جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تغییر جنسیت » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Since the first fatwa on the permission to reassign the sex of transsexuals, the legislator still has not had a clear approach regarding the situation of transsexuals. The "family protection act" considered sex reassignment surgery as the criteria to identify transsexuals. However, the "protection of children and juveniles act" considered sexual identity disorder as the criteria. Nonetheless, it seems those insufficient and inefficient approaches are caused by the lack of efficient theorizing. On the one hand, efficient theorizing depends on correct thematic analysis and on the other hand, the correctness of the thematic analysis depends on finding valid references and making accurate criteria for identifying the issue. Therefore, the first step in theorizing and passing this legal challenge is the thematic evaluation of the gender of transsexuals.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection has been done in a library.

Ethical Considerations: 

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The criterion of Muslim scholars of Islamic jurisprudence for gender subjectology has been the apparent gender (especially sex organs) and the reference for gender identification has been considered common sense. On the contrary, the new approach emphasizes gender identity and the opinion of gender experts for identifying transsexuals' gender.

The criterion of gender identity, in addition to being efficient in identifying transsexuals and separating them from other similar conditions, is free of abstractions due to specialized accuracy and therefore can help the legislator in solving legal gaps and adopting a clear approach in identifying transsexuals. From the point of view of jurisprudence, it is possible to accept this approach by using the capacities of dynamic jurisprudence and pass dogmatism and static thematic.

In the discussions about the legal status of the transsexual individuals following gender reassignment, not only the verdicts pertinent to the individual him or herself but also those pertaining to the other individuals who are entitled to certain rights due to familial relationships would undergo changes. Amongst the numerous legal discussions about this subject, the proctorship and custodianship statuses of the children are of great importance due to the sensitivity of their positions with an emphasis on the principle of expediencies and exigencies.

This is a theoretical research using a descriptive-analytical method; the information has been gathered through documentary library studies.

Ethical Considerations: 

The documentations and the investigations of them have been carried out in adherence to the ethical considerations in all the study stages, including data gathering and analyses.

Some rights are influenced by the gender but, of course, with the observance of fairness between men and women; so, the specific rights of each of the spouses should be specified based thereon in the families hence they are variable. Amongst the parents (spouses)’ acquired rights is the proctorship and custodianship of the children and the decision-making in this regard is based in every legal system on the perceptions of that system about the children and the concept of childhood as well as the enjoyment of certain effective scales. In Iran’s legal system, this scale has been considered under the title of "expediencies".

Considering the fact that the primary pivot of the discussions about the children’s proctorship and custodianship is their expediencies, each of the parents can keep on holding their children’s custodianship and proctorship in case that gender reassignment does not cause any physical damages to the children otherwise these rights are aborted. In case that the gender reassignment is found not causing harms to the children, there would remain no reason for the abortion of such a right. Of course, the abortion would be ruled if otherwise is proved.

Social health is one of the most basic health indicators of any society, which is affected by the issues that people face, including those applying for gender change. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the social health of people applying for gender reassignment in comparison with transsexuals and normal people.

This comparative causal study was a cross-section research employing the Keyes standardized questionnaire. The research population was conducted in three groups of gender change applicants who referred to the forensic medicine of Mashhad, who were confirmed to have gender identity disorder during 2017, and according to that two groups of gender change and normal people were included in the study. The research data were compared using ANOVA test and Spearman and ETA tests were utilized for the correlation of non-parametric variables.

In the general dimension of social health, no significant difference was observed between the three studied groups (P>0.05), in the two dimensions of social affinity and cohesion, there was a significant difference between the three groups of gender reassignment applicants before the operation, the gender reassigned group, and normal individuals so that in the aspect  of cohesion, the mean of transgendered people is significantly higher than normal people (P=0.03) and also in the facet  of correlation, the mean of people with gender dysphoria before surgery is significantly less than that of normal people. (P=0.03). Meanwhile, a moderate relationship was found between the level of education and that of social health of people (r=0.55).

Before the operation, people suffering from sexual boredom are less interested in their social life and the world around them compared to that of normal people, which is caused by their despair and hopelessness in accepting their desired social identity. It is therefore necessary to identify and treat these people before entering the field of social life.

The purpose of this study is to study and explain the rights of trans people after gender reassignment from the perspective of the Qur'an and with emphasis on the jurisprudential ideas of Imam Khomeini. Imam Khomeini (RA) was one of the first contemporary jurists to allow transgender people to change their gender. Transsexual or TS is one of the disorders of sexual identity. Sexual identity disorders are problems that a person has in believing and accepting their own gender, and in fact lives in society with the behavior and social character of the opposite sex. Transgender people are among the last group of sexual disorders, which includes a very small number in any society, and according to statistics, three to four people out of every hundred thousand people are affected by this disease. For example, a person may have male sexual organs while his or her gender personality is female or vice versa. This conflict may be evident in the mind, private behavior, or social behavior. Although these people are allowed to change their gender from a jurisprudential and religious point of view, their rights are very little in Iranian law. Therefore, in this research, an attempt is made to explain the Quranic and jurisprudential arguments of the rights of these people.

