سعید توکلی

The general opinion is that Mustazad entered the field of literature as a form of poetry from the beginning, a form that did not receive much attention until the constitutional period. Today, this causes some difficulties in defining and classifying its types. A review of literature shows that the name of Mustazad was not mentioned in any of the literary texts until the 9th century. But after this date, the term Mustazad was introduced only in books related to rhetoric and other literary arrays, and some writers started dividing it. It is placed as a poetic array in the book Dorra Najafi (1330 AH) for the first time next to forms such as ode, sonnet, etc. After this book, the term Mustazad enters the realm of poetic forms. Most of the writers who started writing rhetorical books after Najafgholi Mirza followed the path, which has continued until today. In the present study, we intend to prove the truth of the claim that Mustazad has been transformed from a literary array to a poetic form by examining ancient and contemporary sources as much as possible. We also try to show the course of this evolution.

Ferula assa-foetida is an herbaceous plant from Apiaceae family. Several pharmacological effects of oleo-gum resin of this plant were introduced in modern and traditional medicines such as digestive, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, appetizing, insecticidal, and etc.

This study aimed to acute and sub-chronic toxicity of chloroform fraction of oleo-gum extract of Ferula in Wistar rats. The safety of this can guarantee its use in treatment and various industries.

Rats in six groups including male and female (kept separately) at different doses (50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg) and two control groups (control and DMSO( were selected to evaluate the acute toxicity of chloroform fraction of Ferula. For 30 days, 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of sample was administrated to male and female rats. Mortality, appearance and behavioral changes, food intake, the weight of rats, and hematological, biochemical variables and histopathological changes were examined.

Physical and behavioral changes were not observed in acute and sub-chronic toxicity conditions. Food intake significantly differed between male and female DMSO control and other groups. In biochemical variables study, only SGOT (AST) showed a significant difference from the control group (DMSO) in acute toxicity and BUN, ALP and SGOT (AST) in sub-chronic toxicity. Also, any histopathological change was observed in spleen, liver, and kidney organs.

Oleo-gum resin of F. assa-foetida has not toxic effects, so it should be used with caution in the long term.

Lung adenocarcinoma is the most primary histologic subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Oxypeucedanin methanolate, a member of furanocoumarin, is a naturally occurring compound, which is isolated from Ferulago trifida Boiss, an endemic species in North-West of Iran.

We attempt to uncover the capacities of oxypeucedanin methanolate to induce apoptosis and autophagy in NSCLC cells, as well as the underlying mechanism involved in this process.

The effect of oxypeucedanin methanolate on cell viability was evaluated on A549 cells by MTT assay. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect cellular apoptosis. Expression levels of BAX, caspase-3, BCL2 and LC3 in A549 cells were measured by Real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real time RT-PCR). A549 cells migration were analyzed using a wound‐healing assay.

Oxypeucedanin methanolate inhibited A549 cell proliferation in dose- and time- dependent manner, as evaluated by MTT assay. The total apoptosis rate was (5.46%) for A549 cells not treated with oxypeucedanin methanolate. In contrast, the apoptosis rate was (29.6%) for A549 cells treated with oxypeucedanin methanolate at the concentration of 0.4 mM. Real time RT-PCR revealed that the mRNA expression of BAX, caspase-3 and LC3 were upregulated, while mRNA expression of BCL2 was downregulated. Untreated cell migration increased significantly after 72 hours.

Oxypeucedanin methanolate inhibits proliferation and it could induce apoptosis and autophagy of human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549. Oxypeucedanin methanolate may be a good candidate for reducing of A549 cells metastasis.

Flavonoids, a group of natural substances, are found in flowers, fruits, roots and stems. These natural products are well known for their health-beneficial effects. Hence, isolation and purifying of flavonoids from the ingredients is worthwhile. Flavonoids are now considered indispensable in various nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. Apigenin, quercetin, and apigenin-7-O-glycoside have therapeutic properties that these two are in the flavonoid group.

