رخساره بادامی

The purpose of this research was to analyze the phenomenon of managerial succession in women's championship sports. In this research, using the combined-exploratory method, the factors of the phenomenon of managerial succession in women's championship sports were identified. And by using the purposeful sampling method and the theoretical saturation technique, key informants (includingpeople15) have been selected to identify the model framework of the phenomenon of managerial succession in women's championship sports, and interviews have been conducted with them. The tool used for The factors of managerial succession in championship sports were identified through semi-structured interviews (with focus groups) and the study of documents. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study, the assessment method of Linuklen and Goba was used. And the final model was presented with the method of structural-interpretive modeling. The model obtained in total included 16 components as the phenomenon of managerial succession in women's championship sports in the two stages of interactionism and structuralism. Therefore, in order to institutionalize succession in the management of women's sports, the interests and mindset of women towards the post managerial positions should be evaluated, the managerial activities of women in sports should be observed, people inclined to managerial positions should be identified, and finally, the performance of women in managerial positions should be investigated and reflected in order to provide positive feedback and strengthen the positive image of women's management.

Body image dissatisfaction is a common disorder in today's era, characterized by a negative evaluation of one's physical appearance. The goal of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate a compassion-based educational program in physical education classes among Shahrekord high school students. Participants in this research included high school girls aged 12 to 17 in Shahrekord city, as well as 2 physical education teachers. The study utilized action research as the method, with qualitative data collection techniques. Data collection methods included researcher's field notes from focused group discussions with students, students' daily report books, reflection questions, and semi-structured interviews with sports teachers. The collected data were carefully analysed using qualitative content analysis. The research findings were categorized into 5 comprehensive areas: knowledge management, self-awareness, mindfulness, respect, and empathy. The results indicated that knowledge management, self-awareness, mindfulness, respect, and empathy are effective components in addressing body image dissatisfaction and promoting unconditional self-acceptance. Overall, students' mental well-being contributes to the development of a stable Iranian society. It is recommended to identify components for addressing body image dissatisfaction, develop effective strategies, and provide training to teachers.

Success in adolescent athletes is attributed to physical, technical, and mental attitude. However, the basis of success is factors such as lifestyle, support and various social factors that may have a successful performance. Training and observing lifestyle as a set of habits, behaviors and tastes for a long time in athletes preserves the possibility of flourishing high performance. But so far, lifestyle does not have a place in the development programs of athletes. On the other hand, one of the important components for establishing successful interpersonal relationships is social skills, which are determined by emotions and human behaviors. It should be noted that one of the elements of socialization in all cultures is the acquisition of social skills, and a person with better social skills can choose and present acceptable behavior in a certain time and situation.The purpose of this research Compilation of the educational program for the requirements of the sports lifestyle based on the social characteristics of the teenage football players in the pre-season has been done qualitatively and according to the needs of the athletes.

The present study is from the point of view of paradigm, critical, in terms of orientation, practical, in terms of perspective, inductive, in terms of method, qualitative, in terms of research environment, field, in terms of design, action research, in terms of concept, description, Explanation and prediction are from the point of view of tools, observation, interview. The participants of this study were 21 male adolescent athletes in the age range of 13, as well as the coach of this football team.

Using the theme analysis method, the obtained data were analyzed. Finally, the comprehensive categories of sports lifestyle (team cohesion - empathy, communication, social behaviors, moral judgment, reviving the sense of responsibility, social networks, problem solving, management of feelings and emotions) were identified and extracted.

In general, the results of this research showed that it is important to pay attention to the identified needs and the duration of the pre-season to change the athletes' lifestyle. Therefore, in accordance with the findings of this research, it is suggested that coaches, psychologists, sports managers pay due attention to environmental, social and individual factors in order to achieve the success and goals of the team in order to prepare the sports lifestyle training program for teenage football players in the pre-seaso.

Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal that causes clinical disorders in the nervous system. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of intermittent exercise and curcumin dietary supplement on cognitive, motor and oxidation indices caused by lead nitrate. In this way, 30 male mice of the Balb C breed (25 ± 5 g) were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (healthy), positive control (lead nitrate), curcumin supplement, High intensity interval training (HIIT) and group High intensity interval training (HIIT) with curcumin. were; High intensity interval training protocol (five sessions per week) was performed for six weeks. After the last training session, the cognitive and motor performance of the animals was evaluated with the Y-maze behavioral test, and 24 hours later, the oxidation indices (SOD, CAT, MDA) and the level of lead in the brain tissue were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done by GraphPad Prism software. The findings showed that after exposure to lead, the motor activity in the positive control group (lead nitrate) decreased compared to the negative control group (healthy) (P=0.01) and the curcumin group (0.01), cognitive performance in All the experimental groups had an increase compared to the lead nitrate group. Taking curcumin along with HIIT decreased the lead level compared to the positive control group (P=0.03). Taking curcumin along with HIIT increased the amount of CAT and SOD in the brain. It was found that the combination of curcumin and HIIT reduce the neurotoxicity caused by lead the inhibition of oxidative stress.

In recent years, different vision training has been used to improve visual skills and performance. One of these trainings is sports vision training. Sport vision training, that uses stimuli in optometric tasks (2,3), sport-specific videos or images (4), or stroboscopic interruption of vision (5,6), has been proposed under the idea that improving vision with oculomotor exercises, which might be associated with motor actions, would improve performance. For instance, Abernethy and Wood (2) used generic stimuli (e.g., alphanumeric symbols, shapes, patterns and colors) presented to athletes in a form of painted charts or apparatuses. Participants had to respond with simple ocular adjustments, which in some cases were combined with simple motor actions, such as pointing or touching targets (7). Although an increasing interest in vision training for sport performance, whether vision training would have a transfer to the field-sport setting remains unclear. Most of the intervention studies employed tasks based on optometric stimuli (e.g., hart charts and Marsden ball) and on computer programs (e.g., D2 Dynavision and Eye port) requiring simple ocular adjustments, and generic movements of hands as responses (2,3,11-14). The lack of evidences for supporting sport vision training efficacy to improve performance has been proposed to be related to methodological approaches resulting in a lack of ecological validity of the training stimuli (15). As such, generic and automated nature of the motor actions required as response might have limited the potential effects on the sport performance. This lack of transfer seems to support the idea, proposed in ecological framework by Gibson, that perception and action have a direct circular relationship mediated by the information within external environment (i.e. affordances), rather than by internal representations (16). Although the results of various studies have shown an improvement in visual skills and athletic performance based on sports vision training; but the main challenge is to examine the qualitative process versus the quantitative processes. Considering that balance is one of the main components in hockey (25), and considering that balance is created from the interaction of three visual, atrial and sensory- motor systems (26), The main question is whether sports vision training can improve the balance (kinetics) of hockey players or not? Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of sports vision training on balance and gaze behavior.

The current study, according to the predicted goals, was a quasi-experimental research and the research design was pretest-posttest. Also, the current study was applied in terms of using the obtained results. Participants in the current study were 40 male hockey novices aged 15 to 20 years who were selected by convenience sampling. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of sports vision training and control. Criteria for inclusion in the study include normal vision, binocular vision, right leg and right hand. Exclusion criteria include withdrawal from the study, absence on the day of the test, and injury at various phases of the study. The measuring instruments included a force plate form and an eye tracking system. The present study included pre-test, intervention (practice) and post-test phases. In the pre-test phase, participants stood on a force platform to measure their balance. Participants were asked to stand barefoot on the force plate for 30 seconds while looking at the marked spot in front of them and trying to maintain their balance. At the same time, an eye tracking system was used to measure the gaze behavior of participants in performing balance skills. In the intervention phase (practice), which lasted for nine weeks and two sessions per week and each session lasted 90 minutes; the training group performed the relevant exercises while the control group performed their daily activities. The post-test phase was performed exactly after the last training session. At this phase, participants were asked to stand barefoot on the force plate for 30 seconds. At the same time, an eye tracking system was used to measure the gaze behavior of participants in performing balance skills. Data analyzed with paired sample t test and independent t test.

The results showed that the anterior-posterior displacement of the center of pressure was significantly improved by pre-test (29.25) to post-test (24.45) mm. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the anterior-posterior displacement of the center of pressure, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 4.30 mm has a lower center of pressure displacement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Other results showed that the lateral-midlateral displacement of the center of pressure was significantly improved by pre-test (45.80) to post-test (39.90) mm. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the lateral-midlateral displacement of the center of pressure, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 7.15 mm has a lower center of pressure displacement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, other results showed that fixation was significantly improved by pre-test (188.70) to post-test (248.60) ms. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in fixation, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 52.014 ms has a longer fixation compared to the control group (P <0.05).

