جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نانوذره" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Stressful conditions have become integral to people's lives and are among the destructive factors affecting brain function. These conditions are often more severe and damaging in military environments. Crocin possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. However, it has limitations, such as instability in varying pH levels, rapid absorption, and low bioavailability. The aim of the study was to enhance the efficacy of crocin by encapsulating it in chitosan and utilizing it as a nanocarrier to treat the effects of chronic stress in a male rat model. Thirty-five adults male Wistar rats (weighing between 220 and 250 grams) were randomly divided into five groups of seven each: a control group (not exposed to stress or drugs), a stress group (subjected to immobility stress), an immobility stress group receiving crocin nanoparticles (administered 180 mg/kg), a crocin group (administered 6 mg/kg), and a chitosan group (administered 160 mg/kg). The open field test was conducted to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors. Serum oxidative stress factors (GPX, MDA, and CAT) and inflammatory serum factors (IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα) were evaluated using the ELISA method. Additionally, cresyl violet and G-fab staining were performed to assess cell damage in the hippocampus. The findings of this study indicated that stress induction was associated with increased anxiety behaviors, and the administration of crocin nanoparticles can effectively improve these behavioral disorders. Crocin nanoparticles significantly reduced inflammatory factors and oxidative stress and also demonstrated substantial healing effects compared to the crocin (P<0.05) and chitosan (P<0.001) treatment groups. The results of tissue staining revealed that chronic stress significantly decreased the number of neurons in the stained areas, while the administration of crocin nanoparticles mitigated this reduction in cell count in the hippocampus, showing a significant difference compared to the crocin group (P<0.05). Our study demonstrates that crocin encapsulated in chitosan can overcome the limitations of low bioavailability associated with this substance and yields better results compared to the free form of crocin.

Pharmaceutical formulation of nanoparticles is widely used due to achieving targeted and stable drug release, improving drug solubility and reducing side drug reactions. One of the ways to improve the survival of cancer patients is the treatment using nanocarriers for anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to synthesize encapsulated nisomes containing the extract of the Artemisia annua and investigate the anticancer and apoptotic effects against breast cancer cell lines.

In this study, a Niosomes nanocarrier was made and then the extract of Gondwash herb was loaded into it. Its physical and chemical properties were confirmed using SEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. Likewise, the encapsulation percentage and release pattern of the extract were investigated. Finally, its anticancer effects against the breast cancer cell line (MCF_7) were investigated and the expression level of apoptotic genes Caspase3 and Caspase9 was studied using Real Time PCR method. At the end, statistical analysis was done by GraphPad Prism software, and cytotoxicity and gene expression data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance.

The findings showed that the synthesized nanocarrier newsom containing the extract had a spherical structure and its size was 208.1 nanometers, the encapsulation percentage was 62.35% and the surface charge was 22.5. Similarly, newsome nanocarrier containing the extract had significant anticancer effects compared to the free extract and increased the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 genes by 1.184 ± 0.34 (P<0.05) and 1.68 ± 0.81, respectively. (P<0.05).

The results showed that the nisome containing the extract of the Gondwash herb increases the anti-cancer and apoptotic effects significantly, and therefore, with further studies in the future, nisome can be used as a targeted drug delivery system for anti-cancer purposes.

So far, various studies have been carried out in order to design different methods for the construction of the nerve channel with the aim of repairing the nerve tissue. The purpose of this study is nerve repair surgery by making a nerve conductive channel with the aim of self-stimulation. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) channel, in combination with polyaniline/graphene nanoparticles (Polyaniline Graphene-PAG) and gelatin, was prepared by a two-way and simultaneous electrospinning approach.

At first, solutions containing 13% by volume of polycaprolactone and 19% by volume of polyvinylidene fluoride in the common solvent of dimethylformamide (Dimethylformamide - DMF) and acetone were dissolved separately, and then both solutions were mixed together. became In the next step, 28 % by weight and volume of gelatin solution was dissolved in distilled water and acetic acid, and polyaniline/graphene nanoparticles with 0, 1, 2, and 3 percent by weight and volume were homogeneously mixed in the gelatin solution, and then two-way and simultaneous electrospinning process Was performed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the fibers. In order to determine the optimal amount of polyaniline / graphene nanoparticles for nerve conduction, electrical conductivity and piezoelectric properties of the fabricated scaffolds were investigated and also the survival percentage of pheocrocytoma cell line (PC12) on the scaffold was calculated. Data were calculated as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD). The significant level of differences was determined to be (P &lt; 0.05).