This research has been carried out by the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical manner, which has been obtained and analyzed by referring to the Holy Quran and jurisprudential-legal evidences.

Although some jurists, citing some verses of the Qur'an, such as لتبدیل لخلق الله (Romans: 30) have not considered gender reassignment permissible, but attention to other verses of the Holy Qur'an (Hajj / 78, Maeda / 6, Baqara / 185 and 285) It indicates that in the religion of Islam.

there is no haraam ruling, and therefore, if any haraam ruling, despair and hardship is required from any ruling, according to the above verses, this ruling is negative and is useful from the description page, and therefore not changing gender, which is haraji. It is allowed. From Imam Khomeini's point of view, gender reassignment has significant effects on the issue of privacy, guardianship, child custody, inheritance, etc., each of which needs to be explained and studied.

The aim of this study was to compare perfectionism in transsexual demanders and transgendered individuals referred to Fars province general administration of forensic medicine. The sample consisted of 66 transsexual volunteers (38) and transgendered people (28) that by purposive sampling method were selected. To measure the variables, Frost perfectionism questionnaire was used. Perfectionism and its components were similar in both groups and on average there was no significant difference between them in perfectionism and its aspects. The perfectionism score in 66 persons was obtained between 2.46 to 4.11 with gender identity disorder was an average of 3.17 ± 0.44, respectively. All the options of perfectionism were correlated together and the total score with a significance level of 0.01. The highest correlation between perfectionism and personal standards of 0.930 and the lowest correlation between worrying about mistakes and individual standards were obtained at a rate of 0.341. Perfectionism and demographic variables showed correlation between education and transgendered people 0.37 and transgender people applying correlation there .041. The correlation between perfectionism and variable transgender people applying for jobs there and transgendered people was observed 0.39. The study showed that there was no correlation that between perfectionism and job status in individuals with sexual dysphoria. There was a relative correlation between perfectionism and variable transgendered people and transgender applicants. Since this is the first study in Iranian society, need to be replicated in larger sample size, so that its findings be interpreted with more confidence.

Psychiatrists believe Gender Dysphoria In trances, the starting point is sexual reconstruction. However, some Religious scholars have considered this practice to be apparent to trances And the term gender reassignment applies only to bisexuals; However, after the historical fatwa of Imam Khomeini (as) as the creator and innovator of the permission to change gender, there is no legal prohibition in this case. However, the lack of transparency in the penal code regarding the punishment of bisexuals and transgender people has led writers to re-examine the legal and jurisprudential aspects of this issue with a new perspective and to reflect more on this issue and its rulings, both before and after the change.

This article is theoretical and the method used in it is descriptive-analytical. The data collection technique is also done in a library by referring to books and articles inside and outside the country.

Iranchr('39')s pioneering role in issuing the necessary permits for this surgery and on the other hand, the difference between the legislatorchr('39')s views on women and men in different chapters of criminal law has created many challenges and different questions in the minds of the authors; For example, if a person commits a crime under such circumstances, is he / she punished according to his / her gender at the time of the crime or is his / her gender the criterion for sentencing and punishment at the time of the trial? The judicial approach of our country often agrees with the first opinion and takes into account the sex of the perpetrator at the time of the crime.

Ethical considerations:

 In all stages of writing this study, while observing the originality of the texts, moral principles, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Iranchr('39')s judicial approach often uses the gender of the perpetrator at the time of the crime as the criterion for sentencing and does not involve itself in other possibilities. (However, maintaining the exemption from retaliation of the father and paternal ancestor after the murder of the child, despite the adaptation of gender, is an exception to this claim.) In relation to crimes such as apostasy, based on the principle of interpretation in favor of the accused, gender is the criterion for issuing a sentence that does not impose a heavy punishment on the perpetrator. However, the observer procedure in some tachr('39')zir crimes, such as abandoning almsgiving, in which the sex of the perpetrator is effective in prosecuting him, implies the fulfillment of the spousechr('39')s obligations before the sex change.