In general, the results of the current study showed that sports vision training improved balance and increased fixation of participants, so the results of the present study emphasize the importance of sports vision training on behavioral (balance) and process (fixation) characteristics. As a result, coaches and professionals working with novice hockey players are advised to pay attention to these exercises beforehand and use them in field and laboratory environments to improve performance and movement process. Also, according to the research results, trainers are advised to pay special attention to sports vision exercises and their possible effects on gaze behavior so that they can at least overcome the negative effects (psychological and physiological pressures). Although the current study and previous studies in this field have provided considerable insight into the value of sports vision training in understanding conscious perception, note that this work has been done almost exclusively using information processing paradigms. Other paradigms, such as ecological psychology and nonlinear dynamics, can provide new methods for the research gap identified in this study.

When it comes to identifying and developing talent in sports for athletes with disabilities, it is important to note that high-performance sports for people with disabilities are fundamentally different from those of healthy people in terms of discovering and developing new talents. Extraordinary performances and success in sports for the disabled and providing an environment for the development of talents such as non-sports for the disabled is simply not possible and the success or failure of sports depends on factors such as: economic, social and human resources in a country. The present study aimed to provide a paradigm model of the characteristics of the talent development environment of Paralympic athletes.

This research has been done in the framework of a qualitative approach and by applying the data research method of the foundation. Participants in this study were physical education and sports science specialists, Paralympic and world champion athletes and disabled sports coaches who were selected by purposive and theoretical sampling for semi-structured interviews and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. Data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection using Strauss and Corbin method. The acceptability of the data was confirmed based on 5 criteria.

Results:

 The results show that 15 main categories and 76 subcategories in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigm model include: 1- Causal causes including 4 categories: individual, cultural, economic and social factors; 2- The main phenomenon includes 1 category: a special approach to cultivating sports talent for the disabled; 3- Strategy includes 2 categories: management system design, process-oriented strategy; 4- Ground characteristics including 3 categories: planning, support, supportive background; 5- The intervener includes 2 categories: infrastructural factors, environmental factors; 6- Outcome includes 3 categories: successful disability, championship, development of sports abilities of the disabled; The paradigm model is the characteristics of the talent development environment of Paralympic athletes.

The integration of categories based on the relationships between them around the axis of the talent development environment of paralympic athletes forms a paradigm model reflecting the pattern of managers involved in the talent development environment of Paralympic athletes.

 The purpose of the current study was to examine the simultaneous effect of the ‌transcranial direct current stimulation (tDSC) and observational learning on learning ‌of basketball free throw. ‌

 In semi-experimental study with repeated measure design, 30 novice female ‌students in free basketball throw accessibly selected and randomly located in 2 ‌tDCS with model observation and artificial stimulation with model observation ‌groups. In pre test phase, participants throw 15 trials basketball free throw. ‌Intervention phase done in 5 consecutive days that each day electrical stimulation ‌of the brain was performed from the motor cortex (C3 anode & Fp2 anode), and ‌artificial stimulation with model observation, and then participants performed 15 ‌free basketball throws. In last session post test phase executed. One week and 21 ‌days after post test phase respectively executed short term and long term retention ‌phase. Data analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measure statistical method.‌

 The result indicated that tDCS with model observation (F= 22.327, sig =0.0001, η2 =0,615) and artificial stimulation with model observation (F= 3.044, sig =0.023, η2 =0,179) significantly improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that ‌tDCS with model observation than artificial stimulation with model observation ‌cause improvement basketball free throw in post test (p=0.002), short term test (p=0.002) and long term test (p=0.001). ‌

 Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS with model observation ‌can be effective as a new training method in addition to model observation to ‌improve basketball free throw skills.

AbstractIntroduction and

the purpose of the current study was to examine the comparison of the effect of sports vision training with and without inline hockey specific context on the speed and whole body reaction time of inline hockey players.

