بابک عالمی

Self-sufficiency and reliance on natural materials are fundamental principles of Iranian architecture, with brick being a locally abundant material in Iran. Over time, brick buildings require retrofitting, restoration, and enhancement. To gain a deeper understanding of brick and its retrofitting, it is essential to analyze historical bricks and incorporate past experiences in brick making. This research aims to examine the technical characteristics of bricks used in the historical buildings of Kashan city across different time periods. Five brick samples from these historical structures have been selected for analysis.

The research employs a quantitative approach based on field studies and laboratory experiments. The experiments are categorized into three groups. The first group comprises basic tests, including density, specific gravity, moisture content, and water absorption. The second group encompasses mechanical tests, focusing on compressive and bending strength. The third category involves chemical tests conducted through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis.

The tests revealed that the specific weight of the samples ranged from 1.6 to 2.14 grams per cubic centimeter, while water absorption varied between 9.3 and 18.5 percent. The compressive strength was found to be between 53.12 and 195.27 kg/cm², and the bending strength ranged from 11.62 to 125.83 kg/cm². The findings indicate that basic characteristics significantly influence mechanical properties. As specific weight and volume density of the samples increase, their internal pore structure diminishes, leading to reduced moisture content and lower water absorption. Furthermore, higher sample density correlates with increased compressive and bending strength. The predominant chemical composition in the samples was quartz, while the presence of gypsum contributed to decreased mechanical resistance. In contrast, higher levels of quartz, anorthite, and albite enhanced the resistance of the samples

The physical and mechanical characteristics of brick samples remain relatively stable over time. Consequently, it appears that the resistance parameters are more influenced by the quality of the raw materials, sample density, and production methods rather than the age of the samples.

The traditional architecture of Kashan poses unique features in various aspects, one of which is the use of local materials. Due to the increasing importance of the debate on sustainability and the significant impact of materials on building sustainability, the role of local materials in the environmental sustainability of traditional buildings was investigated in this research. In this regard, first, by studying available references, the indicators showing the environmental impact of materials in different stages of their life cycle, including extraction and production, transportation and storage, construction, operation, demolition, and recycling were collected. Then, through field studies in the historical context of Kashan and library studies, the local building materials were identified and evaluated by the above indicators. Evaluation of each indicator was done with a different method such as collecting numerical data, qualitative analysis, or developing a questionnaire. Finally, based on data analysis using the Likert scale, materials were rated on a 1-5 scale for each indicator in order to perform a qualitative comparison between materials from the point of view of compliance with environmental sustainability indicators. The results of this research show that among the studied materials, including mud, stone, gypsum, lime, plant materials, and metals, mud is the most sustainable material with a score of 83 out of 85, and metals are the least sustainable with a score of 37 out of 85. Examination of existing analyses and the scores obtained shows that the most important factor contributing to the low score of metals is its complex manufacturing process and the need to go through processing stages in the factory, unlike soil, which requires the simplest production method without complex processes for preparation.

The term “resilience” in the field of architecture and urban planning is a new concept that has recently been considered by experts and theorists in this circle. This phrase (resilience) has spread during time and the other aspects and dimensions related to urban communities such as social, economic, etc. have been also considered. The most important part is that spatial aspect. This dimension deals with the resilience of urban spaces that is continuing of the existence while preserving their identity during historical various changes. One of the types of urban spaces that despite its various environmental changes and crises throughout its history has desirably continued its life are The Grand mosques. So this question is posed that what factors have led to the resiliency of historical mosques over a long period of time? Therefore, this study be posed to investigate the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan and factors that have caused this urban space being resilient. The research method is descriptive-analytical method and content analysis approach. Initially, with the method of deductive reasoning and referring to reliable sources, two social and physical resilience factors were extracted from the theoretical concepts of this field and presented as indicators of the conceptual model of spatial resilience and then it was evaluated by examining the research case study for which was chosen the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan. In general, the effective factors in the spatial resilience of the mosque can be mentioned as follows: Physically resilience; fistly, it would be permeability which has increased resilience. And concerning the second, it could be readability 3. Flexible construction of the mosque through the appropriate ratio between mass and space, modulation (standardization) along with unique and special elements of the mosque (this is significant factor whether in an architectural unit or on an urban scale) 4. Strength in the construction of the building through design, execution And suitable materials have become possible and with the continuous restoration of the space, which has made it possible to update and adapt the function of this urban space, has caused the improvement of the physical resilience of this mosque and consequently its spatial resilience. From a social point of view; 1. Existence of various uses through the flexible form and universality of space to fit contemporary needs, mixing cultural, economic and religious uses in space, which facilitates the performance of today's uses in the body of yesterday. 2. Possibility of access and movement from this space to adjacent uses. 3. Existence of environmental comfort in this space, which is due to the air conditioning and away from pollution (air, sound) caused by the sub-climate in this space and other facilities in this space. 4. Paying attention to aesthetic factors in the design of the mosque, which is a motivating factor for the continuation of activities in the mosque 5. The unique identity of the mosque, which has been obtained due to the existing historical, cultural and social values. 6. The sense of belonging and attachment of the visitors to the place, has caused the continuation of the use of this space and subsequently the spatial adaptation of this historic mosque. These factors, which are components of the spatial resilience model structure, are categorized in eight general categories. As a result, this research indicate that spatial resilience is eight factors behind this.