  The results of surgical treatment, successfulness and methods of evaluation in gender dysphoria are highly variable. This study was done to determine the status of sexual function in patients with impaired gender identity after sexual re-assignment male to female surgery. This cross-sectional study, conducted on 40 patients referred to surgery clinic in Tehran during 2014-2015. Female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to assess the status of sexual function. Ninety- five percent of patients had a healthy sexual desire and arousal. Also, 75%, 55.4% and 27.5% of patients had satisfaction, moisture content and good orgasm, respectively. The pain was tolerable in 25% of cases; however, in terms of overall sexual function, only 12.5% of patients had a satisfactory sexual performance. The relationship between education, occupation, residence and previous history of mental illness with sexual function was not significant. Also, 42.9% of patients who had not desirable sexual performance, had a history of drug abuse, and all these subjects reported desirable sexual performance. Sexual function in cases that have undergone surgery was not suitable. Sexual pain and anorgasmia were important factors in this condition

One of important subjects and issues discussed in medical sciences that caused occurrence of new legal and jurisprudence issues in the society is sex reassignment surgery (SRS). Although in the past these discussions existed more or less. However, nowadays due to technological progress and medical science achievements, new aspects of this subject have emerged. Despite different views concerning sex reassignment surgery (SRS) permission, famous jurisprudents have in principle accepted the act of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) as such, if it is required and necessary and based on medical prognosis. In this article, the penal effects of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in retribution (including breath and organ retribution) on condition of offender and victim of an offence, regarding issues of a verdict and execution of punishment are considered. This is a descriptive and analytical study, and the method of gathering data is analytical research through library for gathering contents by taking notes. Also in the mean time, attending in person the Office of Social Victims Affairs of Welfare Organization of the country, National Forensic Medicine Organization, Institute for Criminal Sciences and Criminology Research, Faculty of Law and Political Science of Tehran University, and also for obtaining relevant religious decree from great references personal visit were paid to their offices. Direct discussion were also made with lawyers and professors of law and religious jurisprudence and using their views were effective in advancing and enriching this research. In the case of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is affected in regards to all medical standards updated and diagnosis of a medical expert, is conform to legal rules and principles of laws and is not in conflict with public order and good ethics. Thus, in the current Iranian legal system conditions and in regards to religious famous juridical documentation, sex reassignment surgery (SRS)’s applying all orders and its penal effects in retribution case (including breath and organ retribution), applying issue of a legal order and execution of punishment to offender and victim of an offence will be according to their previous sex. While considering the necessities of medical treatment of transgender people in accordance with recognized opinion and the necessity of treatment of these individuals and determination of their true gender, the legal and penal laws and regulations, which should be applied to their former gender, shall be considered.

Transsexuals is a gender identity disorder in which the individuals believe that their psychological gender is contrasting to the anatomic one. They have strong desire to be like the opposite sex and they like to be accepted from the society as sex that self-belong to it. The aim of present study was the Comparison of Hope inventory And Body image of Transsexual Individuals, with and without Reassignment Surgery.

The present research done with the aim of comparison of hope inventory and body image of transsexual individuals with and without reassignment surgery that for this purpose sample people, 25 without reassignment surgery and 25 with reassignment surgery were selected through simple randomly sampling method and snowball method in during year 2016 in center of Dey clinic reassignment surgery in Mirdamad boulevard in Tehran that of these 25 people without reassignment surgery were 14 man and 11 woman and of 25 people with reassignment surgery were 12 man and 13 woman. Data collection tools was Snyder hope inventory and Kash body image questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests as manual multivariate analysis of multivariate analysis and utilized by with SPSS software version 21.

Concerning two sub scales of hope inventory will and motivation indicated that there is no difference between sub scale of will in transsexual individuals with and without reassignment surgery (F=2/288 P=0/137). But there is difference in sub scale of motivation (F= 5/071 P= 0/029) and concerning sub scale of body image in apparent (F=2/909 P= 0/095) and proportional (F= 1/446 P= 0/235) dimensions. There is no difference in transsexual individuals with and without reassignment surgery but there is difference in health dimension (F= 9/325 P= 0/004).

Generally results indicated that there is difference between body image and hope inventory in transsexual individuals with and without reassignment surgery, persons suffered gender identity disorder and done reassignment surgery have clearer body image and also increased their hope inventory than before reassignment surgery.

Sexuality change is one of the important issues that have led to the emergence of new legal and criminal issues that have never been before. If a person commits a crime in accordance with sex change regulations and has committed a crime before the change, but the sentence has not been issued or has been issued, but not enforced, will the sexuality change affect the punishment of the offenses in question? In spite of the fact that the legislator in the Islamic Penal Code on various materials, wherever he was the subject of an offense and committed a crime, refers to anyone who, or any man and every woman, has the same distinction in the subject and the perpetrator crime is not gender-based. On the other hand, there are also offenses that, due to the type of crime, the subject of the offense is only one of the two males or females, so that if the subject changes one of the males to females or vice versa, the type of crime committed and its punishment has also changed, and sometimes even the criminal character of action is lost. The purpose of the present research is to respond to the criminal effects of sexuality change in light of the legislator's silence and the lack of explicit legal clarification on gender change. The method of research is an analytical and descriptive method, which is done by studying books, articles and consulting with lawyers and specialist doctors. This study, with jurisprudential and legal review, led to the conclusion that what is important is the importance of gender in the crime at the time of committing a crime, even if his sex after the crime was changed.