The results was showed that with increasing the percentage of polyaniline/graphene nanoparticles up to 2% by weight, the amount of electrical conductivity and output voltage increased, but at a concentration of 3% by weight, the amount of electrical conductivity and also the output voltage decreased. Scanning electron microscope observations showed that the average diameter of nanofibers decreased up to a concentration of 2% by weight, but at a concentration of 3% by weight of polyaniline/graphene nanoparticles, the diameter of nanofibers increased. Also, the biodegradation of electrospun scaffolds showed that the increase of nanoparticles caused a decrease in degradability.

In nerve repair surgery, the presence of polycaprolactone and gelatin along with polyaniline/graphene nanoparticle increased the nerve conduction and also the use of polyvinylidene fluoride in the electrospun scaffold will improve the self-stimulation property in the nerve conduction channel, which can be a suitable substrate for The growth and cell proliferation of the nerve tissue, and hence the probability of success in the surgery increases to its maximum extent.

Currently, one of the most common ways to use the drug is to take it orally. It is easier and less painful than other common methods, such as intravenous or intramuscular injections. However, the effectiveness of drugs in these conditions is very limited due to poor pharmacokinetic behaviors and the sensitive structures of the drug molecules. Therefore, drugs need to be protected along the way to reach the drug delivery destination. It is important to design nanocarriers that are resistant to the acidic fluid of the stomach while changes in the intestinal fluid due to the environment of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the significant difference in the pH of the gastric and intestines.
Chitosan (CS), a cationic polysaccharide, has received widespread attention due to its inherent mucosal adhesion properties, modulation of epithelial tight junction integrity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, improved stability, low toxicity, simple and gentle preparation methods, and various drug delivery solutions. Chitosan nanoparticles are prepared and characterized by different techniques. In addition, chitosan derivatives such as thiolated and carboxylated chitosan have been investigated to increase the effectiveness of oral drug absorption, effective dose control, and reduced side effects.
Moreover, the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, different synthesis methods, their widespread applications as oral drug delivery carriers, and their effects on drug delivery were investigated. This study aims to further development of these nanoparticles as effective therapeutic and diagnostic carriers in the future.

The application of different nanoparticles using green synthesis is increasing due to fewer complications. This study was conducted to identify the effect of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract on changes in biochemical and histological factors in rats.

In this experimental study, 30 five-month-old male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 250-300 mg/kg of body weight were divided into three groups: The control group (saline receiving), the experimental groups receiving intraperitoneal cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight. Serum and tissue samples (liver, kidney, and spleen) were isolated. Serum concentrations of urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine were determined. The photometric method was used to measure liver enzymes, the calorimetric method without omitting proteins based on the Jaffe method was used to measure creatinine, and the urease-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) method was used to measure urea. Tissue samples were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) microscopic studies were used for microscopic investigations.

No statistical significance was observed in blood samples and factors (urea, creatinine, ALT, and AST) in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Similarly, in the morphological investigation, the size of the liver, kidney, and spleen of the groups receiving cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract was normal compared to the control group.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac had no toxic effect on the rats’ liver, spleen, and kidney tissues.