Nizâmî’s Haft Peykar, which through its depiction and description of architectural states and features directly and indirectly presents architecture and architectural spaces, provides valuable material for understanding and comprehending the architecture of the past and the architectural culture of Iran. The study of the text of this work reveals that architects pay attention to elements that give shape and vitality to the buildings they create. In his work, Nizâmî describes two buildings, Khawarnaq Palace and Seven Domes, along with the events taking place inside them, which can shed light on the elements and symbols associated with architecture. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical and historical. It is based on library research, involving the interpretation and analysis of content to examine the mentioned buildings. The study focuses on several structures mentioned in the text, namely the Khawarnaq Palace, and Seven Domes, as well as the mentioned architectural features, characteristics, and symbols. The research findings indicate that each of the aforementioned areas has rules and frameworks for describing and explaining the architectural culture of the order in the text. The architectural characteristics of the mentioned structures and elements and symbols related to architecture and the poetic and architectural narrative of the work include attention to the grandeur and magnificence of the structure, its form and appearance, suitability for lifestyle and use, customs and cultural aspects of life within the building, consideration of ancient patterns such as iwans, attention to its location, neighboring structures, and the focus on color and its meanings in verses, hierarchy, views, condition and quality of materials, attention to form and shape and its influence on the evolution of the story, attention to celestial sciences and stars, etc. Furthermore, the role of the architect in relation to the client, the multi-disciplinary expertise of architects, the prescription of lifestyle and style by the architect, etc., are features of architecture in Haft Peykar by Nizâmî.

Problem statement:

in the last few decades, various changes and developments have caused damage to the historical context of the neighborhoods of Khansar city. Therefore, mesaures should be taken to create sustainability in these neighborhoods. Sustainability in the neighborhood depends on sustainability in four economic, social, cultural, environmental, and physical sectors. To achieve sustainability in the first three parts, one must first achieve sustainability at the physical level, which is the infrastructure and foundation of the other three parts. If there is a need to create physical sustainability at the level of the Polegoosh neighborhood, we need to address the following questions: What are the indicators of physical sustainability? And according to these indicators, what is the level of physical sustainability of the Polegoosh neighborhood?

By expressing the concept of neighborhood sustainability, this research seeks to extract indicators of physical sustainability and evaluate the Polegoosh neighborhood of Khansar based on these indicators.

This research employed the descriptive-analytical method and logical reasoning to extract the physical sustainability indicators based on library and field studies and evaluate the Polegoosh neighborhood based on those indicators. To analyze the Polegoosh neighborhood, this study used three methods of field surveys, the study of the master plan of Khansar city, and in-depth interviews with residents.

The results of the research indicate that the indicators of physical sustainability include seven indicators: building architecture, multi-functionality of public buildings, standard uses, mobility and dynamics, public spaces, proper access, and physical quality. According to the above indicators and based on the analysis and investigations, three indicators of standard uses, proper access, and physical quality are stable in the Polegoosh neighborhood; the architectural index of buildings is semi-stable and the three indicators: multi-functionality of public buildings, dynamic and public spaces are unstable.

