​​/2 without any growth regulator and kept in a growth chamber at 22 °C and the period of 16/8 h (light/darkness) for two weeks and the emerged seedlings from the alginate coating were measured. The highest germination percentage and seedling emergence (60%) was obtained from 3% sodium alginate and 100 mg calcium chloride during 40 minutes of ion exchange time.

Daenensis thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak) is one of the important medicinal plant that belongs to the family Labiatae. The leaves and flowering branches of this plant has a number of important compounds such as Thymol, Carvacrol, Btaptyn and Parasymyn. The present study was performed in order to determine the optimum of plant growth regulators (auxin and cytokinin) for production of in vitro plantlet using apical bud and hypocotyl explants. The seeds after sterilization were germinated on MS medium. The explants were cultured on the medium containing various concentrations of BAP and Kin for study of in vitro micropropagation. Hypocotyl explants were cultured on the medium containing various combinations of BAP and NAA for callus induction and shoot regeneration. In study of micropropagation, the mean comparison showed the highest number of shoot, leaf and bud obtained in MS medium containing 2.5 mg l-1 Kin in the apical explants. In study of regeneration, the mean comparison showed the highest percentage of shoot regeneration and mean of shoot number were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l-1 BAP + 0.6 mg l-1 NAA in hypocotyl explants. Overall, Kin was most effective plant growth regulator on micropropagation and comination of BAP and NAA had most effect on regeneration of Daenensis thyme.

The main purpose of the presented study was to investigate the techniques for in vitro propagation of Myrobalan29c (a rootstock for stone trees). In vitro propagation fruit tree is available way for the mass propagation. In vitro proliferation of woody plants has more problems than herbaceous plants. And woody plant for the in vitro regeneration adventitious shoot from the explant٫ and also in vitro rooting are hard. Therefore, the selection of suitable culture media is necessary for inanition regeneration of shoots from explants٫ proliferation and rooting for the development of a propagation system in fruit trees.

This study was performed to determine the best culture medium and plant growth regulators in micropropagation of Myrobalan 29C in a factorial experiment on a complete randomized design (CRD) with 4 replication where each plot contained 5 explants at the Natural Resource and Agricultural Research and Educational Centre of Khorasan Razavi. In order to the proliferation used performed, in level two of culture medium including (MS and QL) and concentrations BAP and TDZ in level five (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mgL-1) and two kinds of culture medium including QL and DKW plant growth regulators NAA with (0, 1, 2 and 3 mgL-1) in rooting step and in the acclimatization of substrate Coco pit and Perlite (50; 50 V). The number and the length of the shoots and number leaf in proliferation phase after subculture three (21 days between each subculture) and in rooting phase number and root length, leaf number, percent root and plantlets stem length evaluated.

The results showed that the highest shoots proliferation ratio was obtained with 3.41 in MS medium containing 2 mgL-1 of BAP and also the highest plantlets lengths 2.5, 2.33 and 2.29 cm, respectively was observed in three concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 mgL-1 of BAP. The highest percentage of rooting (100%) and root length (2.12 cm) were recorded in DKW medium respectively at concentrations of 1 and 3 mgL-1 NAA. The acclimatization of plantlets to greenhouse conditions was successful. The highest rate of plantlets survival (about 50%) in DKW medium with concentrations 1 mgL-1 of NAA was obtained in substrate Coco peat and Perlite (50; 50 V).

The composition of the culture medium and the concentration of growth regulator effect on the proliferation and propagation stone rootstock .In this experiment, optimum BAP and NAA concentrations respectively was 2 and 1 mgL-1 for proliferation and rooting of Myrobalan29c. It should be noted that higher concentrations of 2 mgL-1 BAP and NAA are not recommended for this plant. Usually, root production is affected by the synthesis, metabolism and auxin movement in the plant. Therefore acclimatization directly related to rooting quality and the highest rooting ratie.