Background &

One of the most important factors of pathogenicity and multidrug resistance of bacteria is the formation of biofilm. Bacterial biofilm includes communities of microorganisms, extracellular products, and materials in the space between them that are attached to a surface. The thickness of the biofilm can be significant from a single cell layer to a community depending on the adhesive polymeric environment in which it is located. In the 21st century, resistance to antibiotics was considered one of the biggest threats in the world, which is known to be a great danger to the health of humans and animals, and it has been proven to be an effective disaster. Finally, in the last few years, scientists have thought of replacing some organic and natural substances with antibiotics in order to minimize the harm caused by them, until the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is raised as an important problem in health care This feature spreads antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterococcus, and Escherichia coli, which are receiving a lot of attention now and can be said to be the most resistant bacteria. It is compared to antibiotics and leads to the most dangerous infections in humans and animals. Staphylococcus aureus can produce multi-layered biofilm in one layer of glycocalyx. Due to its special structure and the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, biofilm reduces the penetration of antimicrobial agents. It is difficult to treat infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria, and due to the distinctive properties of biofilms and their role in reducing the penetration of drugs into bacterial cells, biofilm-forming bacteria have high drug resistance and need to be used There are different treatment methods to treat this type of infection. Pseudomonas-aeruginosa is also one of the most important hospital pathogens. One of the treatment problems of this bacterium is its antibiotic resistance to common antibiotic treatments, which is related to biofilm production. One of the most important effects of antibiotics is drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in a way that reduces or completely eliminates the effect of the drug. This modified bacterium survives and causes new damage to body systems. In the last few years, scientists have been thinking of replacing some organic and natural substances instead of antibiotics in order to minimize the harm caused by them, until the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance has been raised as an important problem in health care. This feature spreads antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens. Plant secondary metabolites such as essential oils and plant extracts have been investigated for their antimicrobial effect and it has been found that most of the plant essential oils extracted from plants have insecticidal, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and cell killing properties. The active compounds of plant extracts and essential oils are volatile and some of them are hardly soluble in water and are easily oxidized. One of the problems of essential oils is their effectiveness. The method that can be suggested to increase the effectiveness and consumption of essential oils is to convert the essential oil into a nano form or use nanocomposite, nanoparticle, nanocapsule and liposome for further penetration into cells. Some studies show that encapsulated essential oils increase the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the compounds and also cause their properties to be preserved for a longer period of time. Due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, essential oils can be suitable substitutes in food and medicine fields and to deal with bacterial infections and pathogenic bacteria. They can also be an alternative to antibiotics. One of the latest methods to improve the transmission and effect of plant essential oils is the use of nanotechnology and the production of nanoparticle, nanocomposite, nanocapsule and liposome. Europe, Africa and Asia grow. This plant has received much attention in this family due to its aromatic compounds, antioxidant compounds and special biological characteristics. In recent studies, the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and activities of rosemary have been investigated. The essential oils obtained from rosemary and peppermint plants were analyzed by GC and GC-MS using the distillation method. Methyl cyclohexanol (35.90%) and menthone (23.01%) were the main components of the peppermint plant, camphor (23.22%), and alpha-pinene (17.99%) of the rosemary plant, respectively. The particle size of nano-emulsion, nano-composite, nano-capsule, and nano-liposome of both essential oils (rosemary and peppermint) was determined below 100 nm, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis. The antibacterial activity of Mentha piperita L and Rosmarinus officinalis L against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was determined using the MIC method.

The samples of rosemary and peppermint plants tested in this research were collected from the growth center of agricultural technology units of Urmia University and were approved by botanical specialists of Urmia University. The collected plants were completely dried in the dark and then the dried plants were powdered by a blender. To prepare essential oil, essential oil was extracted from the Cloninger machine available in the laboratory of Urmia University.

Nanocapsules containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils were obtained with particle sizes of 19.25 and 35.2, respectively. Nanocomposite containing rosemary and peppermint essential oil was obtained with particle sizes of 27.14 and 71.7, respectively. Nanoliposomes containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils were obtained with particle sizes of 19.1 and 25.38, respectively.

The particle size of all formulations showed a significant difference over time, the particle size of nano emulsions was slightly different compared to nano-capsules, nano-composites, and nanoliposomes, but in general, all samples were stable. If the change in particle size was acceptable after one month. In the test of antimicrobial effects, the effect of essential oil in both free and encapsulated states in lipid carriers against Gram-positive bacteria was higher than Gram-negative bacteria, and the inhibition rate of nanoemulsion and nanoliposome compared to free essential oil in all bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), Escherichia coli, Moraxella catarrhalis) and Candida albicans fungus was higher. nanoemulsion also had more antimicrobial effects compared to nanoliposomes.