Defense architecture is one of the hidden values of historical contexts and passive defense has different criteria based on the type of use and different dangers in historical periods. Today, with the advancement of technology and the change of dangers, the principles of passive defense have also changed, but the initial measures in historical monuments are comparable to the new and modern principles of passive defense. Noshabad Owi Underground Complex, as a 1400-year-old historical site of which only a limited part has been identified so far, is an example of past defense architecture and allows the study of passive defense principles. The purpose of this research is to identify the architectural design in the first part and to analyze the passive defense arrangements in the Owi underground complex in the second part and to investigate how these components are used in the design of architectural elements and its spatial organization. In this article, using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and field perceptions, while introducing and recognizing the architectural design of this underground complex, the principles of passive defense have been studied and its components and aspects using different sources. Has been extracted and analyzed. The results show that in this underground complex, various techniques and measures in the field of passive defense have been used in the fields of architecture, structures and facilities in accordance with the type of hazards and equipment of the past, and this is the intelligence of the predecessors. It shows us and complete knowledge of the general principles of passive defense from decades ago.

Nowadays, the relationship between bio mimicry science and various fields including extended architecture and the study of patterns, systems, and biological elements, is a way to create solutions to the problems of human life. Silkworm cocoon is a biological structure and a natural composite that has evolved during the time and is a good response to environmental conditions for silkworm and has high physical and mechanical properties against stress and has a good function as an insulator against ambient temperature conditions. Understanding the structure relationships of silkworm cocoons inspires how to create composite structures, including non-woven, lightweight, and high-strength composites. In this study, the descriptive-analytical method and logical reasoning method attempt to introduce the structure of silk cocoon, using sericin cocoon and natural fibers, which for various reasons such as lightness, non-pollution, abundance, and low-cost, can be a suitable alternative to artificial fibers, offer materials as a non-woven bio composite. These materials, which have recyclable properties and are suitable in terms of energy consumption, can be used as moisture and heat insulation. This performance was simulated and analyzed in the outer shell of the building and using the Hani Bee energy analysis plugin in the Grasshopper for the hot and dry climate of Kashan. The results show that the proposed non-woven composite of natural fibers can help to improve the thermal performance and reduce the heat transfer between the outside and inside of the building by up to 12.7% compared to when the building shell is considered without thermal insulation.

Architecture Emerges Through Form. In Creating The Architectural Form, In Addition To The Factors Affecting The Appearance, The Factors Affecting Its Semantic Dimension Are Also Important. If The Need To Create The Good Architecture Is To Achieve A Good Form, One Can Ask How The Good Architectural Form Is Formed? And What Level Should The Various Factors Affecting The Formation Of The Form Have In Order To Achieve A Good Form? This Study Tries To Determine And Categorize The Effect Of These Factors By Expressing The Concept Of Form And Explaining Its Various Aspects While Extracting The Factors Influencing The Formation Of The Form. For This Purpose, Using Descriptive-Analytical Method And By Studying Library Resources While Examining The Concept Of Form And Its Various Aspects, With Emphasis On The Architectural Form, The Factors Influencing Its Creation Were Classified Among The Collected Texts And Sources. To Create A Correct Hierarchy Of These Factors, Using A Questionnaire From Experts And Professionals, The Effect Of Each Factor On The Various Components Of The Form Was Collected And The Findings Were Analyzed Using SPSS And AHP Statistical Methods. After Determining The Effectiveness Of Factors, Their Correlation And The Significant Relationship Between Them And Different Components, These Factors Were Prioritized. In Order To Test The Research Findings, The Effect Of Various Factors On The Formation Of The Building Form Of The Cultural Heritage Organization As A Valuable Building In Contemporary Iranian Architecture Was Measured, The Results Of Which Confirm The Research Findings. The Results Indicate That The Important Factors On The Formation Of The Good Architectural Form Are Attention To The Historical Environment, Attention To The Natural Environment, Proportional Geometry, Coordination Of Components, Adherence To Values, Based On Appropriate Ideas And Materials.

The historical city of Kashan is one of the historical contexts whose neighborhoods, despite the valuable structure that is facing destruction, have been less studied; In particular, the primary nucleus and its associated neighborhoods and less codified information on the status of these neighborhoods is available; This in itself causes an increase in various interventions and injuries. Meydan Kohneh neighborhood is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city and according to the authors, it was the primary nucleus of the formation of a historical city about which there is no documented research; this neighborhood is the site of the old Jameh Mosque, which dates back to 466 AH according to its minaret inscription. This study intends to study the structure, components and spaces of Meydan Kohneh neighborhood, the evolution of this historical neighborhood. The method of this research is documentary and interpretive-historical; An attempt is made to identify the current situation of the neighborhood, its key elements and uses based on field studies, and then based on the few available historical resources, aerial maps and also the structure of historic neighborhoods in Iranian cities, the situation The existing and historical structure of the center of the neighborhood should be reconstructed and finally this should be compared with the neighborhood of the same name in Qom. Comparison of this neighborhood with its namesake in Qom confirms that both neighborhoods in the past had a relatively similar square and similar use around them, which due to the passage of time, the square has disappeared and has been replaced by the passage (alley) of the old square and other alternative uses.

