احمد علیزاده

Stylistic analysis can be considered as one of the most common and reliable ways of analyzing a literary work in terms of the content and detailed analysis of a literary work. The subject of this article is the analysis of Divan Nadim Kabuli from the three perspectives of linguistic level, intellectual level and literary level. In this essay, while reflecting on the content of Divan from a structural and conceptual point of view, the extent of the influence of this poet from the capable speakers of the past centuries in terms of words and meaning has been shown by citing evidence.

The following article is a theoretical study that has been conducted in the manner of a library study. The scope and society under study is Diwan Nadim Kabuli, edited by Efat Mishtaranya, which was published by TOS Publications in 2017. The present study is the text. is the axis

Nadim Kabuli is one of the poets of the late Qajar era and the constitutional period. His poetry is fluent, firm and eloquent. He has experimented in most poetic forms. In odes, he was influenced by great ode poets such as Nasser Khosrow, Sanai, Anwari, Khagani, Zaheer and Saadi, and in ghazal, he was mainly influenced by Hafez Shirazi. He is known as one of the common boasters among poets. His divan has a relatively good variety in terms of themes considering the average size of the divan.

Nadim Kabuli"s effectiveness in odes from the master poets of odesera can be based on the style of the poets of the Afsharia, Zandiya and Qajar periods who tried to imitate the speech style of the poets of the fifth to seventh centuries. In the sonnet, like most of the poets after Hafez"s era, he was influenced by the noble words of Khwaja Shiraz and he secured the fourth and fifth stanzas of Hafez Shirazi, Kalim Hamdani, Saeb Tabrizi, Bidel Dehlavi and Waqif Lahori in his poetry. The words of Farangi languages ​​can be seen.

This study was carried out to examine the impact of resilience training on students' academic burnout and mental health. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all male senior high school students in Ilam in 2018-19 school year from among whom 40 students were selected via multi-stage random sampling method and were assigned to experimental (N=20) and control groups (N=20). This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest control group design.  The research instruments included Academic Burnout Questionnaire (Bresó, Salanova & Schaufeli, 1997) and Mental Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). All groups were pretested. The experimental groups went through a ten-session course wherein the said training was utilized. All groups were post-tested. The collected data were analyzed by MANCOVA. Data analyses revealed that those who participated in resilience training had less academic burnout and more mental health compared to those who did not receive any intervention. Accordingly, it is suggested that policymakers and authorities, especially school counselors, hold workshops on resilience and its impacts on students' academic burnout and mental health for teachers, students, and their parents.

 One of the most common methods of scrutiny and evaluation of poets" poems is research in their rhetorical style. The subject of this research is the stylistic analysis of Mir Haj Gonabadi Heravi’s poems (d. 923 AH) from three perspectives: linguistic level, intellectual level and literary level. This article tries to evaluate the style of the poems of the poet, to explain the extent of his influence from other poets, to explain his influence on some poets after him, and also to determine the poems of other poets in his divan.

 The present study is a theoretical study that has been done in the style of library research. The area and society under study is the divan of Mir Haj Gonabadi Heravi, editted by Abbas Rastakhiz, which has been published by Movarrekh publications in Qom city.

 Gonabadi Heravi is a Shia poet who wrote his poem in praise of the family of infallibility and purity. His skill is composing of introductory odes. He is interested in Arabicism, especially in the position of rhyming poems. In his divan, he was influenced by the poems of several famous poets before him, and at the top of them, Zahir Faryabi and Hafez Shirazi and his poems have had an impact on the poetry of Khajeh Hosayn Marvi, Kalim Kashani and Feyz Kashani.

 Gonabadi Heravi is an imitator, not a master of style, who follows the style of Iraqi style poets in his poems. His skill is in simulated and metaphorical illustrations in the introductions of odes Due to the religious-praiseworthy nature of his poetry and Shia religious tendencies in it can be seen from the influence of Shia poets of previous centuries in his poetry. He is most influenced by the sublime words of Hafez, which the poets of the centuries after him have considered imitation and similarity to be the criterion for recognition. Theism, praise of the family of purity, Human love, sorrow and despair and sometimes moral concepts are the main themes of Gonabadi Heravi"s poems.

