جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اقتصاد" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Health system policy is one of the most important issues for policy makers and managers in the health system. This study aims to present a health system policy model based on the statement of “the second phase of the revolution” and using the economic resistance approach.

This is a qualitative study using grounded theory. Participants were selected by purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The data was collected by conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 11 faculty members, deputies, and managers of Arak University of Medical Sciences and Qom University of Medical Sciences in Iran. The concepts for the paradigmatic model were extracted after open, axial, and selective coding. Then, the structural equation modeling was conducted using non-parametric partial least squares method.

Initially, 408 codes were obtained, which were reduced to 260 after screening using the content validity index. In this regard, 40 sub-themes and 13 main themes were extracted which included: Causal factors (management issues, human resources management, processes/methods), strategies (priority of prevention over treatment, health resource management, cultural enrichment, promotion of human capital in healthcare, and improvement of methods), intervening factors (economic, social, technological, and political), contextual factors, governance factors, and consequences (promoting the society health, improving economic efficiency of medical universities).

The health system policy model based on the economic resistance approach can help promote the society health and improve the economic efficiency of medical universities in Iran.

Health is the cornerstone for development of any country. Holistic health promotion is possible with knowledge-based and value-oriented efforts by considering the health resistance economy. In this statement, seven strategies, requirements and actions of each strategy are stated regarding curbing inflation and production growth in the field of health.

Due to occupational accidents, many costs are annually lost from the countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Estimating these costs can be essential for optimal investments and establishing appropriate policies in many countries, such as Iran. The present study aimed to review the studies conducted on the safety economics and the costs of accidents in Iran from 2000 to 2021.

The reliable databases “Web of Science”, “Embase”, “IranDoc”, “SID”, “Magiran”, “Google Scholar”, “PubMed” and “Scopus” were used to conduct this research. Articles in these databases were searched and extracted by searching for keywords such as “accident”, “cost of accidents”, “occupational accidents” and “Iran” in Persian and English from 2000 to 2021.

Among the 66 identified articles, 19 were selected as final articles, of which 11 studies were carried out in the transportation industry and eight in other industries. Among these studies, nine studies only examined and stated the total costs, and six studies separately examined and stated the direct, indirect, and total costs. Four other studies also investigated and expressed the costs caused by accidents in other ways. Most notably, in three studies, the number of direct costs is higher than indirect costs. Similarly, only six studies estimated the damage to the GDP, ranging from 0.03% to 6.46% of the GDP.

The results of the review of studies showed that occupational accidents cause the loss of a significant part of Iran’s GDP. It is recommended to carry out further studies on the relationship between investment in the safety sector and reducing the costs of accidents concerning the grouping of jobs, mainly in the process, service, and production industries, to prevent wasting such heavy costs.

The corona virus epidemic has created significant economic effects on a global and national scale. Despite these effects, no evidence was found that could investigate the impact of this disease on business activities, especially from the accounting perspective. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the disclosure of the financial effects of Corona and the future performance of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The present research is a descriptive study. To conduct the study, the information of 117 companies that disclosed the Corona issue in information conferences available on the Kodal website during the years 1398 to 1400 were used.

The findings of the research showed that the disclosure of Corona has a negative and significant relationship with future sales, operating profit and net profit, and a positive and significant relationship with future operating cash flow. In addition, the amount of corona disclosure has a positive and significant relationship with short-term abnormal stock returns.

In general, the companies that have disclosed and provided more information about the financial effects of Corona, despite the weakening of the company's performance, their operating cash flow has increased, and investors have shown a positive reaction to the discussions related to Corona during the presentation of conferences.

The COVID-19 epidemic and its subsequent effects have become a significant global challenge. In addition to being affected by this crisis, Iran is also facing many other problems, including sanctions and economic problems. So, there is a concern that it will suffer more severe consequences.

Scenario planning is one of the ways to recognize future changes and environmental uncertainties. This study used the so-called global business network (GBN) method, also known as the scenario matrix method. This method is based on two key uncertainties and six steps have been taken to examine variables related to health and socio-economic factors and use the opinions of relevant experts.

To be expected, Iran's health system will be able to manage the epidemic in the face of various conditions with severity and weakness, and only in the pessimistic scenario or in Worst-case scenario with the default assumption of the continuation of sanctions and the spread of the epidemic. It leads to global restrictions, loss of foreign exchange reserves, loss of performance or collapse of the health system, increasing the number of deaths and diminishing the quality of life.