Nature is a key source of inspiration in environment-friendly design. In the bionic approach, humans can create spaces and elements adaptive to the environment and enhance their living conditions. Meanwhile, a comparative comparison of man-made and natural structures helps us to better understand this matter. This study conducts a comparative comparison of two natural and anthropogenic structure patterns by analyzing termite nests and the Ouee underground complex. First, through field studies and local surveys, the Ouee underground complex was investigated and analyzed. Then, termites and termite nests were investigated by documentary methods and library studies. Comparative criteria for the two samples were derived by examining different sources in three categories of form and structure, climatic solutions, and security techniques. The two samples were analyzed by the logical reasoning method. Finally, after a comparative review and analysis of the construction criteria and principles for each sample collection, it can be said that the Ouee complex and termite nests are very similar in structure. Similar techniques and solutions can be observed in the formation of troglodytes and natural complexes. Modeling of nature can be said to be an instinctive human behavior throughout history, as can be seen in the form of bionic architecture today or in the discussion of imitation of nature in the past.

The Relationship Between Architecture And Nature Has Undergone Various Changes Throughout History; Hence, Different Approaches Have Been Formed Between The Two. In Recent Decades, Two Important Approaches To Sustainability And Bionics Have Been Formed Regarding The Relationship Between Architecture And Nature. The Sustainability Approach Emphasizes The Preservation Of Nature And Peaceful Coexistence With It, And The Bionic Approach Considers Nature As A Source Of Inspiration And Uses The Laws Contained In It In Architecture. Given The Relationship Between Both Approaches And Nature, The Question Arises That What Is The Relationship Between The Two Approaches? Therefore, The Purpose Of This Study Is To Investigate The Relationship Between Sustainability And Bionic Approaches As Two Important Architectural Approaches In Relation To Nature. For This Purpose, This Research Uses A Descriptive-Analytical Method And By Studying The Sources Of Libraries, Including Books, Dissertations, Articles, Etc., Explains The Approach To Sustainability In Architecture And Its Relationship With Nature. Then, It Examines The Bionic Approach In Architecture And Its Relationship With Nature, And Finally, Using The Method Of Logical Reasoning And Relying On Research Findings, Presents The Relationship Between The Two Approaches Of Sustainable Architecture And Bionic. According To The Results Of Research In The Approach Of Architectural Sustainability Is The Cause Of Creating A Sustainable Environment And Nature Conservation, So That It Can Be Achieved By Applying The Four Principles Of Sustainable Architecture In Ecological, Social, Cultural And Economic Systems. Contrary To This View, In The Bionic Approach, Nature Is The Cause Of The Creation Of Desirable Architecture, So That By Modeling Nature At Three Levels Of Organism, Behavior And Ecosystem And Influencing The Domains Of Form, Materials, Structure, Function, and Process The Desired Architecture Can Be Achieved.

The historical context of Kashan, which has a Qajar form and includes valuable and magnificent buildings. This context has several neighborhoods, and one of these neighborhoods, which is strongly believed to be the oldest one and the primary nucleus of the city, is the famous Meydan Kuhneh neighborhood, which is the site of one of the oldest buildings in the city, the old Jameh Mosque. So far, no published study has been done on the architecture of this mosque and its history and evolution, and due to the importance of this building, no significant work has been done on it.This lack of study and attention can be seen in its current state. This study intends to examine the structure and components of this building, the evolution and development of the Jameh Mosque. The method of this research is documentary and interpretive-historical and an attempt is made to identify the current condition of the mosque building based on field studies.Then, relying on historical sources and physical evidence, while examining the situation of different periods of the mosque, its formation, development and evolution will be discussed. The results indicate that the primary core of the neighborhood was formed near the northern edge of the old context and in the path of historical passages, and the Jameh Mosque was one of the primary components of the neighborhood, which was developed and expanded along with the evolution of the neighborhood. It is from an old crypt building at the level of the historical bazaar of the neighborhood, to a two-story structure that was probably built in the second century AH. While expanding into a prayer hall and creating a minaret during the Seljuk period, it became a Shabestani mosque. And in the patriarchal and Timurid period, a porch and a dome were added to the building; During the general reconstruction in the Zandieh period and during the restorations and the addition of some minor additions in the Qajar period, gradually it change into a two-porch mosque with two middle open spaces, on two levels of basement and ground floor. The Jameh Mosque declined with the decline of the neighborhood and the change of the center of the city, and now operates as a local mosque.