Khajeh Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi (d. 835AH), is one of the poets and gnostics of the second half of the eighth century and the first half of the ninth century. The purpose of this study is to review quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi edited by Beheshti Shirazi, their quality of correction and authentication attributed to him. The research method in this study is fundamental-theoretical and comparative citation to valid gnostic, literary, and historical sources. The accuracy of the quatrains and their authenticity have been examined by referring to authentic literary and historical texts, memoirs, anthologies, selected poems, divans of contemporary poets of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi before and sometimes after him, and another manuscript of the poet's quatrains recording. Also, the inaccuracies of quatrains in misdiagnosis of the format of poems in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi are shown. Lack of accurate tracing and search of quatrains in other authoritative literary and historical texts, as well as definitive attribution of some wandering quatrains (attributed to several poets) to Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi by the editor, are among the causes of these mistakes. In this study, an attempt has been made to help the esteemed editor by carefully recording the quatrains and identifying that of other poets in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi. In the following editions, he tried to refine the quatrains more precisely to provide a more complete and trim text than the quatrains of this poet to its corrected text to be considered in the historical course of Persian quatrain study. Other important factors in the occurrence of these errors and confusions are the inaccuracy and little knowledge of the scribers, and the editor misconception. Several quatrains from the poems of twenty poets of the second to ninth centuries have been mistakenly mixed in the quatrains of Abu al-Wafa Kharazmi by mistakes of scribers and editors. Because scientific research requires accurate texts, it is necessary to carefully review the poet's quatrains in terms of the quality of correction and authenticity of the poems.

Stylistic study, in terms of accuracy and evaluation of all aspects of a work, should be considered the most accurate and reliable way to measure a literary work.the subject of research is stylistic analysis of farahi heravi, s divan from three aspects: linguistic level, intellectual level and literary level. In this article, while analyzing the style of the Divan, an attempt is made to explain the extent of the poet"s influence on contemporary poets and poets before him by providing poetic evidence.

The present study is a theoretical study that has been done by library research method. The study area is Farahi Heravi Divan edited by Ahmad Beheshti Shirazi and published by Rozaneh Publishing.

Considering that Farahi Heravi is a poet of the first decade of the tenth century and his poetry has a mystical nature, following the common tradition among poets after the era of Hafez, his poems are influenced from universal poem of movlana and hafez in terms of language and in terms of content and themes. Apart from being influenced by movlana and Hafez, there are clear signs of his influence on Attar, Iraqi, Saadi, Jami and Shah Nematullah Vali.His poetry is impressed on poem of Fayz kashani.

Farahi"s influence on movlana"s poetry can be seen in the intellectual alignment and sharing of their beliefs. His influence on Hafez is influenced by the common poetic tradition in Persian poetry of the ninth century and later centuries, which poets considered the resemblance and reception of Hafez"s poetry as a sign of their poetry. However, his influence on other poets can lead to the study of their works and the enjoyment of their poetic art. His sonnet contains long monotheistic-mystical thoughts and is worth studying and analyzing in various ways.

The most common and accurate way to examine the content of a poet"s divan is stylistic evaluation. The subject of this research is the stylistic analysis of the samet esfahani divan from three perspectives: linguistic level, intellectual level and literary level. In this article, is attempted while carefully analyzing the style, the extent of the touch this poet from of the poets before him and his contemporaries has been explained with poetic evidence.

The present study is a theoretical study conducted in the style of library research. The study area and community is the Samet esfahani Divan, edited by Ahmad Beheshti Shirazi and published by Rozaneh Publishing.

Considering the touch of most poets of the ninth century and later centuries on the universal poetry of Hafez, Samet in his poetry has been influenced both in terms of words and in terms of interpretations and images of the poetry of Khajeh Shiraz, besides There is obvious signs of his touch from poem of saeb, bidel, kalim kashani, orfi shirazi, asir shahrestani, and vahshi bafgi. His lyric can be studied in many ways. The salient features of the Indian style are also evident in the poetry of this poet. Sensory simile is the main feature of his rhetorical images.

The samet touch of Hafez"s sonnet and the existence of Hafez discourse in it follow the common tradition in the poetry of poets of the ninth century and the centuries after that Imitation and resemblance to Hafez"s poetry have been considered by poets as a sign of the identity of their poetry But the touch of his prominent contemporary poem Probably because of studying their works and finding common verbal and content proportions, in his poetry with the poetry of those poets, especially in the form of sonnet. The lyric of this poet is important in terms of thematic diversity and tangible images in order to make everyone understand it and affect the addressee.

Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi, nicknamed Moʼin/Moʼini, is a poet, artist, jurist, and commentator of the Holy Qur’an in the second half of the ninth century and the beginning of the tenth century AH. The divan attributed to him was corrected in 2016 by Beheshti Shirazi. The purpose of the present study is to review  Farahi Heravi’s  divan in terms of the quality of correction and authenticity of poems. Unfortunately, due to the inaccuracy and little knowledge of the scribers, the existence of other poets with the nicknam Moin/Moini, the datelessness and recency of the corrected manuscripts, and the lack of precision in proofreading and  examining the authenticity of poems attributed to the poet, poems of several poets have found their way into his divan. Such poems are related to the poets before, contemporary, and after him. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine this work in terms of the quality of edit and authenticity of poems. Also, the poems of other poets who have found their way to his divan have been identified. To help the esteemededitor to eliminate the shortcomings of the work and complete the existing shortcomings, a revised and documented text of the poems of this valuable Iranian thinker and a vague corner of Persian poetry of the ninth and tenth centuries are presented.

Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi, known as Molla Meskin, is an Iranian poet, preacher, jurist, and artist. He was contemporary of Soltan Hossein Bayqara and Amir Alishir Navaʼie. His father-- Sharafoddin Mohammad Farahi-- was also a poet. Although there are Sufi thoughts in his lyric poems, his connection with any Sufi dynasty is not clear. Haji Khalifa in Kashf al-Zonun states that 14 works are attributed to him that apart from Divan, Hadaiq al-Haqaiq and Gesase Musa, only Ma'arej al-Nobowa fi Madarej al-Fotowa, which is the biography of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), has been published several times in India. His divan has been published several times in India and Pakistan and once in Iran under the title of Moin Cheshti (d. 633). Another research is the correction of Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi's Divan by Seyyed Ahmad Beheshti Shirazi, published by Rowzaneh Publications in 2016. Compared to the previous editions of Moʼinoddin Cheshti's Divan, this Divan has 31 exceptions, 31 couplets, 52 fragments, and 66 quatrains, and has not been reprinted after its first edition in recent years. This publication is the basis of the present study.

The present study was done using a library method and written documents of libraries and analyzing their content and comparing them with the contents of Farahi Heravi's divan. An attempt is made to investigate the authenticity of poems attributed to Heravi by referring to authoritative literary and historical texts, memoirs, anthologies, selected poems, recent articles and books related to Farahi Heravi’spoetry and life, tracing his poems in contemporary texts of the poet (before and after the poet's era), the findings of other poets (about 18 poets), as well as corrected mistakes in determining the format of poems and recording some verses with documents.

In this divan, some poems with the inaccuracy of the scribes and incorrect editing are repeated in two different poetic forms. The proofreader has obvious mistakes in correctly recognizing the format of some poems. Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi's Divan, despite the efforts of the esteemed proofreader, needs to be reviewed and re-edited due to the poems of 18 other poets, so that the poems of other poets are removed from the body of the Divan and the poems are properly placed in special formats. The misprinting Farahi Heravi's poems by Moʼin Cheshti in India and Pakistan, mere corrective adherence to the manuscripts he uses, which are mainly of the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AH, failure to trace the poems in manuscripts in other authentic texts, as well as inserting poems from three Farahi Heravi's works (Hadaiq al-Haqaiq, Qesas Musa and Ma'arej al-Nobowa) especially in couplets and quatrains in the Divan can be the reasons for such wrong mixes. Due to the presence of some of Farahi Heravi's poems in other texts, such as the ‘resaleye Akhlage noori’, which do not have the text of the printed divan, it can be said that the present divan does not include all the poet's poems. It has a review, completion, ornamentation, and re-edition.

To know and analyze a poet's poems accurately, the most important method is to critique and evaluate the stylistics of his works. The subject of this article is the study of the style of Abhari nargesi Divan from in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels. In this article, while specifying the poet's eloquence style, his influence on Saadi and especially Hafez is shown by mentioning numerous poetic evidences and also the position and importance of this poet's poetry in the field of poetry of the late ninth and middle tenth centuries is shown.

The present study is a theoretical study that has been done by library research method. The study area is Nargesi Abhari Divan edited by Hamidreza Ghelichkhani, published by Rozaneh Publishing.