In this study, apigenin, quercetin, and apigenin 7-O-glycoside were purified by column chromatography and identified by NMR and HPLC UV-visible techniques.

Total extracts of three plants (Apium graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Allium cepa) were divided into different solvent fractions. Column chromatography is used to purify these fractions. Finally, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques were used for identification. Also, the HPLC technique was used for identifying these compounds and standardized.

In the present work, apigenin was extracted from ethyl acetate fraction of Apium graveolens seeds. High purity of apigenin 7-O-glycoside isolated from the butanol fraction of Petroselinum crispum aerial parts. Also, ethyl acetate fraction isolated quercetin from the Allium cepa. Identification of the data obtained from 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, which were proofed by comparison with the sources of purified compounds.

The methods used in this research were able to produce these three compounds with a high percentage of purity to be used in industry as standards.

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk thistle) is a perennial herb with medicinal properties. The seeds of these plants contain silymarin compounds with flavonolignan structure and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. The major bioactive constituent of S. marianum is silybin A and B. It is used in the treatment of various liver conditions and exhibits high anti-tumor promoting activity.

The purpose of this study was to purify, identify, and standardize of silybin A and B from the seeds extract of Silybum marianum.

At first, the milk thistle seeds were defatted with hexane and then extracted with methanol as solvent. Isolation and further purification of silybin A and B was carried out by column chromatography using Diaion HP-20 resin, silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 as stationary phase, respectively. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR techniques were used to identify these compounds. Finally, the HPLC method has been used to standardize.

1H-NMR and 13C-NMR techniques characterized the structure of silybin A and B extracted from Silybum marianum L. and standardization and determination of their purity was performed using HPLC.

Our proposed system presented significant advantages in increasing efficiency and reducing cost, and the diastereoisomers of silybin A and silybin B in silymarin were successfully isolated with high purities.

The genus Phlomis is a member of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family. About 10 species of this genus, among more than 100 species, are endemic to Iran. Phlomis rigida Labill. can be used as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and antioxidant in drug investigations, based on literature.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of essential oils and extract from leaves and flowers of P. rigida from Iran. The present study is the first research on P. rigida from Iran.

Essential oils of leaves and flowers of P. rigida were studied by GC-MS and GC-FID to evaluate the chemical compositions. DPPH free radical scavenging method was used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of leaves and flowers extracts. Antimicrobial properties of the essential oils and extracts were investigated against various microorganisms in brain heart infusion agar to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration. A brine shrimp test (BST) was done to study the cytotoxicity of methanol extracts and essential oils from leaves and flowers in different concentrations. The growth inhibitory effects of the methanol extract from leaves and flowers were assessed against four cancer cell lines including MCF-7, MDBK, HT-29 and A-549.

Essential oils analysis showed 34 compounds and the main compounds were (Z)-β-ocimene (25.6 %), isobornyl acetate (16.6 %), trans-verbenol (12.6 %) and α-pinene (7.6 %). As a result of analysis of methanol extracts from leaves, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and rosmarinic acid were isolated and identification for the first time from P. rigida growing in Iran. Investigation of antibacterial properties of the essential oil of flowers also showed 16 mm diameters of inhibition zone against Proteus vulgaris.

The results of this study showed that the antibacterial effect of P. rigida essential oil could be due to the presence of its monoterpenes.

The aim of this comparative study was to conduct a study of personality and job satisfaction based on Career anchors and 505 people of supervisors and managers of 10 regions and the headquarters of the Iranian Gas Transmission Company were selected using non-random and available sampling method and answered the NEO, JDI and career anchor. The results showed that there was a significant difference between managers with the dominant career anchor of independence in comparison with the diversity in terms of conscientious personality traits. In addition, there was a significant difference between managers, in terms of job satisfaction between managers with the dominant job anchorage of independence in comparison with the anchors of service, diversity and management. These findings showed the importance of career anchor in organizations Therefore, in order to achieve job satisfaction and greater fit of individuals with the organization, the role of career anchors should be carefully considered.