The resilience of an architectural space is the ability to deal with damages caused by an accident, which helps to return to a normal condition after the accident. One of the important aspects of resilience is the physical aspect, which means the ability of a building to withstand changes, events, and the passage of time, and the response of the building to current and future needs. One of the important aspects of resilience is the physical aspect, which means the building’s ability to withstand changes, events, and the passage of time and the response of the building to current and future needs. The seismicity of the Kashan region shows the importance of studying the issue of physical resilience in this bazaar. So, the question is, what are the resilient components of the historical Bazaar of Kashan? On the other hand, the function of the bazaar as a commercial artery of the city and the population in which it is constantly moving, and the location of the bazaar in the city center, highlights the need to address the components of open space and communication routes in this area. The next question is what is the quality of open spaces and access routes in the bazaar and how does it work from the perspective of resilience?

To investigate the components affecting Physical resilience, the research sample, has been identified and studied by descriptive, analytical, and qualitative methods.

In the study of physical resilience, due to the important role of open spaces and communication network in the research sample, with the help of field survey and analysis of the current situation, also, interviewing users of the historical Bazar through a questionnaire, the effective components in physical resilience were evaluated. The effect on the stability of the bazaar of Kashan and its durability and reliability were identified and determined.

The results show that open spaces of Bazaar, due to the extent and hierarchy of access in the whole Bazaar, have a good density and distribution but in both Bazaar of Mesgarha and Darb-e-Zanjir, the length of the exit is more than standard. Evaluation of effective resilience components shows that Soltani Mosque, Mir-Panj Caravanserai, Agha Mosque, and Mir-Emad Mosque have open space with the suitable area, healthy and stable walls, are active and with direct connection with urban arteries are suitable for post-traumatic use. the way between two series of shops and Other indoor spaces such as Amin-Al-Dole Timche and other similar places as an access space face the problem of falling due to roof damage during an earthquake, improper passage ratios, and additional elements, resulting in way blockage, so This reduces the resilience of Bazaar, but the organic structure of it and the presence of load-bearing fixtures on the ceilings are positive points in creating safety in this places.

The dome is a form that has a great impact on the formation of architectural forms and landscapes in Iranian cities. Architects and researchers have always been concerned with the methods of dome construction, recognizing its types, studying the performance of the instrument, drawing methods, and its execution methods. Among the valuable historical context of Kashan, the Grand Mosque is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the heart of the ages, which unfortunately has been abandoned and except for limited studies, it has not been addressed and its registered documents have serious shortcomings and mistakes. In this article, in addition to a general knowledge of the mosque and a summary of its evolution, its dome has been paid special attention. It is one of the few standing buildings after the devastating earthquakes in the region. In the structure of the dome of the mosque, there are initiatives that cause differences with other similar domes and this shows the need to study and document it. Most of the research that has been done about this mosque has been in the field of archeology and about the altars, decorations and pottery kilns (located in the nave) and so far the architectural aspects and construction techniques have not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to pay attention to the historical background of the mosque and accurate documentation of various elements and decorations used in the dome, the method of construction of each component and structural form of the dome. To achieve this goal, an important part of the research data has been obtained through attending the Kashan Grand Mosque and field survey of the dome, and library and oral resources have been used to control the field findings and know the course of construction and techniques used. Is. The main strategy of this research is descriptive-analytical and interpretive-historical. One of the findings of this article is the accurate identification of the components and how the bricks and poppies are arranged in this dome. The result of the research shows that the form of the dome is in the form of two discrete shells which are made using the technique of whip and chain and moving template, respectively, internal and external dome and the shape of the inner dome arch is hung close to the string curve. Also, the analysis of the decoration of the dome of the house shows that the porch and the altar are decorated with an original and unique example of use and Mogharnas. Due to the artistic skills and decorations of the Timurid era, no complex decorations have been used in this building and most of the surfaces have been decorated in the simplest way, which indicates the haste in the reconstruction and the subsequent decline of the mosque. Comparing the mosque with three domes of the same period and approximately the same area shows that the construction of all four domes has common features and differences that these differences can be seen in the executive details as well as in the decorations.