In this semi experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a one- and four-week follow-up period, 60 novice male hockey players with an age range of 15 to For 20 years, they were accessibility selected and randomly divided into three groups: sports vision training with hockey specific context, sports vision training without hockey specific context and hockey specific context training. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed the desired tests (speed and whole body reaction time). The intervention phase lasted for nine weeks and 2 sessions per week and each session lasted 90 minutes, in which the groups did the relevant exercises. In the post-test phase, which was performed exactly after the last training session, and in the follow-up phase, which was performed after one and four weeks of non-training, the participants performed the desired tests as in the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that sports vision exercises with and without hockey specific context and hockey specific context exercises have a significant effect on improving speed and whole body reaction time of inline hockey players. Other results indicated that superiority (greater effect size) of sports vision exercises with hockey specific context compared to other exercises.

the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sport vision training on accuracy and targeting-interceptive skill quiet eye in children with learning disorder.

In this semi- experimental study with a repeated-measure design, 30 boys aged 7-10 years with learning disorder were divided into sport vision and control groups. In the pre-test phase, participants performed 10 trails to throw and catch task the ball.Acquisition phase have done in eight weeks and three sessions in per weeks. At the end of the last training session, in the post-test phase, in two weeks of detraining in the retention and transfer phases, the participants performed 10 trials to throw and catch task the ball. At each phase, the gaze behavior was recorded by eye tracker system and the throw and catch task performance was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures with 0.05 significant levels.

The results indicated that sport vision training has a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of targeting-interceptive skills and on increase quiet eye period of throw phase. But, other result indicated that sport vision training has not effect on quiet eye of catching phase.

In general, the results of the current study emphasize the importance of sports vision training on the performance of children with learning disabilities; However, more research is needed on the effect of sports vision training on gaze behavior according to the type of task (targeting or interceptive).

The development of sports talents is affected by various environmental factors, one of which is relative age. One of the consequences of relative age is early puberty, which gives athletes an advantage in terms of physical and cognitive abilities compared to their peers. Therefore, coaches may prefer athletes who have reached puberty early. This study describes the distribution of the relative age among elite clay tennis players in Iran.

A study was conducted on 430 tennis players between the ages of 10 and 19, consisting of 228 girls and 202 boys. These players participated in 1400 national ranking tournaments in clay tennis. The study analyzed the participants' relative age based on their birth month. The first quarter of the Gregorian calendar (January 1st to March 31st) was referred to as Q1, the second quarter (April 1st to June 30th) was Q2, the third quarter (July 1st to September 30th) was Q3, and the fourth quarter (October 1st to December 31st) was Q4. The first quarter of the Persian calendar (Pc) (Farvardin 1st to Khordad 31st) was referred to as Q1Pc, the second quarter (Tir 1st to Shahrivar 31st) was Q2Pc, the third quarter (Mehr 1st to Azar 31st) was Q3Pc, and the last three months (Dey 1st to Esfand 29th or 30th) were Q4Pc. The study conducted a frequency analysis based on the birth month and quarter of birth and observed the relationship between relative age and the athlete’ attendance in the national rankings tournaments of clay tennis was assessed using the chi-square fit test.

227 individuals (52.8 percent) were born in the first and second quarters of the year, while 203 people (47.2 percent) were born in the third and fourth quarters (P = 0.247). Moreover, 230 people (53.49%) were born in the first and second quarters, and 200 people (46.51%) in the third and fourth quarters of the Persian calendar (P = 0.148). The statistical analysis reveals no significant difference in the number of athletes born in the first to fourth trimesters of the Persian calendar (P = 0.35) and Gregorian calendar (P = 0.258).

It seems that relative age was not influential in selecting clay tennis elite athletes in Iran. However, based on the findings from available studies, it is suggested that researchers, coaches, and training experts consider the interaction among background factors, including the potential effects of relative age, to facilitate raising sports talents.

 The mental skills of athletes are the factors that cause differences in the optimal level of performance of athletes during the competition season. The purpose of this research was to compile an educational program for training mental skills and assess its effectiveness on the psychological and cognitive characteristics of teenage football players in the competition season.

 For this purpose, 21 male adolescent athletes with an age range of 11 to 13 years from a specialized football academy who participated in the Isfahan City premier league were selected as participants in this study. The study method used was action research and the data collection method was qualitative. For this purpose, data were collected by monitoring verbal and non-verbal behaviors of the players, and semi-structured interviews with the coaches and parents of the athletes to understand the thoughts, feelings, and attitudes of the participants. The collected data were carefully implemented and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method.