Background and objectives Gerbera is one of the most important ornamental plants that used as cut flower and potted plant. The common methods of propagation does not have performance for supplying the global demand of this ornamental plant. So the most common method for commercial propagation of gerbera is micropropagation.
Material and methods In this study, effect of different hormonal treatments and cultivars on micropropagation and rooting of gerbera shoot tip explant was evaluated. Shoot tip explants were first washed with running tap water for 30 min then they were surface sterilized by dipping in 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water, followed by immersing in 0.1 % mercuric chloride solution for 5 min. After Sterilization with mercuric chloride solution, capitulum was washed with sterile distilled water. Subsequent washing was done with sterile distilled water three times. Sterilization with sodium hypochlorite solution and mercuric chloride and final rinse with sterile distilled water were done under laminar air flow hood. In the proliferation phase, MS medium containing 1 mg/l BA or KIN in combination with 0.1 mg/l IAA or hormone-free medium, 3% sucrose, 8 g/l agar was used. For rooting of propagated plantlets, ½ MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA, IAA, 2IP or ½ MS hormone-free medium, 3% sucrose, 8 g/l agar was used. After 4 weeks different parameters such as number of plantlet, height of plantlet, number of main root, root length, number of secondary root were measured. Cultivars that was used in this experiment are as follows: 1: ‘Aventura’, 2: ‘Barones’, 3: ‘Mayfair’, 4: ‘Cacharelle’, 5: ‘Real’, 6: ‘Sorbet’, 7: ‘Dalma’, 8: ‘Goldy’, 9: ‘Panama’, 10: ‘Lancaster’, 11: ‘Dune’, 12: ‘Bellavue’, 13: ‘Blinddate’, 14: ‘Applause’, 15: ‘Sunway’.
Results and discussion The results showed that in all studied cultivars, the medium containing BA lead to producing the highest number of plantlet. So using the medium containing BA in propagation phase is recommended for obtaining the highest number of plantlet. Also the results showed that the rooting of gerbera plantlets was affected by cultivar and suitable hormonal composition for rooting of each cultivar was different. However, the appropriate acclimation of produced plantlets is so important. Although the length and number of roots in ½ MS medium was at the average of other treatments, but propagated plantlets from this medium, had a suitable acclimation capacity. Moreover, additional cost for utilization of rooting hormones was reduced and therefore commercial production cost decreased. So application of this medium for rooting of different gerbera cultivars is recommended. Finally acclimation of rooted plantlet was done in cocopeat and perlite medium, with 95% success.

Strawberry seed germination is long and non-uniform and variable, which can cause problems for the plant breeding programs. Reducing the time of germination for strawberry seeds and achieving a high percentage of germination, will allow breeders to easily assess the strawberry germ plasm. Recently, carbon nanotubes have been used to improve seeds germination of plants. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of carbon nanotubes on in vitro germination of strawberry seeds. The test was carried out through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 5 replicates. Factors included two in vitro culture media (B5 and MS), different concentrations of carbon nanotubes (0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml) and two cultivars of strawberries (Paros and Camarosa). At the end of experiment (40 days) germination indexes including germination percentage, germination rate, time to 50% of final germination, means of radicle and plumule length (two weeks after germination) were evaluated. The results showed that seeds of the two cultivars cultured on MS and B5 media containing 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml nanotube had no sign of germination. In 0 (control) and 5 µg/ml, seeds on both culture media germinated significantly compared to the other treatments. In most indexes, control treatment was better and significantly different among treatments. The results showed that carbon nanotubes in high concentrations restricted the strawberry seed germination possibly because of toxicity induction for the seed embryo.

Satureja bachtiarica L, an important medicinal plant from Lamiaceae family is valuable because of its medical compounds. Optimization of in vitro culture through callogenesis is proposed to be an alternative for vegetative propagation. In present study, an efficient protocol has been developed for callus induction of S. bachtiarica using different explants and concentrations of plant growth regulators on MS basal medium. Results indicated that the highest rate of callogenesis (16.82±0.94 days after culture) and callus volume (14.17±0.47) were achieved from internodes explants. On the other hand, for percentage of callus induction, shoot tips, internodes and nodal segments explants were more efficient than that of leaves explants. According to the results, the nodal segments cultured on medium supplemented with 1 mgl-1 BAP plus 1 mgl-1 NAA led to a remarkable decrease in induction rate of calli. Maximum callus volume was obtained from internodes explants cultured on medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 BAP plus 0.5 mgl-1 NAA.

Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Among different tissue culture systems, hairy root is very stable in hormone-free culture conditions and these roots stably produce secondary metabolites over a long period due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some different parameters on optimization of hairy production in P. somniferum.
In the present research, for the optimization of hairy root in papaver, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4 and GMI9534), medium (MS and ½ MS medium), two temperatures (17 and 25 °C) at co-cultivation period, and two different explants (excised shoot and hypocotyl). Different traits were evaluated including percentage of induced hairy roots, number of lateral branches/1cm, number of hairy root per explants and days after inoculation (DAI).
Hairy roots were induced at the wound site of explants after weeks of culture. Analysis of the results showed that strain ATCC15834, ½ MS medium, temperature 25 °C and excised shoot explant were the best treatment combination for hairy roots induction in the poppy plant. Transformed hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB gene specific primers.
All of the A. rhizogenes strains led to hairy root induction, but there were no hairy roots formed from control explants. Differences in virulence, morphology and growth rate can be partially explained by the variety of plasmids harbored by the A. rhizogenesis strains. In the present study, excised shoot explants were highly and significantly susceptible to infection by each strain of A. rhizogenes and hypocotyl explants showed low rate of hairy root induction.