Regarding the COVID-19 epidemic and the existing background factors, scenarios of Iran’s health and economic conditions were narrated. Given the ability of the scenarios to understand the complexity and help in decision-making, it is considered a useful tool for policy makers to have a broader, comprehensive and reasonable look to achieve a correct consensus. This situation leads to the preservation and continuation of society health and conventional economic decisions.

Scientific mapping is very important to identify scientific collaborations in different subject areas. The aim of this study was to investigate and draw a scientific map of the outputs of the field of economics among the D8 member countries through the word co-occurrence analysis in the Web of Science (WoS).

This applied descriptive was conducted using a scientometric approach. The research population included 17,598 articles in the field of economics among the D8 member countries, indexed in the WoS during 2010-2019. To analyze the research data, SPSS 22 was used. Moreover, UCINET, Netdraw and VOSviewer were utilized to draw and analyze the co-authorship network of scientific outputs.

The process of scientific outputs in the field of economics has a growing trend. Furthermore, Turkey and Malaysia had the most output in this field. Among the keywords, “economic growth” with 502 repetitions had the highest frequency, and “panel data” and “foreign direct investment” with 241 and 170 frequencies were in the second and third ranks, respectively. Based on the WoS data, it was found that the scientific structure of the economics of the D8 member countries consisted of seven main thematic clusters, including economic growth outlook, financial policies and information targeting, business education and globalization, financial disintegration, organizational structure of investment companies, entrepreneurship, commitment and organizational culture.

The analysis of the clusters obtained in this study has shown that although researchers have paid attention to recent developments in the field of economics, most of their approach is to study the general and conventional principles of this field.

General health policies can provide a suitable platform to implement a resistance economy; in this context, this study sought to find the changes needed in health policies to build and implement a resilient economy.

Challenges were identified, and evaluated in different economic schools and compared with the country's health policies.

Effective Health Policy and provision of a resilient economy requires attention to the welfare states theory and experience of Northern European countries with Social health issues and issues relevant to the prioritization of health over treatment. In recent years, attention to the provision of approaches like public choice has led to significant growth of domestic health expenditures; despite projects such as the Health Transformation Plan, out-of-pocket payments, and absolute payment of health expenses by households, etc., the burden in our country is worse than many other countries, and the pressure of health expenses on the Iranian households is more than current international standards.

Recommendations regarding reform of the country's current health policy in line with the objectives of the General Health Policies are proposed seeking a stable resilient economy.

 The world of law is designed based on logical rules and their order. These rules and regulations justify legal norms. In other words, it causes legal norms to be accepted and implemented by society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal aspects of marriage gifts in the light of legal formalism.

 This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

 The findings of the present study show that there is a certain multiplicity in relation to the nature of marriage gifts from the perspective of logical order. This multiplicity can be sought in the specific principles of these gifts, namely the aspect of benevolence and the aspect of savings and savings. On the other hand, this multiplicity is not acceptable within the framework of the classical order of the legal world.

Ethical considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

In connection with the multiplicity governing the nature and effects of Shabash, it should be noted that looking at the world of law from the perspective of postmodernism and the complexity of the relations of the subjects of law has caused failure and refraction in the world of law; That is, traditional classifications cannot cover the current complex relationships of legal entities.

Addressing Islamic banking as one of the ideas needed in managing the economy of Islamic societies and also presenting an independent model based on Islamic jurisprudence is a real concern. Accordingly, the present study seeks to address the do's and don'ts of Islamic banking from the perspective of jurisprudential sources.

In this descriptive article, the analytical method is used and the information is documented and library.

Denial and sanctity of usury is an essential aspect of the formation of Islamic banking that should be considered both in transactions and in providing services and facilities to customers. Islamic banking is a model based on real transactions and rejection of formal transactions, which is supported by jurisprudential sources of transactions accepted in Islam Including Gharz al-Hasna, Ja'ala, Mudaraba, and civil partnership are among them, which rely on real transactions and solving the economic problems of the people of the society.

Ethical considerations:

 In different stages of writing this article, from the stage of compiling to analyzing the content, ethical considerations such as the principle of fiduciary duty and observance of writing principles have been considered.

One of the main problems of non-realization of Islamic banking is the lack of change in jurisprudence based on banking developments and the lack of a practical plan for the implementation of Islamic banking. Also, from a legal point of view, not paying attention to the legal obstacles to the progress of Islamic banking is very important. The prevalence of usurious banking in the Islamic society, the huge interest of banks on loans and financial services and the lack of a legal mechanism on banks are among the most important legal obstacles to the non-realization of Islamic banking. At the same time, in terms of the musts (positive), the usury banking system still remains in the theoretical field and its executive policies have not been properly implemented.