 Research findings consisted of the 8 global themes of team cohesion, positive self-talk, self-care, low self-confidence, acceptance of football rules, concentration and recovery of concentration, performance under pressure (routine), and prevention of distractions.

 Mental skills training differs based on the needs of athletes in the competition season. Since paying attention to identified needs and mental skill programs during the competition season is important for athletes, it is necessary that coaches, psychologists, and sports managers pay attention to environmental and individual factors to develop an effective mental skills program.

Early scholars with an interest in nature's contribution to human performance and development put their focus on the heritability concept, the amount of variation in a given trait between people that can be attributed to genetic variation. Interestingly, like the role of nature, the role of environmental effects on human skill development and attainment has long been investigated by psychologists. It is obvious that the environment contains a wide range of variables, including micro-level factors, such as parental support. The aim of the present study was to compare the expertise acquisition process between Iranian and foreign top-ranked and low-ranked tennis players.

40 Iranian tennis players (22 top-ranked tennis players and 18 low-ranked tennis players) and 15 foreign tennis players were selected using available and purposive sampling methods. The age of beginning and the amount of tennis exercises, physical fitness exercises and mental fitness exercises as well as the amount of social support were recorded through a retrospective interview method and using Cote, Ericsson, and Lowe's (2005) interview questions. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-test.

The mean age for beginning tennis was significantly lower in Iranian top-ranked tennis players (10.23 years of age) than in Iranian low-ranked tennis players (15 years of age), but no significant difference was observed in the mean age of beginning tennis between Iranian tennis players (11.31 years of age) and foreign tennis players (8.20 years of age). No significant difference was observed between top-ranked and low-ranked Iranian tennis players and Iranian and foreign tennis players in terms of the average hours of performing tennis exercises, bodybuilding exercises, and mental skills training. But the percentage of social support from the parents in the age ranges of (13-15) and (16 years and older) as well as social support from the coach in the age range of (6-12), were higher in foreign tennis players than in Iranian tennis players.

The present study provides valuable information about the expertise acquisition process in tennis players as well as a variety of activities which have been effective in acquiring their skillful performance. This information can help officials in educational planning, and can help parents to put their children in a better athletic path.

Perceptual motor activities improve motor skills and learning. These skills play an effective role in receiving, interpreting and responding to the sensory stimuli. This study aimed to identify perceptual-motor problems in visually impaired people.

This qualitative research was conducted using a research synthesis method. Therefore, the analysis unit consisted of all the related scientific studies. With regard to the systematic research in internal and external databases based on the inclusion criteria, 1052 scientific studies were identified, and finally, according to the exclusion criteria, 71 studies were selected for the final analysis. To collect the required data, a researcher-made worksheet was used, and to ensure of the coding, two examiners were asked to reencode the findings. For data analysis, Roberts’ six-step research synthesis model with open and axial coding methods was used.

The results from this study led to the identification of 41 categories, which was eventually narrowed down to 14 codes of alternative concepts. The most common perceptual -motor problems of the blind were navigation, coordination of motor function, and balance disorders.

Success in implementing educational programs and its effectiveness on the blind requires providing solutions in line with their most important problems in order of priority. Providing appropriate infrastructure, proper preparation regarding knowledge, skill and attitude among students and professors, as well as appropriate designing of educational programs for the blind prioritizing their navigation, motor coordination, and balance problems are suggested.

Executive functions are a set of high-level cognitive abilities that are related to the educational problems of children.

This research aimed to investigate psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) and compare its indices among children with different types of specific learning disabilities (SLD).

This study was descriptive psychometric and causal-comparative research. The statistical population consisted of the 6-12-year-old-girls and boys with SLD, Isfahan city, in 2020-2021. A total of 346 students were selected using a convenience sampling method. The achievement tests were then taken, and BRIEF-2 was completed by their parents. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, differentiation analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split-half reliability coefficient, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) via SPSS.23.0 and AMOS.24.0 software.

Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that this scale has acceptable fit indices values (RMSEA=0.072), and construct validity and discriminant validity are confirmed (P<0.001). In addition, the results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.896) and split-half reliability coefficient (0.814) showed that the questionnaire has good reliability. Furthermore, MANOVA results indicated a significant difference between the indices of the BRIEF-2 and the type of learning disabilities (P<0.05).