Nargesi's poem is simple, fluent and free of cacosyntheten and metalepsis hyperbations. His style is voguie and the expression of secholar love and mentioning the exact details of this love is evident in his poem. His poetry is an imaginative rather than a rhetorically and a tangible simile is the main image of his divan. The sorrow of exile and moral concepts are other themes of his poetry that have a small presence in comparison with the main theme (secholar love). The stylistic signs of ninth and tenth century poetry are visible in his poetry.

The tendency to the vogue and necessity of accurate expression of the details of love is the reason for the poet to turn to language and simple and fluent expression in which tangible similes are one of the most important means of imagery. His passion from hafez has been following the poetic tradition of the time. The sorrow of exile in his poetry is due to his migration from his original homeland and moral concepts arising from his delicate poetic and human spirits. There is no novelty or initiative in his poetry and the poet himself does not claim it. Being tomb far away from home and contemporary of prominent poets is one of the reasons for his few fame.

Khajeh Hossein Marvi (born: Marv, apparently 934-died: Kabul 979 AH) is a descendant of Alaa al-Dawla Semnani, one of the good Iranian poets, writers and artists in the second half of the tenth century, one of the poets of the Safavid period The first (984-930 AH) traveled to India, in the court of Nasser al-Din Homayoun Shah and his son Jalaluddin Akbarshah had a special honor and status. The subject of this article is the study of the style of this poet's divan in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels based on the book of generalities of Sirus Shamisa's style.

The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive.

His poetic subjects are: praise, praise, love, boasting, sacrilege, mourning, absurdity of time and squandering of time, destiny and moral issues. The influence of Saadi and Hafez's poetry can be seen in his poems, and his influence on Faizi - the greatest Parsigo poet of India in the tenth century, who had a special devotion and discipleship to Marvi - is noticeable. His style is eventful and virtual love is evident in his poetry with a special passion.

The poetic traditions of poets of previous centuries can be seen in his poetry. His poetry contains themes of love, praise, mourning, lamentation and moral themes. His poetry, while unassuming and devoid of verbal and spiritual beliefs, is fiery and influential. The context of numbers and the matter of history are two of his favorite novel industries, and in terms of poetic imagery he is a tangible analogy of the dominant image of the court. With the complete correction of Divan and his other work, one can clarify the vague corners of the literary history of Iran in the tenth century and better show the real face of this honorable Iranian poet and artist and use it in studying the historical course of "Persian lyric".

The main effects of climate change, its impact on the production of agricultural products. Grapes are one of the most important strategic garden products .In this study, first, the daily values of the temperature were extracted according to the HADCM3 model during the base and future periods based on the RCP8/5 and RCP4/5 radiative induction scenarios for the future climate up to the end of the 21st century, and were then Downscaled measured by the change factor method. Then the daily data of temperature of precipitation, sunshine, maximum and maximum moisture content of the plant, and the results of Downscaled output with the use of the perceptron neural network in the A2019 material. The grape quantity was sim ulated for the future. The results of the climatic model show a rise in temperature and a decrease in future rainfall compared to baseline. The maximum RCP4/5 and RCP8.5 temperatures were increased by 2/7 and 3/2 ° C, respectively, and at least RCP4/5RCP8/5 increased by 1/8 and 2/9 ° C, respectively, and RCP4/5 and RCP8/5 were respectively 30 and 49 percen.The results of the simulation of white grape vine yield in the future relative to the base period with the RCP4/5 and RCP8/5 scenarios will be at least 2/7 and 2/04, respectively, and 2/3 and 3, respectively, and their average yields will be 0/54 and 0/86 tons per hectare.The results indicate that grape production will be affected by climate change in the future, and the output of the product will decrease.Such studies provide the opportunity for agricultural managers and practitioners in the relevant agencies to take appropriate measures, such as the proper location of gardens, to determine appropriate and appropriate future climate patterns to mitigate the potential adverse effects of new methods and practices. Provide adaptation to new and changing climate conditions.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on the phenological statges and yield of grape. First, the daily values of temperature (minimum, maximum) and precipitation based on HADCM3 model in the past and future periods based on the scenarios of RCP8.5, RCP4.5 for the future period of (2020-2050) has been downscaled using change factor method. Then, phenological stages and yield were analyzed using MATLAB2019 software using the observation data and downscaled output of the model based on the dynamic neural network.. Climate model output shows increasing of temperatures and decreasing of rainfall in the future periods when comparing to the baseline.The maximum RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 temperatures were increased by 2.7 and 3.2 °C, respectively, and at least RCP4.5, RCP8.5 increased by 1.8 and 2.9 °C, respectively. Results also showed that mean annual precipitation over the Golmakan station will be decreased by 34 and 49 percent under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The phenological stages including bud flowering stage to fruit ripening under both scenarios will be completed at earlier time it is 15 days in RCP4.5 and 24 days in RCP8.5 in advance. Results showed that, grape yield under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 will be decreased by 2.04 to 2.7 under RCP4.5 and 2.3 to 3 under RCP8.5 T/HK (as an average 0.54 to 0.86 T/HK). Results show that changing the date of growth period will change in all stages of phenology and reduce yield in the future.