There are rules for determining the effects of a contract. These rules have been uniformly established in different countries and regions of the world with different legal systems. One of the most important examples of contracts is the litigation contract. The present article seeks to examine the economic contract while examining it.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Litigation theory can be one of the tools used in legislative policy. The findings show that economics of law or economic analysis of law is from an economic perspective, this school is inspired by the consequentialist philosophy of justice and is considered a kind of scientific methodology, the logic of legal economics is the application of economic principles in the legal decision-making process. Contract economics also seeks contractual efficiency, allocation of transaction costs, combating contractual opportunism, and allocation of contractual risks with the aim of ensuring social welfare and efficient contract execution.

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Economic analysis of the civil litigation process is based on litigation costs in order to increase the efficiency and quality of litigation and the rational optimization of litigation costs if an efficient litigation is one of the guarantees of civil justice.

Cite this article as: Firoozbakht M, Habibi Dargah B, Elsan M. Economic analysis of litigation Contract. Medical Law Journal 2021; Legal Innovation.

The garbage economy is now expanding as a kind of hidden and informal economy and obviously has its causes and consequences. Given the importance of this huge portion of working capital, this study evaluates the economic performance of the centers. Solid waste recycling is discussed.

This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, the process of economic performance assessment of solid waste recycling centers in Jouybar and Qaemshahr towns in 2018 was studied with 90 randomly selected workshops. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24.

This study shows that 60,700 kg of waste is pumped into recycling plants daily. 1% of all workshops have a productivity of less than 100 kg, 20% of all workshops have a productivity of between 100-300 kg, 39% of all workshops have a productivity of between 300-500 kg and 40% of All workshops have a production volume exceeding 500 kg. The value of manufactured products used as raw materials of factories According to Rial calculations in 2018 is about 912765000 Rials daily, without economical saving in disposal costs.

The high potential of income generated by the activity of segregation and waste collection is significant in the riverside and upstream cities. Considering the hygiene at the source, in addition to high economic income and savings in waste disposal, entrepreneurship and employment Also provided a lot.

Family businesses can combine commercial activities with emotional obligations governing the family and create a suitable platform for the financial growth of the family and job creation. The present study seeks to identify and explain the strategy of taking advantage of entrepreneurial exit to revive family businesses in Iran during of COVID-19 Prevalence.

The method of qualitative research is to select the sample and identify the study cases, using the purposeful sampling method and identifying forty family businesses that have experience in the exit category, and finally twenty-eight interviews with their owners were completed.

The results of this research provide clear evidence of the major and effective role of entrepreneurial exit in reviving business among family companies in Iran.

It seems that family businesses can play an effective role in new businesses for families, especially during the Corona epidemic, however, more research is needed to increase the external validity of the research.

Jihad is a well-known and holy concept in our religious literature and is one of the important chapters of Islamic jurisprudential books. One of the types of jihad is the great jihad, which falls under the category of minor jihad. The Great Jihad has a completely Quranic nature and verse 52 of Surah Al-Furqan indicates this. This jihad means disobeying the enemy in various fields of politics, culture, society, and the field of economy. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of the Great Jihad in the Quran and hadiths and to count the ways in which the enemy operates in order to find solutions to cope with it in the field of economics. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is through the library. The data collection tools include taking notes from books, articles and software. The findings of this study indicate the need for the country's immunity from the harms and enmities of long-standing and vindictive enemies, and it is necessary for us to consider all four areas of the Great Jihad and do our best to advance the goals of these areas. Since the enemy uses the two methods of infiltration and sanctions to destroy the economy of the target societies, so the solution of the great jihad in the field of economy is not to be digested in the economy of the world community and to implement the resistance economy

Political, economic, and cultural forces of the environment can play an important role in shaping the behavior of foreign consumers. However, so far, their impact on the process of selecting medical tourism destinations in foreign target markets has not been considered by researchers. Therefore, this study endeavors to explore the role of political tensions, economic issues, and religious differences in the occurrence of adverse feelings among Iraqi consumers and possible consequences in the marketing of medical tourism destinations.

This applied study was performed using a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design (i.e., qualitative + quantitative). In the qualitative phase, potential sources of consumer animosity were identified through in-depth interviews with 25 Iraqi university professors and researchers and using the thematic analysis method. In the quantitative phase, the data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The sample size was 385 individuals who were selected through convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed through Structural Equation Method.