The BRIEF-2 has good psychometric properties to evaluate the executive functions in 6-12-year-old children with SLD. Considering the significant relationship between the indices of the BRIEF-2 and the type of learning disabilities, the weakness in the indices of executive functions may be probably associated with children' learning problems.

 Childhood obesity is one of the major public health problems of the last century. This study aimed
to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Motivation to Exercise and Diet in Children (MED-C) questionnaire.

 After receiving formal permission from the developer, the MED-C questionnaire was translated into Persian and back-translated into English. Following approval of back-translated version, this questionnaire along with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) was filled by 353 Persian-speaking students aged 7-11 years. The construct validity of the scale was measured using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The convergent validity was determined by the average variance extracted (AVE). The internal consistency and reliability of the scale was then examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and split-half reliability coefficient and composite reliability coefficient, respectively.

 With EFA, four main factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were extracted, which explained 76.51% of the total variance of the scale. CFA showed that all four factors of the questionnaire, including motivation and need for exercise, motivation and need for diet and nutrition, had a high correlation with the whole questionnaire, and these factor loadings were significant at the level of 0.001. The reliabilities obtained in the questionnaire were higher than 0.7 and acceptable. A significant correlation was found between physical activity and dimensions of MED-C (P = 0.01).

 The Persian version of the MED-C questionnaire seems to be a valid and reliable tool for measuring the motivation for physical activity and diet in Iranian children.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important research topic and a common disorder among children in schools, accompanied by the symptoms of aggression, hyperactivity, anxiety, and attention deficit. Considering the side-effects of medications used to treat this disorder, this study endeavored to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor parent-child exercises on executive functions in children with ADHD.

Participants were 36 children with ADHD with age range of 7-10 years with their mothers, randomly divided into two 18-person groups of mother-and-child-together exercises and mother-child-separately exercises. Regarding the above-mentioned groups, the participants practiced perceptual-motor exercises for 8 weeks, three 45-minute sessions per week. Before and after the intervention, data were collected by the Stroop Word Test (computerized version). Data analysis was done through the covariance test at significance level of 0.05.

Higher mean post-test scores in both groups showed that perceptual-motor exercises were effective on executive functions. However, the number of congruent errors (P = 0.006), incongruent errors, congruent correct responses, incongruent correct responses (P = 0.001), congruent reaction time (P = 0.028), incongruent reaction time (P = 0.007), and interference scores were significantly different between the two groups. The mother-and-child-together exercise group performed better than the mother-child-separately exercise group.

Findings reveal that perceptual-motor exercises can improve executive functions of children with ADHD, and mother-and-child-together exercises can be an appropriate method for improving executive functions of children with ADHD.

Cultural intelligence, as one of the most important communication skills of the 21st century in the field of sport, helps increase effective communication between athletes, coaches and sport managers, and with diverse cultural and social backgrounds to enable them to interact. Builders help promote their sporting goals. Due to the important role of this skill in the field of sport, the study is to identify the cultural intelligence outputs in Iranian sports community using meta-analysis approach among the researches. The method of the study is quantitative meta-analysis. Of the 32 valid studies (with validity and reliability), 17 documents were selected as sample size in terms of quality, validity and meta-analysis criteria. The data collected were analyzed by CMA software. According to the research findings, 11 variables were identified: Conflict resolution ability and quality of work life had the highest effect size, perceived enjoyment of the least effective physical activity and variables of effectiveness, motivation for success, leadership style, individual performance, team cohesion, ethical responsibility, job performance, and organizational intelligence. The overall effect size was (0/419). Given the importance of cultural intelligence skills in communicating effectively and enhancing the achievement of sporting success in the field of sport, the attention of cultural and sporting policymakers is essential to create, maintain and promote this in a strategic capacity.

Confirmed and suspected cases of COVID-19 are spreading in Iran and the world. The overwhelming demand for the COVID-19 outbreak has challenged healthcare workers, the medical procurement system, and sports professionals. This study aimed to design and implement a perceptual-motor training package and determine its effectiveness on motor skills of children with visual impairment during the Coronavirus epidemic.