Modernizing Iranian cities by extensive street making for the cars and damaging historical passways changed the physical-Spatial structure and historical paths. The Uptown passway of Naraq was not safe from damages that resulted from widening pathways. This research with focusing on the changes applied to the spatial structure of this historical pathway, studying different profiles; Historical district pathology shows that changes made to the city lead to the disarranging cohesive structure of the district and passway, its isolation, gradual destruction of the buildings and generally losing the importance of passway in the city; In contrast, the historical city still has prominent values and need conservation, revitalization, and development. To keep the urban values of the historical pathway with these difficulties, we rely on the derived guidelines from the Nara document and San Antonio statement regarding authenticity and Nairobi recommendation about integrity, conserving and determining authenticity and integrity of historical city in the format of urban systems, accessibility, structure, functional and Visual landscape, defining the specification of the historical city derived from the Washington charter. The extracted guidelines were studied using SWOT analysis. So that any action applied to the historical passway will be based on policies that guarantee the authenticity and the integrity of the historic city. Assessing guidelines by the explained framework shows that conserving cityscape pertinent to its context and reinforcing elements and architectural outstanding patterns in the pathway and the texture around it is among the most important solutions that help reach the goal of this research.

Temporary Accommodation Is The Most Important Action After Natural Disasters; However, Studies Show That In Past Incidents In The Country, The Level Of People's Satisfaction With Temporary Housing Has Been Low. To Understand The Reasons For This Dissatisfaction, One Must Make A Judgment In This Regard Based On The Indicators Of Temporary Housing. Therefore, The Purpose Of This Study Is To First Ask The Standard Temporary Accommodation Criteria. Given The Existence Of Nomadic Life In Different Parts Of Iran And The Knowledge That Nomadic Housing Is A Type Of Temporary Housing Based On Their Way Of Life, It Is Possible To Use This Type Of Housing With The Socio-Cultural And Environmental Characteristics Of The Region. Self-Compatible, Used In The Temporary Accommodation Process. Therefore, Nomadic Housing Should Be Evaluated In Terms Of Temporary Housing Criteria.

In This Research, Using Descriptive-Analytical Method And Based On Library Studies, Desirable Temporary Housing Indicators Were Extracted And Their Levels Were Determined. Then, Iranian Nomadic Dwellings Were Studied And 17 Types Of Dwellings Were Identified In The Form Of Seven General Types. These Species Were Evaluated In Terms Of Temporary Settlement Criteria. Finally, Using AHP Hierarchical Analysis Method And With The Help Of Expert Choice Software, The Benefit Of Each Type Of Nomadic Housing From The Indicators Of Temporary Housing Was Determined.

The Research Findings Show That Among The Seven Types Of Nomadic Housing, Two Species Of Capar Toopi And Log Cambi With A Final Weight Of 0.155 Are At The Highest Level In Terms Of Benefiting From The Indicators Of Temporary Housing. Ooi Species With A Weight Of 140, Mazif With A Weight Of 0.138 And Three Species Of Alachiq, Bakhtiari Black Tent And Qashqai Black Tent Are In The Next Priorities.

Based On The Results Of The Research, In Order To Design The Desired Temporary Housing, The Components Should Be Designed In Such A Way That It Can Be Implemented In The Shortest Possible Time While Being Transported Quickly And Easily. It Is Also Possible To Reduce The Cost Of Construction And Construction Of Housing By Using Local Techniques And Materials, Utilizing Local Labor And Public Participation. Other Solutions In The Design Of Temporary Housing Include Studying The Situation Of People In Different Parts Of The Country And Providing Flexible Guidelines, Including Functional, Cultural And Social Needs, So That The Maximum Needs Of Individuals Can Be Met.