Cancer is the second cause of death. The use of a new drug delivery system that can deliver the drug to the tumor site and prevent it from entering the body's natural tissues is essential. Metal oxide nanoparticles have been considered one of the effective candidates for cancer treatment. For this reason, our study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the simultaneous use of Ag/ZnO nanoparticles and curcumin on the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7) breast cancer cell line.

The MTT colorimetric method was used to investigate the synergistic effects of zinc oxide silver nanoparticles and curcumin. Cells with different concentrations of zinc oxide silver nanoparticles and curcumin, including 3.9, 7.8, 15.62, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 micrograms/ml during 24 and 48 h were incubated in triplicate to observe the synergistic effects of each of these concentrations, ratios of 1 to 1, 0.5 to 0.5, 0.25 to 0.75 of zinc oxide silver nanoparticles and curcumin were used. The viability of the cells treated with the drug was determined in the form of the percentage of light absorption of the produced formazan and was shown in a two-dimensional curve.

The effect of Ag/ZnO nanoparticles alone on the survival rate of cancer cells had a significant difference with curcumin. In addition, in the simultaneous examination of Ag/ZnO nanoparticles and curcumin, much more cytotoxicity was observed than in Ag/ZnO alone.

In general, the simultaneous use of chemotherapy drugs and nanoparticles can decrease the concentration of chemotherapy drugs used in cancer treatment.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes widespread infections in hospitals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become resistant to a variety of antibiotics due to the overuse of antibiotics. One type of resistance acquired by this bacterium is resistance to aminoglycoside drugs. The most important mechanism of this resistance is the enzymatic inactivation of aminoglycosides by their modifying enzymes. The rmtB gene is involved in this resistance and because silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties, the present study was conducted to evaluate the expression level of rmtB gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa specimens treated with silver nanoparticles.

In the current study experimental, 53 samples were collected from 11 laboratories in Mashhad during 1398-1399. Samples were identified using standard laboratory methods and specific culture. PCR method was used to evaluate the frequency of rmtB gene. In order to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the strains, the disk diffusion method based on the CLSI protocol (2018) was used. Silver nanoparticles were made from ginger extract and Real time PCR was used to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on rmtB gene expression.

Out of 53 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 51 samples were resistant to more than two aminoglucosides. Phenotypic evaluation of the antibiotic resistance pattern of aminoglucoside-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed that 61% were resistant to amikacin, 84% to gentamicin and 23% to tobramycin. Also, out of 53 samples, 76% were resistant to all three aminoglycosides. The minimum inhibitory concentration in the agar dilution method for silver nanoparticles was up to 500 μg/ml. Molecular analysis showed the presence of rmtB gene in all samples and the result of real time PCR analysis showed that the effect of silver nanoparticles on rmtB gene expression was significant (P <0.01).

There was high resistance to aminoglycoside in samples collected from Mashhad. Silver nanoparticles had a significant effect on reducing the expression of rmtB gene (P <0.01).

Nanoparticles are effective in cancer cells and in the treatment of diseases due to their ability to induce toxicity and induce apoptosis and antibacterial properties. Pecan seeds are rich in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, mineral salts, alkaloids, and amino acids; among its important alkaloids are harmaline, harmine, harmalol and vazisine can be mentioned, which have many uses in industry and medicine. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of pecan smoke loaded with nano-chitosan on cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction and its antibacterial effects.

In this experimental study which was conducted in vitro, MTT test was used to investigate the toxicity effect of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with pecan smoke on ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and HFF normal fibroblast cell. Also, to investigate the induction of apoptosis, the method of determining the expression of the caspase 3 gene was used, and to investigate the antibacterial properties, the disk diffusion method was used on the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus and the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as significant.

The result of the MTT test showed the value of IC50 for ovarian cancer cells in 48 hours after treatment as 17.155 μg/ml; while at the same concentration for the normal cell line, the survival rate was 98%. Also, the induction of apoptosis of A2780 cancer cells was observed based on a significant increase in the expression of caspase 3 gene. In addition, these nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus bacteria.