The purpose of this articleCheck it outThe effects are wider on temperature and rainfall parameters AlsoIf any of these islamic parameters qualifyGrapesWhite seed in Golmkan area of Khorasan Razavi. One of the major effects of climate change is its impact on the quality of agricultural products. Grapes are also one of the strategic agricultural horticultural products.And the semi-arid climate of Iran is highly vulnerable to future climate change, so it is an appropriate and low-cost alternative to this type of study to achieve grape crop responses to climate change by developing modeling techniques.Golmakan, a city of Golbahar section of Chenaran city in Razavi Khorasan province, 45 kilometers from Mashhad, covers an area of 2000 thousand hectares and is 1176 meters in height at 36, 29 and 59.17 meters in height. According to the Cold Desert dry climate, the climate is also classified as Cold Dry by climate.

Currently the customer is producing equipment for the three-phase circulation converter of the Air-Ocean Circuit.What are the rules (provided by mathematical relations).Headcm3 model, designed and studied in the country by Ngelis and the Hadley Center Institute.And 360 days suitable for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios.Daily temperature and precipitation values based on Hadcm3 models in baseline and future under RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenarios. in a more complete way, the DownscalingWith the use of the change factor approach for Golmakan region, were scaled And using station data, scaled Downscaling to baseline quality by Perceptron Neural Network in A2019 Content for the Future.Multilayer neural network approach was used in this study. Multilayer neural networks have three input, middle and output segments. The middle layer corresponds to constraints. The first layer is removed from the middle section, extra data or out of the dataset; in the second layer, the data is normalized using operational definition.After defining variables and intermediate layers, the quality data is input to the neural network through the input layer and after performing the middle layer corrections, using the function definition, they exit the neural network output layer.This output consists of two parts: the first part teaching (or learning) and the second part exam. In this study, 70% of the data were used in the training section and 30% in the default test section. Pearson correlation test and Spearman and Chi-square tests were used to assess the relationship between each of these variables.In both sections, there was a significant relationship between the quality variables and the quantitative variables.Therefore, descriptive tests were used to assess the relationship between each of these variables.These tests included the Pearson correlation test and Spearman and Chi-square tests.After knowing the positive relationship between grape quality variables and basic meteorological data, the simulation process continues.

Climate models increasing temperature and decreasing rainfIn the future under RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenarios Shows the ratio to the baseline period.The maximum temperature increased by 3.9 and 4.7 ° C, respectively, while the minimum temperature increased by 3.8 and 4.4 ° C, respectively, and the rainfall decreased by 0.3 and 0.8%, respectively.Pearson test showed a significant relationship between the variables.That is, each of the independent variables included min, max temperature, and precipitation Each of the dependent variables represented tree age, sugar content, panicle weight, panicle size, fruit length, fruit width, acidity, pH and TSS. Both scenarios represented panicle weight, panicle size, fruit length, fruit width, sugar, HP, TSS, Brix, acidity and weight of berries. It is predicted to decrease.In RCP8.5, the change rate is greater than in RCP4.5. Features: Juice color, meat color, fruit flavor, warehousing, marketability and transportation are unchanged in two scenarios.T-test for most variables: pH, sugar, acidity, panicle weight, fruit length and panicle length were significant in two scenarios.In the variables of berry weight and fruit width in two scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, cluster size of scenario 8.5 and length in berry scenario 4.5 were not significant.

The results show that as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall in the future climate, some components of grape quality will change in the future.Such studies provide the opportunity for agricultural managers and practitioners in the relevant agencies to take appropriate measures, such as the proper location of gardens, to determine appropriate and appropriate future climate patterns to mitigate the potential adverse effects of new methods and practices. Provide adaptation to new and changing climate conditions.