Iran is home of one of the most delightful and graceful flower of Fritillaria in the world. Its habitation is commonly expanded on the vast areas: growing in beds, borders, backgrounds and rock gardens. Besides, it is also suitable for naturalizing and excellent for cut flowers. Fritillaria imperialis as a medicinal plant has pharmaceutical purpose in which possesses a health beneficial essence that used in production of mucus and cough medicine. In addition, extractions of plant tissues contain certain of properties which affect to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar. Unfortunately, the habitation of this ornamental plant is under threat and majority of its habitation already being to ruin due to human activities and urbanization. The propagation of Fritillaria through offsets (bulblets) is prolonging approach which takes approximately 3-4 years. Whereas, using tissue culture technique for flower production is required less time probably within a few months and economically has a huge advantage due to low cost and a numerous plant production in a short time.
This research was carried out in four experiments: callus formation, bulblet production, root formation and acclimatization. In the present study, a factorial experiment was assigned as completed randomized design (CRD) with three replications. In the first experiment, leaf primordia and scale explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and IBA in order to produce callus formation. In the second experiment, the calli were cultured on organogenesis medium which were contained MS medium supplement, with kin. and TDZ, after 6 and 12 weeks. In the third experiment, the bulblets were transferred into rooting media, which were contained MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l). In the fourth experiment, after washing the bulblet whit warm distilled water (40ᵒC) that contain 2.0 mg/l benlate fungicide, they then were planted into the pots containing sterilized perlite, cocopeat and perlite along with cocopeat.
In the first experiment, the results demonstrated that the highest weight of callus (3.29g) was sustained in scale explants on basal MS medium which was supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA along with 0.5mg/l IBA. In second experiment, the result indicated that the numerous of bulblets were developed on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l TDZ along with 0.5mg/l kin. Which of these, the callus scale were produced on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA. In the third experiment, in order to retain rooting the bulblets, they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of NAA. The result elucidated that the large quantity of roots (7.7) were obtained from leaf primordia on MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l NAA. In the fourth experiment, rooted bulblets were washed with warm distilled water for 5-10min, and then they were transferred into pots with perlite, cocopeat and perlite cocopeat.
The results revealed information that the rooted bulblets from scale growing on cocopeat substrate had retained the most diameter (21.64mm) as compared to other treatments. The finding results under this investigation strongly suggested that using micropropagation it is definitely a possible trend to abolish the barriers which caused to deteriorate of Fritillaria imperiallis.

In order to produce artificial seed, somatic embryogenesis has been introduced as one of the most effective methods to overcome the problems of cultivation, propagation and conservation of medicinal plants. For this reason, callus induction, embryogenesis and somatic embryos of Chavil (Ferulago angulata L.) were evaluated on diluted Murashige and Skoog growth medium ( MS) in three separate experiments.
The first experiment (callus induction) was done in a two factors factorial experiment consists of hormones combination (in 10 concentration combination of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyl amino-purine (BAP)( and genotype (Koohgol and Chehel-Cheshmeh genotypes) based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the central laboratory of agricultural college, yasouj univeristy. Factors of the second experiment (somatic embryogenesis) were consisted of genotype, explant (root and shoot) and light (full light and dark). In the third study (assessment of somatic embryo), after seeing signs of torpedo embryo, number of globular, heart and torpedo embryos formed on the surface of embryogenic calluses in each genotype counted and were compared using T-test.
In callus induction experiment (first experiment), genotype and hormonal composition in combination had a great impact on callus induction, so that the interaction between the two treatment groups was significant at 1% probability level. Explants of root and shoot in both genotypes were produced pre-embryo in the same concentration (1.5 mg/l) of NAA and BAP. Under this condition, the lowest callus induction percentage (zero ) was observed in the control (hormone-free) and the treatments that high concentrations of auxin or cytokinin concentration was used and or one of the hormones was absent in the growth medium. In the embryogenesis experiment (second experiment) shoot and root explants have formed globular embryo in Koohgol and Chehel-cheshmeh genotypes, respectively. The results of this experiment also showed that under illumination condition, by decreasing auxin concentration the shoot explant in Koohgol and root explant in the Chehel-cheshmeh have produced calluses with white and brittle texture with capability to producing embryo. By transferring calluses with globular embryos to hormone-free medium, development of globular embryo to torpedo was continued. In the third study (assessment of somatic embryo), as embryogenic callus formation conditions were the same, so only two genotypes were compared in terms of the number of somatic embryo and observed that both genotypes answered similarly to somatic embryo formation.
Overall results of this experiment showed that explant type is related to genotype and it is possible to produce somatic embryos and synthetic seed by using callus with white and brittle texture.

Medicinal barberry plants, belong to Berberidaceae family. Seeds of barberry have long period dormancy. Therefore, overcome to seed dormancy and increasing germination rate of seeds due to different methods will be useful. In this regard, two separate experiments were designed. In the first experiment, effect of different levels of Gibberellic acid (0, 600 and 900 mg.l-1 at 8˚C) and temperatures (25 (control), 10 and 5 °C at 50 days) in a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with three replications and in the second experiment, effect of different nutrition concentrations of MS medium (full strength MS, 1/2MS and 1/4 MS) in a completely randomized design with three replications on embryo culture of four native species of barberry (Berberis integrima, B. vulgaris, B. crataegina and B. orthootrys) were investigated. Based on the results obtained from the first experiment, chilling treated seeds showed the greatest effect (88%) on seed germination in comparison with gibberellic acid treatment. The results of the second experiment showed that the best MS concentration for embryo culture was full strength MS medium with%100 seed germination in four above mentioned barberry species after 2-3 days. In general, the best method to overcome barberry seed dormancy was an embryo culture in full-strength MS nutrition.