Chitosan nanoparticles synthesized by Peganum harmalla smoke had anti-cancer, apoptotic, and antibacterial activity.

Candidemia showed high morbidity and mortality and should be diagnosed immediately. The aim of this study was to provide a simple and rapid method for direct detection of Candida in the blood, using conjugated antibodies with gold nanoparticles by the agglutination method.

In this study, yeast species isolated from 40 blood samples of patients tested by the BACTEC method were used.  After identifying the etiologic agents by morphological and molecular methods, a mixture of yeast antigens was prepared. Briefly, a mixture of antigens was prepared from the Candida isolates detected from candidemia, and injected into healthy rabbit skin with complete adjuvant to produce antibodies. After injecting the incomplete adjuvant in four reminders, blood samples and serum were finally prepared from the rabbit. Antibody production and its efficacy were confirmed by ELISA method. Gold nanoparticles were chemically conjugated with antibodies. For rapid diagnosis of candidemia, the nanoparticle method was examined on the blood of four patients and blood contaminated with a certain number of Candida yeasts in the laboratory.

Candida albicans was the most common etiologic agent of candidemia, followed by Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis complex. In determining the cut-off nanoparticle method, the least yeast detectable in the patient's blood was one yeast. The sensitivity and specificity of the nanoparticle method for detecting Candida in the blood of four patients compared to blood culture was 100%.

Under our laboratory conditions, if testing 15 µl blood of a suspected patient to candidemia containing one yeast or even just Candida antigens exposed to 35 microliters of the nanoparticles conjugated antibodies, it shows agglutination during one minute.

The synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles is valuable due to its applications in the packaging and food industries as permitted additives to increase the shelf life.

 In this research, the synthesis of green nanoparticles of zinc oxide were performed by zinc acetate dihydrate. Calendula officinalis extract was used as reducing and stabilizing agent. The prepared ZnO NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X- ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.

The size of nanoparticles prepared by Calendula officinalis extract was obtained at 8 to 22nm In addition, the antioxidant properties of prepared nanoparticles were analyzed in the terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was evaluated using 2,2- diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method. Gallic acid was used as standard to draw the calibration curve. The amount of total phenolic compounds in aqueous extract of the plant was 303 mg of gallic acid per gram.

Calendula officinalis extract showed high antioxidant activity and great potential for green synthesis of nanoparticles. The average diameter of nanoparticles synthesized without   plant extract as a stabilizer, was larger than the green synthesized one (more than 18 nm). There was also less agglomeration in nanoparticles synthesized by Calendula officinalis extract.

Global prevalence of neurological disorders such as Parkinsonchr('39')s disease, Alzheimerchr('39')s disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis is steadily increasing, but, there is still no effective delivery system to deliver therapeutic amounts of drug into the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-brain barrier ​​is the major component to control the entrance of drugs into the brain. Recent studies introduced intranasal drug delivery as a suitable method of drug delivery for bypassing blood-brain barrier and treatment of neurological diseases. The nasal route has been repeatedly examined in several preclinical models to investigate the delivery of drug to the brain via nanoparticles. Among various carriers utilized for drug delivery via nasal route, chitosan is widely used due to being effective in modulating drug charge. Key features of drug delivery systems through nasal route include easy drug delivery, higher stability in nasal cavity, increased penetration ability of drugs through nasal epithelium, and decreased drug metabolism. The present review investigated novel nano-formulations for drug delivery via nose to brain in treatment of major neurological disorders. In preclinical studies, intransaal nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are found to be more promising, effective, and targeted. However, more preclinical studies are needed to confirm their non-toxicity and beneficial effects.

Styrene monomer is a volatile organic compound that is used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, and resins. Many health effects caused by continuous exposure to styrene have been reported by different organizations of health and safety. This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of photocatalytic removal of styrene by using zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized on diatomite.

This study was done on a laboratory scale, in which zinc oxide nanoparticles with the size of 20 to 40 nm and 5% concentration were stabilized on the natural diatomite and then irradiated with UV light as a photocatalytic agent in order to degrade styrene vapors.