The present study was conducted with the aim of constructing and investigating the factor structure of students' research engagement questionnaire. The research method was survey and the statistical population includes all of the postgraduate students of humanities faculty (Literature and Humanities, Islamic Theology and Science, Sport Sciences, Education and Psychology, Administrative and Economic Sciences) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (N=3199). Using Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 343 student. The participants were selected by stratified random sampling. The theoretical model Linnenbrink and Pintrich (2002) was determined as the basis of scale construction. This model includes three components of cognitive, emotional, and leadership engagement. SPSS and AMOS software are used for data analysis. Content validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the validity of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient to check the reliability. The results showed that the alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.89 and for cognitive (0.80), emotional (0.73) and behavioral (0.76). Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 8 experts of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (based on CVI) and inappropriate items were removed. Goodness indicators confirmed the fit of the model. According to the research results the research engagement questionnaire had good internal consistency and validity and this questionnaire can be used in research.

Noise is one of the most important pollutants in worksites. Hospitals are imposed to noise pollution.  Considering lack of research in Sari educational hospitals and applicability of noise control by engineering controls and education, we proposed this research to evaluate the sound pressure level (SPL) in three educational hospitals of Sari, Iran.

In a descriptive-analytical study, the SPL of three hospitals was evaluated using sound level meter (model; CACELLA CELL-490, made in England). The evaluation was performed in 1.5 meter height, in three shifts, and in three days of the week. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic methods and SPSS software version 24.  For assessing the rate of effective factors, the GEE (Generalized estimating Equation) methods were used.

According to the results, the mean SPL was 63.30 ± 7.33 dB and a significant difference was observed between the mean SPL and the standard (35 dB) (p <0.001). Moreover, the highest mean of sound in hospitals was observed in Fatemeh Al-Zahra Hospital. Considering the week days, Saturday and among shifts, the night shift had the highest mean SPL.

The findings showed that SPL was higher than the Iranian National Construction Regulations and World Health Organization (WHO) standards in all evaluated places. So, the noise control programs should be considered seriously.

In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 50 schools were selected by random sampling and the illuminance was measured using network method. In each place 2 to 10 measurements (between 8:00 AM and 14:00) were done using Lux meter (TES; A1336). Data was analyzed by GEE in SPSS V. 20.
The lighting intensity was measured in 306 places including 194 classrooms, 49 offices and 63 corridors. Our evaluation showed that 34% of the classrooms, 40.8% of the offices, and 33% of the corridors had appropriate standard illuminance.
This research showed that incorrect layout of windows, the materials and colors of the walls and the material of the floors and curtain styles had significant effect on the lighting of the places.

Congenital unilateral absence of pectoralis muscles in combination with ipsilateral brachysyndactyly is the most acceptable definition of Poland syndrome. This very rare syndrome has been reported in association with various malignancies and deformities including cardiovascular anomalies. To our knowledge, pulmonary stenosis associated with Poland's syndrome has not been described previously in literature, and there are a few articles about atrial septal defect (ASD) in combination with this syndrome either. We present the first report of Poland syndrome associated with pulmonary valve stenosis and another case of Poland syndrome with ASD. We discuss common etiologic factors of this rare syndrome. Case history: Case one: The first patient is a 23 month old boy with Poland syndrome presentation such as absence of pectoralis major of right hemi-thorax, nipple and subcutaneous hypoplasia and ipsilateral brachysyndactyly. On physical examination, we found a systolic ejection sound in auscultation so that a complete cardiac evaluation was performed. Pulmonary stenosis with 7mm diameter was detected by Color-Doppler echocardiography. Case two: The second patient is a 5 year old girl presenting typical Poland syndrome clinical manifestation. She has congenital right pectoralis major agenesis, Right upper position of nipple and areola was compared to left hemi-thorax, and an ipsilateral hypoplastic hand with syndactyly and short fingers. The 2-dimentional echocardiogram revealed that she is suffering from an Ostium Secundum ASD. Although Poland syndrome is a rare congenital one, it is associated with numerous anomalies and malignancies in the reported articles. The two mentioned cases are the samples of cardiac anomalies associated with this very unique syndrome. According to critical situation of cardiovascular problems, performing a complete cardiovascular evaluation in addition to common medical-surgical treatments seems to be essential for patients with Poland syndrome.