Sustainable architecture is an approach in architecture that takes into account environmental considerations while meeting human needs. this approach ends in an effective use of natural resources in designing and construction. Preliminary studies of indigenous and historical architecture show the manifestations of different dimensions of sustainable architecture in this architecture. Over time, traditional architects, based on their numerous experiences, have developed and implemented designs that are compatible with the natural environment while in harmonizing and modeling the surrounding nature, . The historical context of Kashan, as a part of valuable local heritage that has a luxurious traditional architecture, is no exception, and its architecture has been formed in accordance with the environmental conditions. In this paper, in a descriptive and analytical method while using library resources and field surveys, various aspects of environmental sustainability are investigated, and the components of sustainability are extracted from this aspect. Furthermore,, the historical bazaar of Kashan is identified as an important part from the cultural, social, and economic perspectives of the historical context of the city. Besides, this area, based on the framework formed in the theoretical foundations of the research, is evaluated, and its situation in terms of sustainability as well as strength and weakness in relation to environmental sustainability is determined. The results show that factors such as the climate-friendly design to preserve resources, the use of indigenous materials, human design, and building reliability have caused this market to be in a good condition in terms of environmental sustainability. However, disrupting the market order by establishing new arteries, neglecting the strengthening of its structure, and permitting human interventions, all, have damaged its stability.

For a long time, Naraq plain has been accommodating different types of habitation, such as residential fields to mastery houses.  Based on some evidences, Naraq’s primary core is located in the western half of the town and in the Lower (Paien) neighborhood. In the further development of the town, the Upper (Bala) and Bazaar neighborhoods are formed in the east and north of the older neighborhood. House is the main constituent unit of each urban area, and houses determine the shape and atmosphere of the neighborhoods. Therefore, houses are an important part of the town, and their recognition, not only helps us in being familiar with the architectural features and habitat of a region, but also provides a better understanding of the settlement that includes houses. Nonetheless, houses in Naraq are more likely to be destroyed than the town itself, as many of them have been destroyed in recent decades. Destruction of these houses will lead to the disappearance of patterns of residence and the culture based on it; where houses are closely associated with the natural environment and natural landscape of the town and thus inevitable in the formation of the primary cores and the recent town. Based on this, the paper seeks to identify the most important examples and types of houses in Naraq in the form of a typological study. The research method of this study is based on field studies and survey, and analysis and interpretation of samples based on the main spaces and organs of the house. In this regard, all historic houses of the Qajar period of the town, which were accessible, have been surveyed, their plans have been prepared and their spaces have been identified. In the following, efforts have been made to study the possibility of combining important spaces together and their role in the formation of a particular type of dwelling. During the study of twenty examples of historic samples and based on their spatial organization, houses are categorized into three main types, called "formal", "vernacular" and "semi-formal". Based on the combination of mass and space and the type of yard, the formal type is divided into three sub-categories: "formal with central courtyard", "formal linear" and "formal combinatorial". The commonality of formal houses is their placement in a particular residential neighborhood (Upper neighborhood), and their major difference is the existence or absence of a pattern of terraced gardens around the town in the courtyards. The vernacular type, which has the highest density in the Lower neighborhood, is formed on the basis of the room and their composition, and based on the shape of the courtyards and the social class of the owner or owners can be divided into two sub-categories "family vernacular" and "communal vernacular" types. In the vernacular and the formal houses, the influence of the neighborhood indicator and the concentration of a particular type within one neighborhood are observed. But in the third category, which is socially belonging to the prosperous class living in the Lower neighborhood and it was built in the development period of the town and in accordance with the vernacular pattern, it cannot be identified by relying on the location of the house. The reason for this is indications of the presence of the pattern of formal houses in homes within the range of vernacular types. So in this third category, the patterns are combined.

The architectural remains of the past can be studied from different perspectives and with different approaches. Architectural form, structures, construction techniques, decorations and details of buildings, and their evolution through time are general issues that can be examined. In addition to the monuments, some elements of historical architecture are also worthy of consideration because of their unique and interesting features. This article specifically deals with the minaret of the Jame‘ Mosque of Kashan, which is considered to be the earliest dated building in Kashan of the Islamic period. The stability of this building through centuries despite numerous earthquakes in Kashan justifies this study. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to research the historical background of the minaret and carry out detailed documentation of its various components, examine the structure of each of these components, examine the structural form and the flow of forces, and finally perform a seismic analysis. To reach this purpose, a significant part of the research data was collected at the site of the Jame‘ Mosque of Kashan by surveying the minaret, and library and oral sources were used to control the field data and provide the history of the minaret. The main strategy of the research is descriptive-analytical. The seismic analysis of the minaret was performed using SAP2000 software. The results of this study show that some of the measures taken in the construction of the mosque’s minaret (dating to the Seljuq period as attested in its inscription) include: the tapering form of the minaret, decreasing thickness of its components by increasing height, decreased rigidity of construction, incorporation of two empty spaces for staircases, and the incorporation of wood in the construction. It is for such architectural arrangements that the minaret has remained intact from serious damage over the centuries.