In the qualitative phase, political, economic, and religious issues were identified as the main dimensions of consumer animosity, but based on the findings of the qualitative section, the influence of political factors and economic factors on the animosity of Iraqi consumers were confirmed. The animosity reduces the willingness to travel to medical tourism destinations and social exposure to travel experience but has no effect on the evaluation of the quality of the services.

Political and economic issues give rise to negative feelings for foreign clients of medical services in the country of origin of medical services which in turn cause undesirable consequences such as reduced desire to travel to medical tourism destinations. Therefore, managers and stakeholders in this sector should pay attention to the importance of these factors in the decision-making process and consumer selection in target countries, especially Iraq, and adopt appropriate marketing strategies to mitigate these negative effects.

Research in the field of economic socialization in Iran to children less attention has been paid. Limited research has also examined each specific aspect of this issue, and there is little research to match all aspects of the issue. Economic components affect the health of children.

In this structured review, all studies conducted within the country during the years 2006 to 2006 using the keywords economics, children, children's economics and the impact of economics from internal and external databases were reviewed and data were analyzed using the method. The meta-analysis was performed; the selected articles were collected according to inclusion criteria and finally were examined more closely.

After searching the databases and extracting a large number of articles by title and abstract, 160 articles were reviewed and finally 11 articles were reviewed. Finally, the impact of economics on factors related to nutrition, mortality, motor skill, growth, IQ, dental health, accidents and mental health of children were discussed.

Recent studies have shown that all components of child health are related to the economic level of parents, especially mothers. Therefore, it seems necessary to implement educational programs for proper nutrition, accident prevention, dental health and psychological interventions in children from families with low socioeconomic status.
Keywords: Economics, Children, health

Increase of healthcare costs has become a major challenge worldwide. In order to ensure the security of treatment for all people, resiliency is necessary for the country’s health economy and must promote in the country. The aim of this article is to introduce the macro-axes and specific issues of each axis.

In this study, concurrent-nested mixed method was used. After discussing in focus group meeting and qualitative content analysis, the macro- axes priority of the resistance economy and specific issues were extracted. Studies in the field of health and resistance economics were identified as the complementary role by searching the databases of sid, magiran and Google scholar and with the keywords health, resistance economy, health system and Iran and the final list was obtained.

Twelve macro-priority areas and specific issues of each axis were identified. The macro-axes are: "Conceptualism", "Basis, Principles, Values, Goals", "Policies and Strategies”, “Pathologic barriers and Challenges of the Health Economics", "Indices", " Intersectoral dimensions of the Health Economics and the Resistance Economics", "Requirements", Examples/Objective Examples in Contemporary History”, “Culture and Culture-Building”, “Dimensions of Health Economics Management”,  and “Implementation Strategies" in each macro-axis, a number of specific issues were introduced.

Strengthening the countrychr('39')s health system in normal conditions, crisis and disaster, war and bioterrorism, and economic sanctions, requires the implementation of health resistance economy. An excellent, efficient and responsive health system is possible with comprehensive implementation of the general health policies, related clauses of the resistance economy general policies, and other upstream documents in the field of health. Monitoring, evaluating and macro observation of health are also necessary for dynamism and prosperity of health economy and the achievement of affect and defense capabilities.

Resistance economics in health is an economy based on human and Islamic principles, to achieve a comprehensive approach for health and a healthy person based on "valid references of Islamic economics", "Principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran", "Comprehensive Scientific Map of the Country", "Documents of General Policies of Health, Science and Technology, principle 44 of the Constitution and the Resistance Economy, notified by the Supreme Leader” and "Other Related Documents of the Policy related to Islamic Republic of Iran". The strategies identified in this study present the realization of a resistance economy for achieving the health system to the following macro goals:Identify and apply the scientific, technical and economic capacities of health to access the capability.Monitoring the programs of the sanctions, managing the risks against economy, preparing active, fast and timely response plans against internal and external risks and achieving defense capability.