Skin thickness has an important role in aesthetic results of rhinoplasty. Currently, some surgeons employ defatting technique to reduce subcutaneous tissues and decrease the thickness of skin during rhinoplasty.

The aim of this study was to compare the nasal tip skin thickness with and without nasal tip skin defatting technique and to further evaluate the long term effects of this technique on rhinoplasty patients by sonography.

In a case-control study, 111 rhinoplasty candidates were evaluated at a university referral hospital in northern Iran during January to August 2010. Before operation, all patients were investigated through physical exams. Later, the skin thickness of the tip and supra tip were measured by sonography. Patients with moderate to thick nasal skin were randomly allocated to case and control groups for defatting. Sonography results of 44 patients, obtained one and 12 months after the surgery, were compared with those found in two groups before the surgery using Wilcoxon test and Repeat Measure test.

A total of 111 patients with mean age of 25.1±7.6 years including 16 (14.4%) men and 95 (86.6%) women were enrolled. Based on physical examinations, the skin type was thin in 20 (18.9%), moderate in 68 (59.4%), and thick in 23 cases (21.7%). Considering the sonography results, the skin type was thin in 7 (6.8%), moderate in 83 (80.6%), and thick in 13 cases (12.6%). There was no significant difference in the thickness of tip and supra tip skin between defatted cases and control group measured before surgery and within the follow-up period.

Based on results found through this study, Sonography is a precise instrument in assessing the nasal skin thickness before rhinoplasty. Defatting technique was shown to be of no effect on reduction of skin thickness of tip and supra tip in moderate or thick skins following rhinoplasty.

Progress in high-contrast ultrasound technology in recent years brought more attention to its rule in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of sonography in the diagnosis of CTS and its relationship with disease severity.

In this prospective study، 100 patients who had unilateral upper extremity involvement were studied. All patients were initially undergone electro diagnostic test and the test was assumed as the gold standard. Afterwards the cross-sectional area and anteroposterior diameter of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel inlet and outlet and the thickness of the flexor retinaculum were measured by ultrasound in all patients. Relationships between ultrasound and electro diagnostic findings were evaluated using SPSS software ver. 19th.

Patients included 84 women and 16 men in the age range 19 to 72 years (mean age 44. 43 ± 12. 05 years). Among the criteria evaluated، the proximal and distal cross sectional area of the nerve showed significant correlation with disease diagnosis (P= 0. 018 and P= 0. 022 respectively). In addition، significant relationship was found between mentioned two criteria and the severity of the disease (P<0. 05 both). The best cut-off point at the proximal cross sectional area was 9. 45 mm2 in which the sensitivity was 78. 9%، specificity was 82. 8%، positive predictive value was 91. 8% and negative predictive value was 61. 5%.

The present study indicated that evaluating the cross sectional area of the median nerve using ultrasound at the carpal tunnel inlet is useful in diagnosing CTS. According to its high sensitivity، specificity and positive predictive value، it is not only useful in diagnosing suspected patients but also can be useful in screening the population at risk.

Background and

Ïn assisted reproductive (ÂRT) laboratory، during the experimental manipulation، oocytes and early embryos are exposed to day light or artificial light for variable periods. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of fluorescent light exposure، with intensity almost equal to that produced by microscopes in ÂRT laboratory، on mouse early embryo development.

The bicellular embryos were obtained from superovulated pregnant female NMRÏ mice after 48 hours HÇG injection. Âfter washing، the embryos were randomly allocated in HËPËS buffered HTF medium into three experimental and one control group. Two hundred and fifteen (group B)، 222 (group Ç) and 229 (group D) bicellular embryos were exposed to fluorescent light of 800 LX for 5، 10 and 30 minutes at 37°Ç، respectively. The embryos of control group (215، group Â)، and also other groups (B، Ç and D) were kept on a heat plate during the time of experiment and protected from the light by covering the dishes with aluminium foil. Ëxpanding and hatching blastocyst rates were recorded after 72 and 96 hours of culture، respectively.

The results demonstrated that 61. 6%، 52. 5% and 65. 1% of embryos in the experimental group (group B، Ç، and D respectively) and 61% of embryos in the control group reached to blastocyst stage. There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and the control group. Âlso the hatching rates and degeneration rates showed no significant differences between the groups. Çonclusion: The fluorescent light of 800 LX for a period of less than 30 minutes had no significant effect on mouse embryo development in vitro.