In this study, the concentrations of 20, 100, and 300 ppm styrene were passed through a reactor containing diatomite substrate covered with nano-ZnO (MDi/ZnO 5%). The results showed that the bed of MDi/ZnO 5% could remove 35 percent of styrene vapors at concentrations of 20 ppm and a flow rate of 1 lit /min.

Due to the removal efficiency of 35% styrene vapors by MDi/ZnO 5% substrate and properties such as low cost and availability of diatomite and zinc oxide, it can be used from the bed to remove volatile organic compounds, but in comparison to similar studies with other beds such as natural and synthetic zeolites and activated carbon, it could not achieve the desired results in a photocatalytic activity for its application in industry. However, because of its abundance in the world and Iran, low cost of preparation, and also its unique characteristics, further studies are recommended about its modification and application in photocatalytic processes.

Silver nanoparticles are one of the most common nanoparticles used in biomedical applications. They are made by two major chemical and biological methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of brain tissue due to toxic and non-toxic doses of biological silver nanoparticles in neonatal rats.

This research was an experimental study and 18 male and female Wistar rats were selected and finally divided into 3 groups of 6. One control group and the rest were divided into two equal groups based on toxic and non-toxic nanoparticles. After the pregnancy, the injection was performed in the last two weeks of pregnancy. Two weeks after parturition, histological changes were observed under a microscope in the rats neonateschr('39') brains.

Histological specimens of the group receiving the toxic dose of biological silver nanoparticles show no significant change compared to the control group. Neurons and neuroglial cells had normal features, including clear nuclei and cytoplasm. Their cellular adhesions were also visible around them and no specific changes in neuropilia were observed.

The use of biological silver nanoparticles in non-toxic and toxic doses will not have a detrimental effect on brain and tissue and cell morphological indicators.

Nanoparticles are effective in treating the cancer disease due to their antioxidant, Antibacterial and the ability to produce toxicity in the cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluation of cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Amaranthus cruentus.

This study was performed in vitro. The cytotoxic effects of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated against the cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and the normal cell line HUVEC by MTT assay. Also, antioxidant properties of these nanoparticles were evaluated by assays the DPPH and ABTS. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software and one way ANOVA. Antibacterial activity was also evaluated by the disc diffusion method on the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The result of MTT assay showed that IC50 was about 32µg/ml in 48 hours after treatment of the breast cancer cells by nanoparticles while the viability of the normal cell line was 94% in the similar concentration of nanoparticles. The results of the antioxidant test showed that nanoparticles at a concentration of 1000µg/ml were able to inhibit 50% of ABTS free radicals, but they exhibited a slight potential for DPPH free radicals inhibition. Also, they had an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth.

The results showed that ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized by Amaranthus cruentus can have antioxidant, antibacterial and anti- cancer activities.

Alpha-amylase is a hydrolytic enzyme in starch degradation and has many applications in biotechnology and various industries but, like other enzymes, sensitivity and low stability limit its use. Enzyme immobilization is the best way to increase their stability.

In this study, for the first time, the immobilization of alpha-amylase was done in nanocapsules synthesized by chitosan and dextran sulfate polymers. Another nanocapsule was made after functionalization of chitosan with carboxyl group. The immobilization efficiency and pH-sensitivity of nanocapsules synthesized with different ratio of dextran sulfate and of the nanocapsules were also investigated.

The immobilization efficiency of conventional nanocapsules and functionalized chitosan nanocapsules were 70% and 80%, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency in carboxylated chitosan was always higher than that of conventional chitosan, and this trend were seen for all different ratios of dextran sulfate. Also this nanocapsule exhibited good pH-sensitive behavior. The rate of swelling and release of the enzyme were decreased at pH 1.2, 5 and 7.4 in functionalized nanocapsules, and therefore nanocapsule with higher immobilization efficiency and sustained release was obtained. Also, this nanocapsule was also successful in protecting the enzyme from environmental conditions.

The surface properties of chitosan improved by carboxylating and the more stable nanoparticles were produced compared with conventional chitosan. Therefore, this nanocapsule can be used for oral delivery of many drugs, especially protein molecules.