This article has been prepared by reviewing library references in political documents and national sources and selected from international sources after a focused group discussion in resistance economics group of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

The major and main strategies identified in this study are: "approach of health equity", "adherence to other human and Islamic values in health", "scientific authority with the approach of promoting human capital of health", "generalization the integration of education and research in services and care”, "comprehensive implementation of the principle of prevention", "realization of insurance system with a comprehensive approach for public health insurance”, "Developing of the countrychr('39')s health care network", "self-sufficiency and cutting dependence on health services and goods", "reforming the consumption pattern in the health system", "creating, maintaining and increasing of strategic and essential reserves", "increasing peoplechr('39')s participation with promoting in culture and health literacy" and" achieving health system and defense capabilities. “In each macro strategy, a number of specific strategies were considered. In theoretical study, principles, goals, policies and basics have been presented from valid and credible references.

The definite and permanent resilience and resistance of the health system in all circumstances can be possible with "Islamic economic system" based on knowledge and technology, "justice", "endogenous and exodenous", "dynamic and progressive", "Islamic approaches" "cultural", "ethical and spiritual", "transparency and accountability", "fight against corruption and abuse", "flexibility", "Production", "Productivity and cost-effectiveness", "Entrepreneurship", "Saving".

Biopharmaceutical is either protein or nucleic acid based drug that is approved for therapeutic, diagnostic, or disease prevention applications. This study was conducted by a careful bibliography and search through original pharmaceutical company websites such as Web of Sciences, Springer, Scopus, Pubmed, and Google scholar. The annual pharmaceutical company reporting season started a few months ago and brought exciting full-year events. The global market value was estimated US$780 billion in 2016, representing an accelerating trend with more than 4.9% growth for the industry. Johnson & Johnson was the first ranked company both globally and in the US with a market around $72 billion in 2016. Despite the growing challenges posed to the pharmaceutical companies, they are estimated to grow at an average rate of 6.3% per year, reaching $1.3 trillion by 2022. In 2016, biopharmaceutical products represented sales of $197 billion appropriated 24% of the global market. Antibodies alone had sales of $82 billion, near to half of the biopharmaceutical market. Results from the health care world represent that the biopharmaceutical industries are spectacularly occupying the pharmaceutical market and they are expected to continue to grow up to 30% of global drug market in 2022. Oncology agents are recognized as the largest market value all around the world with a predicted annual growth of 12.5%, reaching approximately $190 billion in 2022. Therefore, it is not surprising to recognize Roche as the top ranking biopharmaceutical pipeline with innovative oncology projects in the industry. Roche is expected to be the best biopharmaceutical selling company, competing Novartis for the first spot in 2022.

Rural wastewater management is recognized as one of the pillars of sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess needs and prioritization of establishment of rural wastewater management facilities in order to supply a safe and alternative water source in the provinces of Iran experiencing severe water stress. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was carried out in rural areas of the provinces with severe water stress (South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Isfahan, Yazd, Semnan, Qom, Sistan and Baluchistan) in 2017-2018. In this study, the number of sample rural areas was calculated by Cochran method and the determination of the sample rural area was done by stratified sampling. The data related to the sample rural area was collected using a validated constructor questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the difference among all the studied provinces in terms of their priority in establishing rural waste water management facilities to provide a safe and alternative water source was very low. The provinces of Isfahan, Semnan and Fars were rated at 76 out of 100, while the provinces of South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan scored 71 points. With emphasis on comprehensive decision making criteria based on sustainable development, the results of this study showed that the provinces with severe water stress have a high priority regarding the establishment of rural sewage management projects in order to provide a safe and alternative water sources.

Recently, one of the biggest achievements of public health programs around the world has been the decline in tobacco use. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of economic, social and demographic factors affecting smoking in Iran. The current research was applied-descriptive. This study was conducted for 114826 Iranian households from 2007 to 2015, and the statistical information required by Stata13 software was extracted from raw data of household expenses and income in the Iranian Statistics Center. In this study, the double hurdle approach was used to distinguish between unwillingness to consume and the corner solution, and the coefficients were computed with Stata13 software. The marginal effects obtained for the dual hurdle model were: income (1.8), price (2.6), employment status (1.7), age (-0.5), house ownership status (-2.9), marital status (6.08), educational status (-1.4), presence of children under the age of 14 in the household (1.9), and gender (12.6). The marginal effects of the participation equation for consumption were: employment status (0.28), age (-0.1), house ownership status (0.15), marital status (-0.16), educational status (0.07), presence of children under the age of 14 (0.07), and gender (1.8).All coefficients were significant at the 5% level. The results showed that considering the marginal effects calculated for consumption equation, the effect of demographic factors on smoking was more than economic factors. Therefore, policymakers' attention to employment, marriage and housing of community members can be turned to reducing tobacco use and improving the general health.