Based on its inscription, the history of Kashan’s Jame mosque minaret dates back to 466 A.H. One of the prominent features of remaining architectural works, including minarets, is the vast and subtle use of bricks and the brick ornament’s integrity with the structure of buildings. Unlike other examples contemporary with Jame mosque minaret, there is no trace of subtle brick decoration. Also, the minaret’s pictures at the time of its damaged façade shows that there was no connection between the façade and the structure, and that the façade was a separate shell covering the structure of the minaret, therefore the façade of minaret was damaged severely because of 1192 A.H. earthquake or some other reason while the structure remained whole. Because of afore mentioned facts, the original decoration and the degree of conformity between the post-restoration decoration and the original one is unknown. The purpose of this article is first, to pinpoint the original parts of minaret and evaluate the degree of conformity between the current decoration and the original one, through examining visual documents, and then to uncover the reason behind choosing a different technique in building this minaret. The strategies of this research are historical and descriptive analytical interpretation and its data were gathered thorough visual and text documents as well as field researches. This study resulted in the fact that, during the restoration process, minaret decoration was renewed with no regard for the original design. Even in the inscription, that remained almost intact based on the pictures, signs of interpolation can be seen. Regarding the different decoration techniques, the study led to the hypothesis that minaret was not build in Seljuk period, but rather in earlier periods as a part of the main mosque and was later decorated using bricks in the Seljuk period.

Naraq is a town with a long history, which has been in decline since almost a century ago. The town’s bazaar is the most important remaining structure from its glorious past. Despite its Listing, the bazaar has been deteriorating because of the lack of attention and the economic decline; so much that there is now a need for restoration and refurbishment plans to preserve it. Such interventions need an awareness of the structure’s features and characteristics, which, regrettably is yet to be deservedly done. Studies on matters such as how it was formed in connection with its surrounding elements, how it is connected with its context, and what type it is, would help understand its position among other areas of the town such as Upper and Lower districts and their centres, and the northern street and river-valley. The method used is interpretative-historical, and largely based on field studies. Scarce written resources have also been studied. More important documents such as letters of devotion (vaqf nameh) have also been studied to help understand relevant parts of the bazaar and its associated natural and built contexts. Whilst casting light on its physical aspects, the results show that the present remainder of the bazaar was formed in the second half of the 13th (Hijri) century outside the nuclei of the two Upper and Lower districts, along an historic route, turning the transit route into the bazaar’s passageway. The studies also show that the bazaar complex is formed on the town’s northern borders in a way to have suitable connections with the river-valley and the historic Kashan-Dilijan route.

Optimization of form and structure have always been challenging for civil engineers and architects. In this regard, most natural (biological) materials of which mechanical properties are often outstand, are inspiring. One of these materials is the bone. The structure of the bone is like a helix. In this article, the helix structure of the bone is analyzed to understand the mechanism of carrying its imposed load. According to the analyzes, in order to optimize structure of a truss column, this structure by different degrees of orientation is designed. After this, the structures are analyzed by modeling these structures in SAP2000 software. According to the movement of the structure, the study concludes that in some degrees of orientation the helix column is more optimized than conventional columns. In other words, the weight of the helix column is less than conventional columns and therefore needs less material and is optimized from an economic perspective.

The architectural form is affected by numerous factors including functional, economic, socio-cultural, climatic as well as structural requirements and stability. Among these factors, structure receives considerable attention as it has a critical role in generating form and its stability. Stability has always been an essential property of architectural forms, thus it is crucial to study structural formation and its overall effect on the architectural form in design. The History of structural science clearly confirms the reciprocal relationship between structural and architectural forms. The most basic definition of structure is to understand the distribution of loads as well as considering the interaction of forces and the way they are distributed and carried to the ground. Therefore, the question is how and in what way, forces affect the formation of architectural forms. In the present study, structural property of form is investigated thoroughly. In this regard, system of forces seems to act as an operating system influencing both structural and architectural aspects of form. Accordingly, while considering the role of structure in architecture, the relationship between structure and forces should also be taken into account. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, in order to provide a new vision of reasonable relationship between structure and architecture. Consequently, natural and artificial forms and the flow of forces are considered and a logical process to the design of form in architectural language is provided.