A quasi-experimental study was performed on a population of 6 to 11 years old children with visual impairment in Yazd province in the summer of 2020. Thirty-six children with blindness and low vision from the counseling centers of Yazd province were selected by cluster sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n=18) and control (n=18). In order to measure motor proficiency, the abbreviated form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky motor proficiency test was used. In designing and compiling the perceptual-motor training package, 17 educational games were organized using library studies and the experiences of executive experts. The experimental group was trained in 24 sessions of 60 minutes. Analysis of covariance in SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data.

In all subscales of agility, balance, running speed, strength, motor coordination, response speed, and visual-motor control, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups after the educational intervention (p≤0.01).

Perceptual-motor training package is effective on motor skills of children with visual impairment.

Children with learning disorder have more inefficient use of gaze strategies in various tasks. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on muscle activity and targeting-interceptive skill accuracy in children with learning disorder. In this semi- experimental study with a repeated-measure design, 30 boys aged 7-10 years with learning disorder were divided into quiet eye and control groups . In the pre-test phase, participants performed 10 trails to throw and catch task the ball. Acquisition phase have done in eight weeks and three sessions in per weeks. In per session after the video-gaze exercises, 10 trials were performed to throw and catch task in accordance with the gaze exercises instructions. At the end of the last training session, in the post-test phase, in two weeks of detraining in the retention and transfer phases, the participants performed 10 trials to throw and catch task the ball. At each phase, the selected muscle electrical activity was recorded by electromyography and the throw and catch task performance was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures with 0.05 significant levels. The results indicated that quiet eye training have a significant effect on increasing the learning of targeting-interceptive skills and on reducing the muscles electrical activity. The results of this study support the pre-programming hypothesis on the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.

 Motor skills deficits are of the problems that children with learning disabilities face. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor skills and academic achievement in children with learning disabilities mediated by executive functions.

 Participants were 182 children with learning disabilities from Isfahan City, Iran, who were included using convenient sample strategy. Fine and gross motor skills were evaluated using Bruininks-oseretsky-2 Test, academic achievement was measured using Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, and executive functions was assessed using Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2 (BRIEF2). The analysis was performed by structural equation modeling.

 The results showed the significant direct effect of gross motor skills on academic achievement (P = 0.001) and the lack of direct effect of fine motor skills on academic achievement (P = 0.735). The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis showed that gross (P = 0.001) and fine (P = 0.048) motor skills had a positive effect on the academic achievement of children with learning disabilities through an indirect path and through executive functions.

 The fundamental importance of motor skills in the academic achievement of children with learning disabilities can be emphasized. The present study also emphasizes the importance of executive functions in the academic achievement of children with learning disabilities, as executive functions mediate the relationship between motor skills and children's academic achievement with learning disabilities.

In professional sports, increasing desires to win and achieve high-level goals are common causes for competitive stress. However, some players seem to manage stressful situations better than others. The purpose in this study is to determine the effect of childhood adverse experiences on change in outlook and hardiness of athletes.

The participants in this study included 201 (99 girls, 112 boys) athletes aged 18-22 years old from different sports in Isfahan, Iran, who participated in national competitions. To collect the data, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire, the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CiOQ), and short hardiness scale were used. The direct and indirect effects of the variables were examined to investigate the mediating role.

The results showed that adverse childhood experiences affect positive (P = 0.048) and negative (P = 0.001) outlook on life and positive (P = 0.021) and negative (P = 0.003) outlook affect hardiness. Adverse childhood experiences did not have a direct effect on hardiness (P < 0.05), but through mediation, the effect was significant (P = 0.02).

Adverse childhood experiences affect the athletes' outlook, with positive and negative outlook increasing and decreasing hardiness, respectively.

The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire is a self-administrable outcome tool designed to measure adverse childhood experiences. The aim of this study is to translate the ACE questionnaire into Persian and cross-culturally adapt it to athletes.

The English version of the 10-item ACE was translated into Persian and completed by a sample of 210 athletes along with Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the validity. Additionally, to measure reliability, Cronbach’s alpha and split-half coefficients were used. Convergent validity was also measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

The validity of the Persian version of the CAE questionnaire was confirmed. The reliability values obtained in term of Cronbach's alpha and split-half coefficients were higher than 0.7. The correlation between ACE and CTQ was positive (r = 0.68, P < 0.001).

The Persian version of ACE is a reliable and valid measure in athletes.

Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent childhood conditions. ADHD is characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is a behavioral disorder with special features and different effects on mood. Mood critically impacts mental issues and is a major factor in improving individuals’ quality of life. Moods are transient as an emotional state; their fluctuations depend on environmental conditions. Thus, the color of the environment might influence these factors. Colors present various effects on mood states. Individuals with ADHD encounter difficulty in perceiving environmental colors. Besides, exercise positively affects ADHD. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the effects of perceptual–motor exercises in environments with different colors on mood in children with ADHD.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design. Sample size, using G*Power statistical software based on Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), to perform the test at a significant level of 5% (α=0.05), with a test power of 80% (β=0.2), large effect size (d=0.5), and the number of the group was measures as 42 subjects. Considering an additional sample in each group due to the possible loss or distortion of the results, 45 subjects were selected to participate in the study. The study participants consisted of 45 children, aged 7–10 years who were selected using a multistage sampling method. Initially, calls were made to schools, health centers, psychology clinics, and social networks, and referrals were screened using The Revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (Conners et al., 1998). Accordingly, children who scored above 34 on this questionnaire were assessed by a psychologist and their ADHD diagnosis was confirmed. The research subjects were then randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 individuals as follows: training group in an environment with warm colors (red & orange), a cold–color environment (blue & green), and a hybrid environment (red, orange, blue, & green). All research participants completed the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold & Costello, 1987) at pretest and posttest stages. The study participants were assigned to the training groups (exercise in an environment with warm, & hybrid colors) and practiced their exercises. The training included 8 weeks of three one–hour weekly sessions of motor–perceptual training with the same training protocol. For data analysis, descriptive (i.e., mean & standard deviation) and inferential (i.e., ANCOVA & Bonferroni posthoc test) were applied in SPSS. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all tests.

There was a significant difference between the 3 study groups of perceptual–motor training in warm, cold, and mixed color environments concerning negative mood at posttest after removing the pretest effects (p=0.007). Additionally, the mean score of negative mood in the warm–colored environment group was higher than that in the cold–colored environment group (p=0.039). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the warm–colored environment and mixed environment groups respecting the extent of negative mood (p=0.007); however, there was no significant difference between the cold color environment and the combined environment groups in this regard (p=1.000).

According to the current study findings, children with ADHD, in an environment with warm colors presented further negative mood, indicating the effects of ambient colors on psychological status.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) and the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) among 6 and 7-year-old children in Isfahan.

The sample of the study consisted of 243 boys and girls (154 boys and 152 girls) aged 6 and 7 years who were selected using convenience sampling. First, the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire was filled out by parents and then the children were assessed using the MABC test. Pearson correlation coefficient was used in order to analyze data.

The results showed that the correlation between the two instruments in the overall score as well as subscale were of low to moderate.

Further research with larger sample sizes and newer versions of the tools are urgently needed.

The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities or intellectual impairments. The current study develops a model of the effect of cultural intelligence on conflict resolution and the success of Iranian Paralympic athletes.

This is a descriptive correlational study. Participants in this study were 124 athletes with disabilities (81 men, 43 women) in 12 sport disciplines that were selected using the convenience sampling method from the participants in the 2018 Asian Paralympic Games (Jakarta) and the 2019 World and Asian Championships, which resulted in a quota for 2020 Paralympic Games (Tokyo). To collect data, the Cultural Intelligence Scale proposed by Ang and Early (2004), Conflict Resolution presented by Weeks (1994), and Fisher (1991), and Sporting Success Questionnaire (2015) of Vaez Mosavi was used. To assess the research model based on the conceptual model, the multivariate regression analysis method and structural equation modeling were used in SPSS23 and AMOS 22 software, respectively.

The model of the effect of cultural intelligence on conflict resolution and success of Iranian Paralympic athletes has a good fit. Cultural intelligence has a significant positive effect on conflict resolution ability (p <0.05) and by increasing cultural intelligence, the conflict resolution ability increases in athletes. Additionally, the conflict resolution ability has a significant positive effect on sporting success (P<0.05), and by increasing the conflict resolution ability, sporting success increases in athletes.

The conflict resolution ability completely mediates the effect of the cultural intelligence on sporting success, and by increasing cultural intelligence, the conflict resolution ability increases in athletes, so their sporting success increases.