Regarding the process of transsexuality as a topic in the domain of sex study is not well-cared so far in different cultures. The present research aims to investigate the social causes expending the tendency sex change surgery among transsexual youth in province Tehran. Descriptive and survey methods were used to analyze data collected through questionnaires. The population included 312 transsexuals referring to Welfare Organization of Tehran. A sample of 150 cases was selected through Cochrane''s sampling formula. Independent variables included culture، socio-economic status، religious values، civil-jurisprudence knowledge، and political sway. Sexual change (from male to female and vice versa) was regarded as the dependent variable. Results analyzed through the use of statistical tests and software SPSS. Regarding the correlation coefficient obtained، the findings show that there is a significant relationship between، 1. Parental absence (female to male: 0. 61) (male to female: 76)، 2. Family support (female to male: 0. 43) (male to female: 0. 53)، 3. Family satisfaction (female to male: 0. 37) (male to female: 0. 31)، 4. Life expectancy (male to female: 0. 64 ((female to male: 0. 53)، 5. Labeling (female to male: 0. 69) (male to female: 0. 73) 6. Adherence to traditional values (female to male: 0. 59) (male to female: 0. 70) 7. Employment (female to male: 0. 59) (male to female: 0. 63)، 8. Income (female to male: 0. 89) (male to female: 0. 91)، 9. Education (female to male: 0. 67) (male to female: 0. 55)، 10. Adherence to religious beliefs and values (female to male: 0. 73) (male to female: 0. 66)، 11. Non-existence of legal laws and acts (female to male: 0. 39) (male to female: 0. 26)، 12. Performance of governmental organizations on one hand and tendency to sexual change on the other hand (female to male: 0. 39) (male to female: 0. 33). The present study confirms that the most effective and important cause tendency in expenditing sex change surgery was include income level، the absence of either per both parents، stigmatizing and adherence to religious beliefs minimum cause was family satisfaction that: 1- with financial support and public insurance and development of special hospitals 2- by giving information to families، 3- for acceptance by the society، Can to help them (some of people with gender identity disorder)

Promotion of quality of life in many communities is seen as their major effort. Patients with gender identity disorder are at greater risk of mental health problems because of the gender issues and pressures upon them. This study was done aimed to compare the quality of life in patients with gender identity disorders after sex reassignment surgery with normal women. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 46 male to female transsexual in Tehran، Iran، 2012. 184 normal women as controls were selected to compare quality of life and associated individual factors. Demographic information was collected and a standard questionnaire of quality of life (SF36) was used in both groups. The quality of life showed significant differences in transsexual women regarding education level in aspect of physical function (p=0. 04)، occupational status in aspects of social function and general health (p=0. 03 and p=0. 01، respectively)، history of psychiatric problems in aspect of mental health (p=0. 03) and income adequacy in aspect of general health (p=0. 01). Total score of quality of life among transsexual women is similar to normal women. Quality of life among transsexual women is associated with level of education، job، income adequacy and mental stability.

Gender Identity Disorders (GID) have been considered as a set of complex clinical conditions. They can lead to problematic and traumatic outcomes for the given individuals، their families and the society. In order to better understanding of GIDs، the aim of the present study was to compare attachment styles between three groups including transsexuals after Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS)، transsexuals before SRS and nontranssexuals. Thirty five Male-to-Female (MF) transsexuals (20 transsexuals before SRS، 15 transsexuals after SRS) and also twenty nontranssexuals participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). The results revealed that the higher average scores in insecure attachment styles (avoidant and ambivalent) belonged to transsexuals before SRS، transsexuals after SRS and nontranssexuals، respectively. The difference between transsexuals after SRS and nontranssexuals was not significant in none of attachment styles. Based on these results، one can conclude that transsexuals after SRS in contrary to transsexuals before SRS، are closer to nontranssexuals in attachment styles.

By the progress of the medical and surgical science، the possibility to change the people''s sex from female to male and vice versa has been brought about and this change is made not only on the patients such as (bisexuals) but also on the healthy people. In this paper، the rules and consequences created by the sex-reassignment in the consanguineal and affinal relationships among the individuals have been discussed. The individual''s sex is generally the criteria for the attachment of duties. In case the aforementioned has already been married، as soon as the sex-reassignment is occurred، the former contract of marriage will be invalidated or terminated according to certain conditions. The sex-reassignment of a man to a woman will cause the waiver of all periods on her and the husband will be obliged to pay her marriage portion completely.