The purpose of this research was to compare job stressors and the turnover intention based on career anchors in the managers of the Iranian Gas Transmission Company.

A cross-sectional study which statistical population consists of all managers of gas transmission companies. 494 managers of this company were selected using the Cluster sampling proportional to volume sample method and answered these questionnaires: job stress questionnaires of the industrial unit (Saffarzadeh,1998), the career anchors (Schein,1985) & the Turnover Intention (O'Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell,1991).

There is a statistically significant difference in the amount of job stressors between people whose predominant anchor is independence compared to the service anchor. In other words, job pressures in independence anchor are higher than service anchors. In addition, there is a statistically significant difference in the turnover intention between individuals whose dominant anchor is independence compared to the group with a dominant anchor of service, diversity and management.

Career anchor has an important role in job satisfaction and the turnover intention of managers. It is suggested that other organizations provide the necessary conditions for the dynamic activity of managers in the direction of their dominant anchor.

Arum rupicola Boiss. (Araceae Family) is used by the native people of southern areas of Iran as a soup called "kardeh soup". Several flavonoids and phenol compounds have been identified from Arum species.

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant effect and total phenol contents as well as cytotoxic activity of the leaves of A. rupicola.

Antioxidant activity of total methanol extract and fractions including n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water residue were evaluated using FRAP and DPPH methods. Total phenol content was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Cytotoxic activity of the extract and fractions were investigated against human breast cancer MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and T47D cell lines by MTT assay. Further phytochemical isolation was done on the water residue using column chromatography.

According to the results, water residue showed the lowest IC50 value (186.7 µg/ml) and the total methanol extract showed the most antioxidant power (163.62 mmol FeSO4/100 g extract) and phenol content (135 µmol Gallic acid/g extract). The hexane fraction also showed the highest cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with IC50 equal to 118.9 μg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of the water residue resulted in isolation and identification of three isoflavonoids named orobol, genistein and genistein 8-c-glucoside.

Based on the identification of isoflavonoid compounds in this plant, its ability to be used as a phytoestrogenic supplement can be considered in future studies.

Due to the importance of food environment of the public dining places in promoting sustainable diets, the present study was carried out to analyze canteen menu of the School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology sustainability and to develop a sustainable lunch menus.

First, nutrition information and quantity per capita of foods served within the last 20 days were asked from the food service manager of the canteen during the second semester of 2019–2020. The frequency of each food served, as well as food waste durung their preparation and consumption were recorded. Quantities of carbon, water and land footprints, costs and nutrient-rich food (NRF) index of the foods in the  two menus  were calculated. Then, a sustainable food menu for each two menus was designed in order to minimize water, carbon and land footprints and cost, as well as maxmizing NRF  through goal programming method.

Foods served in Menu 1, had higher mean water (P=0.011), carbon (P=0.001) and land footprints (P=0.022) and higher costs (P=0.001) but lower NRF (P=0.001), compared to those served in Menu 2. The average daily non-compostable, compostable and recyclable wastes included 19660, 6320 and 9010 g, respectively. Replacing the sustainable food menu designed for Menu 1 could decrease carbon, total water and land footprints and costs by 10, 13, 22 and 6%, respectively, and increased the NRF profile by 8%. Furthermore, replacing the sustainable menu designed for Menu 2 could result in 25, 23, 27 and 28% decreases in carbon, total water and land footprints and costs, respectively, and increased the NRF profile by 23%.

Replacement of the current menus with sustainable ones and planning to decrease food wastes are recommended to achieve national targets of resistive economy and sustainable development and to promote sustainable diets.

Apiaceae fruits as common spices used for prevention of many chronic diseases including cancer.

The present study compared the biological effects of different fruits from various Apiaceae tribes to compare and find the fraction source(s) with potential characteristics for further investigation including cancer prevention.