Cancer is a kind of genetic disease caused by DNA mutation which makes disorder in normal pattern of division and differentiation of cells and eventually formation of a neoplasm. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of death in women aged 35-55 years. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the common methods of controlling cancer, but the side effects and lack of positive results especially in metastatic tumors has led us discover new treatments. Nowadays, nanotechnology has helped us to find and develop new therapies. The purpose of this study was to characterize the antioxidant and apoptotic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by Amaranthus cruentus plant on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231).

The Zinc oxide nanoparticles were green-synthesized by the extract of Amaranthus cruentus leaves. Size and morphological characteristics of ZnO NPs determined by DLS tests, FESEM and TEM. To investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on induction apoptosis, cancer cells were seeded in T25 flasks and treated with different concentrations of nanoparticles (15, 30 and 60 μg/ml). After 48 hours, gene expression changes of Bax and Bcl-2 was investigated by Real time PCR technique. SPSS software and one-way ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. At the end, comparison of means did by least significant differences (LSD) method.

The DLS test showed the average size of the synthesized ZnO NPs is about 30 to 38 nm. The results of gene expression by Real time PCR technique showed that ZnO nanoparticles reduced anti-apoptosis gene expression Bcl-2 and increases pro-apoptotic gene expression in MDA cell line.

In general, the results obtained from this study can claim that ZnO nanoparticles have anti-cancer properties and can be introduced after further studies as candidates for cancer treatment in the field of medicine and pharmacy.

All organisms struggle to survive and find food. This is the biggest and most important need of all organisms. Meanwhile, food safety is very important. Nanotechnology has penetrated every aspect of human life and plays an important role in the food industry. This technology has changed production and services as well as packaging and specifying the expiration of the food. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, chitosan, polymeric nanoparticles, and liposome are the most common particles in the packing and food protection. Here is a review of a number of developments in the nanotechnology over the food industry.

This study was a Nonsystematic Review and was searched through the databases Pubmed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the keywords Nanotechnology, Nanoparticle, Packaging, and Food Science in recent years (2015-2018). There were 852 articles of which 43 papers were selected.

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, and liposomes are the most commonly used particles in packaging and food preservation. The use of various nanoparticles and nanoparticle-coated composites, nanofilms, etc. has improved the quality and shelf-life of foodstuffs.

Nanotechnology has been able to influence the food industry as an emerging technology that has entered into all aspects of human life.

Due to the human need for food, any change in the quality and quantity of food will affect the health of the community. It is important to remove microbial contaminants from food during the production, storage and supply phases. In this study, the antibacterial effects of nanoparticles of zinc oxide on two Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated.

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared from zeolite and quantified by X-ray fluorescence. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticles of zinc oxide were determined using a disc diffusion method. Graphpad prism statistical software was used for data analysis and ANOVA was used for analysis of variance. Significant limit was set at 0.05 (P≤0.05).

Based on the results of this study, the MIC value of nanoparticles of zinc oxide for all tested bacteria was 4 mg/ml, and the MBC values for standard strain and Escherichia coli isolates were 8 and 4 mg/ml, respectively. The standard strain and isolate of Listeria monocytogenes was calculated to be 4 mg/ml.

The present study showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles can be used as a deterrent against the pathogens of the materials and avoid contamination.

Antibiotics, due to cumulative properties, cause major problems in humans and the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) to remove antibiotics ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions. In this experimental study, the effect of parameters such as solution pH, antibiotic concentration, contact time and dose of nanoparticles in antibiotic degradation of ciprofloxacin was investigated. At each step, keep parameters constant and variable of one parameter, test was done. The results of the experiment showed that the initial pH of the solution in the antibiotic removal process is the main parameter. And the optimum pH value was 7. The removal value at this pH is 93/53%. Also, the contact time parameters were obtained at 93/55% and the nanoparticle dosage at 0.01 g / l was equal to 92.66%. The results of the experiment showed that the use of ZnO nanoparticle in the antibiotic removal of ciprofloxacin is effective.