Fruits of Apium graveolens L. (celery), Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch. (black cumin), Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (parsley), Pimpinella anisum L. (anise), Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (ajwain), Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), Anethum graveolens L. (dill), Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. (Persian hogweed), Ferula assa-foetida L. (asafoetida), Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) and Daucus carota L. (carrot) were extracted with 80 % methanol and fractionated by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. For different fractions and total extract of all 12 samples, cytotoxicity by brine shrimp test (BST) and MTT assay against cancer and normal cell (foreskin fibroblast cells), antioxidant effects by FRAP, and total phenols by Folin-Ciocalteu method were measured.

The general toxicity of ethyl acetate fractions (mean of data) was higher than others in the brine shrimp test (P < 0.05). The most cytotoxic fractions against colon carcinoma (HT-29), breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and alveolar basal epithelial adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines were from Ammineae and Peucedaneae tribes while fruits fractions with high phenol contents and antioxidant powers were from Ammineae tribe.

The Apiaceae fruits have significant biological effects, therefore the isolation of phytochemical compounds from active fractions with cytotoxicity is suggested in future studies.

The present study examines the effect of social networks on changing the personality traits of students of Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch. The statistical population of this study included master's degree students of Azad University, West Tehran Branch. According to Morgan's table, 260 individuals were selected by means of a simple random sampling method. Data collection tools and information tools in this study included a social media researcher-made questionnaire and Goldberg's (1999) Personality Characteristics Questionnaire. The findings of this study showed that 47% of the explanations for variance related to the change of personality traits of students of Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch are affected by social networks. Also, the results of regression analysis of constant value and coefficient of variables of usage rate, type of use and level of trust in users were 0.222, 0.295, 0.174 and 0.423 respectively, and according to the statistical value of t-test and significant level less than 0.05 the presence of constant value of regression coefficients and coefficients of variables of usage, type of use and level of trust in users were confirmed. The results of this study showed that social networks have an effect on changing the personality traits of students of Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch.

Since the primarily emersion of poetry Persian poets have been assisted with the help of various capacities of language and the words in order to discover new and original notions. Despite many researches conducted, there are still some noteworthy frequently-used words in Persian literature that haven't yet been the subject of any research. Espand (or Wild Rue) is one of them. The present research is to study the evolutionary and developmental areas of meaning of the word since preliminary stages of Persian poetry, i.e. the third century, up to the present. The results reveal that Khorasani and Iraqi styles of poetry didn't have acceptable diversity of introducing new notions, and they were classified in some general motifs as averting a whammy, analogy for the nevus, analogy for the pupil of eye, etc.  However, with the advent of Indian style and the rise of meticulously visionary poets, this word has been widely used in such a way that hundreds of lines could be obtained through the works composed in this style. In some way, this word occasionally has been used as substantive model. Despite emersion and exercise of this word in contemporary poetry, it doesn't vary significantly and are almost the same as in both Khorasani and Iraqi styles.

Modern terrorist organizations tend towards a network and decentralized structure. Some of organizations, including terrorist organizations, from hierarchical  structure turned direction to network and active structure. Until September 11th,  Al-Qaedeh, had a hierarchical structure but after USA attack to Afghanistan, involved  to reconstruction of its organization and from centralized structure tended  towards decentralized and network structure. ISIS or Daesh (Islamic State of Iraq  & Syria) have two structures: administrative and terroristic. Administrative structure  have a centralized and hierarchical structure led by consistent leadership and  from up to down, and its terroristic organization, is decentralized and independent  that on the basis of ideological guidance and charismatic message and cellular life  of independent cores and self-sufficient involved in operations. ISIS allies too, by  declaring their allegiance, on the basis of ideological strategy, chose their operational  aims and performed it. Finally, modern terroristic organizations, gradually, led their structure, from hierarchical and centralized structure, to decentralized, network and independent structure.